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Age of Imperialism

1. What is the name of the octopus? The Devilfish

2. Name three (3) countries the octopus is holding? Boersland, Gibrolter, Cape Colony, Cyprus, Jamaica, Canada, India, Egypt, Malta, Australia, Ireland

3. Based on this document, write a definition for ‘imperialism’ *Answers will vary*

4. Why do you think the cartoonist used an octopus to represent England? *Answers will vary*

5. Is this cartoon for or against imperialism? Why? *Answers will vary*

What is Imperialism?  The direct or indirect control of the economic, social, and political aspects of another country or region by a stronger nation.

 What caused Imperialism? o Imperialism is all about building an EMPIRE based on: . Economics, Military, Politics, Ideology, REligion

 Economics o Industrialization . Depletion of Raw Materials  Factories need natural resources to produce goods  Overproduction causes raw materials to run out  Countries look for new places to get more natural resources

o Globalization . New markets = new sources of profit  Wanted to increase the amount of people they could sell their products to  Could make more money selling goods not made or sold in foreign countries

 Military/Politics o Balance of Power . European nations wanted to “catch up” with British Empire to keep power balanced  An unspoken “rule” that European countries would stay equal so that none would attack another o Control . Colony  One country has direct control over another country o Usually this is only done for access to raw materials . Protectorate  Local control of government, but Imperial Government controls the military o Promises to protect (so that they can use the natural resources) . Spheres of Influence  An area that another country has political, economic, or military influence. o Not quite a colony, but close!

 Ideology o Nationalism . Overt and exaggerated pride in one’s country . Wanting to promote ONLY those interests that benefit your home country the most. o Ethnocentrism . The belief of being superior over another group based on ethnicity (nation or culture) o Social Darwinism . “Survival of the fittest” . Belief that only the strongest of the countries should survive. o Humanitarian . Western nations (and Industrialized Europe) should spread their blessings of civilization o The White Man’s Burden . Poem written by Rudyard Kipling . Used as a rallying call from Europeans to help the “less fortunate” and “weaker” non-whites of the world.  Religion o Spread of Christianity . Believed it was their duty to spread the teachings to the entire world.

The White Man’s Burden

Many people in the industrialized nations of the World thought they had a duty to spread Western ideas and knowledge around the world. People were considered inferior if their religion or culture differed from that of Europe and America.

British Poet Rudyard Kipling is widely considered to be the most powerful and influential voice in favor of imperialism. The title of one of his best-known poems is “The White Man’s Burden.” This phrase is often used to sum up the Western attitude toward non-Western people. Many Europeans agreed with what Kipling wrote. They thought that people outside of Europe and America were primitive barbarians and they needed the help and guidance of more civilized nations. These wrong ideas caused Europeans to justify changing the ways of life for millions of people.

“The White Man’s Burden” Take up the White Man's burden-- Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Fill full the mouth of Famine Go bind your sons to exile And bid the sickness cease; To serve your captives' need; And when your goal is nearest To wait in heavy harness, The end for others sought, On fluttered folk and wild-- Watch sloth and heathen Folly Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Bring all your hopes to naught. Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-- Take up the White Man's burden-- No tawdry rule of kings, In patience to abide, But toil of serf and sweeper-- To veil the threat of terror The tale of common things. And check the show of pride; The ports ye shall not enter, By open speech and simple, The roads ye shall not tread, An hundred times made plain Go mark them with your living, To seek another's profit, And mark them with your dead. And work another's gain.

1. What was “The White Man’s Burden?”

2. What parts of this poem prove that “The White Man’s Burden” is really about imperialism?

3. Do you think the idea of “The White Man’s Burden” is really to help people in impoverished areas of the world? Why or why not?

