Name: ______Block: ______

European in

The • Why Africa? • Natural Resources • Lumber, Iron Ore, Coal, Gold, Platinum, Diamonds, Ivory • Cash Crops – crops produced to sell for profits • Economics • New markets to sell goods in

• Africa before the Scramble • • Under the rule of the • • The Asante kingdom controlled much of the land • Ports for European African Slave Trade • European overthrown by Muslim crusaders • • Trade with and Middle East • Ivory and Copper sent to India for cloth and weapons • Slave market for the Middle East • • Dutch Cape • Trading post • Ruled by • Shaka (Zulu king) waged many wars on many villages. • Absorbed captives into the Zulu Kingdom

Africa Before the Scramble

• The Scramble • Belgium Begins • King Leopold II sends explorers to the Congo River • Map the land • Open trade with native leaders • Causes Britain, , and Germany to send their own groups • The Conference (1884) • Conference between European powers • No Africans were invited! • Discussed how to divide up the African continent • Borders were drawn that cut through native tribal borders

• New Borders • Belgium • • Britain • (and many other countries along the ) • • • France • West Africa • Algeria •

Africa After the Scramble

• in Africa • Scattered around the continent • Controlled heavily populated and resource rich areas • • Founded and owned the Mining Corporation • Controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production • British businessman who controlled most of • Even had a country named after him () • Became the Prime Minister of Cape Colony • Wanted a rail line that stretched from Cape Colony to , Egypt • Called “Cape to Cairo”

• The Boer War • are descendants of Dutch settlers who founded Cape Colony in southern Africa • British acquired Cape Colony from Dutch in 1814 • Many Boers fled from British rule and set up their own republics • Gold and diamonds were found in these new lands • British want access to gold and diamonds • Waged war against Boers from 1899 to 1902. • Intense guerrilla fighting • British will win • New British country • • New constitution set up a system of complete racial segregation with a run by white British men. • Called “”

• Division of the Hutus and Tutsis • East Africa was controlled by Germany • Ruled through the Tutsi king • Combined Hutu tribal lands with Tutsi tribal lands in the countries of and • Caused a lot of hatred between Hutus and Tutsis • Hutus try to wipe out Tutsis • Called Rwandan Genocide • Over ONE MILLION people killed in 100 DAYS!!

• Resisting Imperialism • – an eastern African Christian nation • Land was divided up among rival princes • Menelik II began reforming the country • Wanted to “westernize Ethiopia” • Built roads and bridges • Established a westernized school system • Built up the military • Bought weapons from European nations • Trained by European officers • Attack from in 1896 • were no match for the well-trained Ethiopian Army • Ethiopia was the only African nation to not be imperialized.

European Imperialism in India

Background  India was controlled by the Mughal Empire for over 200 years o Power started to decline in the mid-1700’s o British East India Company was very influential in India . Controlled 3/5 of India by the mid-1800’s  British Mercantilism o Under mercantilism, the economy should be controlled by the government and based on maintaining wealth in the empire. . Export more than import . Build up supply of gold and silver

Sepoy Mutiny  Growing Discontent o Indian soldiers under British rule (called sepoys) were forced to serve away from India. . Traveling across the sea was against their Hindi beliefs. o British law allowed Hindu widows to remarry . The old law (called sati) actually required widows to join their husband in death by throwing themselves on his funeral fire. o British issued new rifles to Sepoys . Powder cartridges required to rip open with teeth  These cartridges were coated with cow and pig grease o Cows are considered sacred to Hindus o Pigs are forbidden in Hinduism  Sepoys refused to load their rifles o Were arrested and imprisoned  Rebellion - 1857 o Many Sepoy regiments marched to Delhi (the old Mughal capital) and declared the last Mughal emperor their leader. . Some Sepoy groups massacred British men, women, and children in surprise attacks.  British retaliation o Easily stop the rebellion o Retaliate by torching villages o Slaughtered thousands of unarmed Indians  Impact o Both British and Sepoys began to fear, hate, and mistrust the other side. o British East India Company’s rule in India is dissolved . India is controlled directly by the British Crown.  More British troops sent to India  Taxes on Indians went up