European Imperialism in Africa

The Scramble for Africa • Why Africa? • Natural Resources • Lumber, Iron Ore, Coal, Gold, Platinum, Diamonds, Ivory • Cash Crops – crops produced to sell for profits • Economics • New markets to sell goods in

• Africa before the Scramble • North Africa • Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire • West Africa • The Asante kingdom controlled much of the land • Ports for European African Slave Trade • European colonies overthrown by Muslim crusaders • East Africa • Trade with India and Middle East • Ivory and Copper sent to India for cloth and weapons • Slave market for the Middle East • South Africa • Dutch Cape Colony • Trading post • Ruled by Zulu Kingdom • Shaka (Zulu king) waged many wars on many villages. • Absorbed captives into the Zulu Kingdom

Africa Before the Scramble

• The Scramble • Belgium Begins • King Leopold II sends explorers to the Congo River • Map the land • Open trade with native leaders • Causes Britain, France, and Germany to send their own groups • The Berlin Conference (1884) • Conference between European powers • No Africans were invited! • Discussed how to divide up the African continent • Borders were drawn that cut through native tribal borders

• New Borders • Belgium • Congo Free State • Britain • Egypt (and many other countries along the Nile) • Cape Colony • Nigeria • France • West Africa • Algeria • Morocco

Africa After the Scramble

• British Empire in Africa • Scattered around the continent • Controlled heavily populated and resource rich areas • Cecil Rhodes • Founded and owned the De Beers Mining Corporation • Controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production • British businessman who controlled most of southern Africa • Even had a country named after him (Rhodesia) • Became the Prime Minister of Cape Colony • Wanted a rail line that stretched from Cape Colony to Cairo, Egypt • Called “Cape to Cairo”

• The Boer War • Boers are descendants of Dutch settlers who founded Cape Colony in southern Africa • British acquired Cape Colony from Dutch in 1814 • Many Boers fled from British rule and set up their own republics • Gold and diamonds were found in these new lands • British want access to gold and diamonds • Waged war against Boers from 1899 to 1902. • Intense guerrilla fighting • British will win • New British country • Union of South Africa • New constitution set up a system of complete racial segregation with a government run by white British men. • Called “Apartheid”

• Division of the Hutus and Tutsis • East Africa was controlled by Germany • Ruled through the Tutsi king • Combined Hutu tribal lands with Tutsi tribal lands in the countries of Rwanda and Burundi • Caused a lot of hatred between Hutus and Tutsis • Hutus try to wipe out Tutsis • Called Rwandan Genocide • Over ONE MILLION people killed in 100 DAYS!!

• Resisting Imperialism • Ethiopia – an eastern African Christian nation • Land was divided up among rival princes • Menelik II began reforming the country • Wanted to “westernize Ethiopia” • Built roads and bridges • Established a westernized school system • Built up the military • Bought weapons from European nations • Trained by European officers • Attack from Italy in 1896 • Italians were no match for the well-trained Ethiopian Army • Ethiopia was the only African nation to not be imperialized.

European Imperialism in India

Background  India was controlled by the Mughal Empire for over 200 years o Power started to decline in the mid-1700’s o British East India Company was very influential in India . Controlled 3/5 of India by the mid-1800’s  British Mercantilism o Under mercantilism, the economy should be controlled by the government and based on maintaining wealth in the empire. . Export more than import . Build up supply of gold and silver

Sepoy Mutiny  Growing Discontent o Indian soldiers under British rule (called sepoys) were forced to serve away from India. . Traveling across the sea was against their Hindi beliefs. o British law allowed Hindu widows to remarry . The old law (called sati) actually required widows to join their husband in death by throwing themselves on his funeral fire. o British issued new rifles to Sepoys . Powder cartridges required to rip open with teeth  These cartridges were coated with cow and pig grease o Cows are considered sacred to Hindus o Pigs are forbidden in Hinduism  Sepoys refused to load their rifles o Were arrested and imprisoned  Sepoy Rebellion - 1857 o Many Sepoy regiments marched to Delhi (the old Mughal capital) and declared the last Mughal emperor their leader. . Some Sepoy groups massacred British men, women, and children in surprise attacks.  British retaliation o Easily stop the rebellion o Retaliate by torching villages o Slaughtered thousands of unarmed Indians  Impact o Both British and Sepoys began to fear, hate, and mistrust the other side. o British East India Company’s rule in India is dissolved . India is controlled directly by the British Crown.  More British troops sent to India  Taxes on Indians went up