Imperialism in India: Overall Impact  India as a British Colony o Colonial Rule set up by British Crown called the British Raj. . A British viceroy in India governed in the name of Queen. o British officials held the top positions in the Army. . Indians held most other jobs o India becomes the “brightest jewel” in the crown of the British Empire. . British policies in India incorporated into the Empire’s economy. . British officials thought that these policies help India “modernize”  By modernize, they actually meant westernize by forcing India to adopt western culture and technology o Britain viewed India as a new market AND as a source for raw materials o British improved roads and built a rail system. . This improved infrastructure was more efficient to carry the raw materials to port o British influence on Indian Agriculture . Encouraged nomadic herders to settle on farms . Pushed farmers to grow cash crops like cotton and jute  This led to massive deforestation o Population growth . Caused by better farming and medical care . Put a strain on food supply

 Pushback from Indians o Indians became more educated through British schools . Educated on western ideals such as democracy and equality o Began a nationalist movement . Dreamed of ending imperial rule o Indian National Congress . Organized in 1885 by Indian nationalist leaders  Mainly Hindu . Believed in peaceful protests  Called for greater democracy  Wanted self-rule o But supported western-style modernization o Muslim League . Formed by Indian Muslims in 1906  Some were talking of a separate Muslim state.  Feared that a Hindu-run government would oppress Muslims

European Imperialism in

Imperialism in China  Chinese Isolationism o Policy by Chinese to regulate which foreign nations could trade with China and where they could trade . Restricted European trade to a small portion of southern China . Created a trade surplus for China  Meant that they exported more than they imported  European Industrialization created a need for expanded markets for European goods o Industrialization also gave western powers military superiority

The Opium Wars  Opium (an addictive drug) was grown in India and traded to British merchants. o It was illegal in China  To create a new market in China, British traders started to import opium into China (in exchange for Chinese Tea). o As more Chinese became addicted to opium, British traders began to make a lot of money selling opium to China.  In 1839, China decided to put an end to the illegal opium trade. o They sent a letter to the British government asking them to stop the traders. o When the traders continued to sell the drug, the Chinese seized over 20,000 chests of opium from British traders.

The First Opium War (1839-1842)  The British Navy moved in and easily defeated the outdated Chinese Naval forces. o They took control of the trade port Canton and reopened the opium trade. . Moved to occupy several cities along the coast of China and blockaded the Grand Canal.  Treaty of Nanking o By 1842, the Chinese saw that they were losing the war and were ready to negotiate, but the British forced the Chinese to sign the treaty. o It reestablished trade between the countries and opened up five trade ports to Britain. o Forced China to pay $21 million in damages and gave Britain control of the city of Hong Kong.

The Second Opium War (1856-1860)  Britain legalized the opium trade and opened all of China for trade with British companies. o When the Chinese government refused, tensions increased between the two countries.  Fighting began when the Chinese seized a British pirate ship called Arrow. o The British said the Chinese had no right to seize the ship and used the incident for an excuse to attack Canton.  The French soon joined in the fighting when a French missionary was executed by Chinese authorities. o The British once again took control of Canton.  In 1860, British and French forces defeated the Chinese army. o Convention of Peking in 1860 . The Chinese agreed to sign a treaty with Britain and France.  Legalized the opium trade  Established freedom of religion in China  Forced China to pay France and Britain reparations  Opened new trade ports

Spheres of Influence  Chinese had been defeated by Japan during the Sino-Japanese War o European powers took influence over parts of China . British took the Chang River . French took parts of Indochina . Germany and Russia took parts of northern China . did not take a Sphere of Influence  Felt that American merchants would be excluded by Europeans

Open Door Policy – 1899  A policy that states that all trade in China was open to everyone on an equal basis o Advocated by the United States o Adopted by European nations . No one consulted the Chinese...

The  Growing tired of Western control, a group of Chinese nationalists formed a secret society o The Righteous Harmonious Fists . Called “Boxers” by Westerners who watched them train in Martial Arts. o Their goal was to “drive out the foreign devils who are polluting the land with un-Chinese culture.”  Boxers began attacking foreigners across China o European Nations, along with the United States and Japan formed an alliance to keep the Boxers out of their part of Beijing. . While they did that, the Empress Ci Xi declared war on them and sent the Chinese Army to help the Boxers. o They fought for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through and defeated the Chinese.