Imperialism in India: Overall Impact  India as a British Colony o Colonial Rule set up by British Crown called the British Raj. . A British viceroy in India governed in the name of Queen. o British officials held the top positions in the Army. . Indians held most other jobs o India becomes the “brightest jewel” in the crown of the British Empire. . British policies in India incorporated into the Empire’s economy. . British officials thought that these policies help India “modernize”  By modernize, they actually meant westernize by forcing India to adopt western culture and technology o Britain viewed India as a new market AND as a source for raw materials o British improved roads and built a rail system. . This improved infrastructure was more efficient to carry the raw materials to port o British influence on Indian Agriculture . Encouraged nomadic herders to settle on farms . Pushed farmers to grow cash crops like cotton and jute  This led to massive deforestation o Population growth . Caused by better farming and medical care . Put a strain on food supply

 Pushback from Indians o Indians became more educated through British schools . Educated on western ideals such as democracy and equality o Began a nationalist movement . Dreamed of ending imperial rule o Indian National Congress . Organized in 1885 by Indian nationalist leaders  Mainly Hindu . Believed in peaceful protests  Called for greater democracy  Wanted self-rule o But supported western-style modernization o Muslim League . Formed by Indian Muslims in 1906  Some were talking of a separate Muslim state.  Feared that a Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims

European Imperialism in China

Imperialism in China  Chinese Isolationism o Policy by Chinese governments to regulate which foreign nations could trade with China and where they could trade . Restricted European trade to a small portion of southern China . Created a trade surplus for China  Meant that they exported more than they imported  European Industrialization created a need for expanded markets for European goods o Industrialization also gave western powers military superiority

The Opium Wars  Opium (an addictive drug) was grown in India and traded to British merchants. o It was illegal in China  To create a new market in China, British traders started to import opium into China (in exchange for Chinese Tea). o As more Chinese became addicted to opium, British traders began to make a lot of money selling opium to China.  In 1839, China decided to put an end to the illegal opium trade. o They sent a letter to the British government asking them to stop the traders. o When the traders continued to sell the drug, the Chinese seized over 20,000 chests of opium from British traders.

The First Opium War (1839-1842)  The British Navy moved in and easily defeated the outdated Chinese Naval forces. o They took control of the trade port Canton and reopened the opium trade. . Moved to occupy several cities along the coast of China and blockaded the Grand Canal.  Treaty of Nanking o By 1842, the Chinese saw that they were losing the war and were ready to negotiate, but the British forced the Chinese to sign the treaty. o It reestablished trade between the countries and opened up five trade ports to Britain. o Forced China to pay $21 million in damages and gave Britain control of the city of Hong Kong.

The Second Opium War (1856-1860)  Britain legalized the opium trade and opened all of China for trade with British companies. o When the Chinese government refused, tensions increased between the two countries.  Fighting began when the Chinese seized a British pirate ship called Arrow. o The British said the Chinese had no right to seize the ship and used the incident for an excuse to attack Canton.  The French soon joined in the fighting when a French missionary was executed by Chinese authorities. o The British once again took control of Canton.  In 1860, British and French forces defeated the Chinese army. o Convention of Peking in 1860 . The Chinese agreed to sign a treaty with Britain and France.  Legalized the opium trade  Established freedom of religion in China  Forced China to pay France and Britain reparations  Opened new trade ports

Spheres of Influence  Chinese had been defeated by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War o European powers took influence over parts of China . British took the Chang River . French took parts of Indochina . Germany and Russia took parts of northern China . United States did not take a Sphere of Influence  Felt that American merchants would be excluded by Europeans

Open Door Policy – 1899  A policy that states that all trade in China was open to everyone on an equal basis o Advocated by the United States o Adopted by European nations . No one consulted the Chinese...

The Boxer Rebellion  Growing tired of Western control, a group of Chinese nationalists formed a secret society o The Righteous Harmonious Fists . Called “Boxers” by Westerners who watched them train in Martial Arts. o Their goal was to “drive out the foreign devils who are polluting the land with un-Chinese culture.”  Boxers began attacking foreigners across China o European Nations, along with the United States and Japan formed an alliance to keep the Boxers out of their part of Beijing. . While they did that, the Empress Ci Xi declared war on them and sent the Chinese Army to help the Boxers. o They fought for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through and defeated the Chinese.