DOCSLIB.ORG

Walrus, Seal, and Seabird Faunal Remains from Summit Island

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Walrus, Seal, and Seabird Faunal Remains from Summit Island WALRUS, SEAL, AND SEABIRD FAUNAL REMAINS FROM SUMMIT ISLAND IN BRISTOL BAY, ALASKA: THE SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES OF NORTON PEOPLES IN AN ISLAND ENVIRONMENT (2740–980 CAL B.P.) by MOLLY R. CASPERSON A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2017 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Molly R. Casperson Title: Walrus, Seal, and Seabird Faunal Remains from Summit Island in Bristol Bay, Alaska: The Subsistence Practices of Norton Peoples in an Island Environment (2740– 980 Cal B.P.) This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology by: Madonna L. Moss Chair Don E. Dumond Core Member Stephen A. Dueppen Core Member Patricia F. McDowell Institutional Representative and Sara D. Hodges Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2017 ii © 2017 Molly R. Casperson iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Molly R. Casperson Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology September 2017 Title: Walrus, Seal, and Seabird Faunal Remains from Summit Island in Bristol Bay, Alaska: The Subsistence Practices of Norton Peoples in an Island Environment (2740– 980 cal B.P.) The Norton Stage (2500-1000 cal B.P.) of the Norton Tradition is typically characterized as a caribou hunting and fishing culture, an idea developed by James Giddings through his formative work at the Iyatayet Site in Norton Sound. The concept of Norton fishers and caribou-hunters has been promoted by the long-term research of Don Dumond in the Naknek and Ugashik drainages on the Alaska Peninsula. While the northern Alaska Peninsula has historically productive salmon runs and abundant caribou populations, the concept that these taxa were essential to the Norton subsistence economy has not been critically evaluated. Giddings based his own assessment of Iyatayet subsistence practices on the animal harvest practices of contemporary Norton Sound Alaska Native communities, rather than directly from the faunal remains he identified during excavations. Several faunal assemblages have been recovered from southwest Alaska, which provide the opportunity to test assumptions regarding Norton subsistence practices. Most of these assemblages come from the Bering Sea coast, a vastly different environment from more temperate coast of the Alaska Peninsula. In an effort to directly document Norton subsistence practices, I procured a sizeable faunal assemblage that Robert Shaw excavated iv in 1985 from 49-XHI-043 and 49-XHI-044. These sites are located on Summit Island, a nearshore island 6 km from the shoreline of northwest Bristol Bay. Prior to my research, no analysis of the Summit Island collection had been conducted. As a result, an assessment of the faunal remains was not possible until I analyzed field notes to establish stratigraphic relationships and procured radiocarbon dates from the sites. I was able to confirm the presence of three discrete analytical components associated with Norton culture including Early Norton I (2740-2380 cal B.P.), Early Norton II (2400-2000 cal B.P.), and Late Norton (1390-980 cal B.P.). My analysis of 9,981 mammal and bird bone specimens resulted in the documentation of an intensive marine- focused subsistence economy. Over approximately 2,000 years, generations of Norton peoples harvested seals, walruses, murres, cormorants, and eiders from the Walrus Island chain. Terrestrial and riverine species were not well represented in the assemblage, despite the proximity of the mainland. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Molly R. Casperson GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Montana State University, Bozeman DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Anthropology, 2017, University of Oregon Master of Science, Anthropology, 2009, University of Oregon Bachelor of Science, Anthropology, 2004, Montana State University, Bozeman AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: American Indian Policy Arctic and Subarctic Archaeology Coastal Archaeology Cultural Resource Management Museum Collections and Curation Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction Zooarchaeology PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: District Archaeologist and Cultural Resources Program Manager, Bureau of Land Management, Roseburg, 2011 to present Graduate Research Fellow, Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, 2008–2012 Archaeologist, Umpqua National Forest, Roseburg, 2008–2011 Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2007–2008 Archaeologist, Lake Clark and Katmai National Parks and Preserves, Anchorage, 2005–2011 vi Archaeological Technician, Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman, 2003 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Edna English Trust, University of Oregon, 2011 PUBLICATIONS: Casperson, Molly R. 2012 The Importance of Birds in Ocean Bay Subsistence: Results from the Mink Island Site, Katmai National Park and Preserve. Arctic Anthropology 49(1): 18-36. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben, C. Rick, Todd J. Braje, Molly R. Casperson, Brendan Culleton, Brian Fulfrost, Tracy Garcia, Daniel A. Guthrie, Nicholas Jew, Douglas J. Kennett, Madonna L. Moss, Leslie Reader, Craig Skinner, Jack Watts, and Lauren Willis 2011 Paleoindian Seafaring, Maritime Technologies, and Costal Foraging on California's Channel Island. Science 331:1181-1185. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I wish to thank Dr. Madonna Moss for acting as my main advisor through a lengthy graduate career. She deserves untold credit for the years she has spent demanding my best. I will be eternally grateful that I was her graduate student, a singular experience that changed the course of my life. Thank you to Dr. Don Dumond for the active involvement in my dissertation, which greatly improved my research. Part of this included acting as a committee member, but more importantly, being my champion and financial backer when I originally showed interest in the Summit Island Collection. I am very grateful to the people who provided lab space and access to comparative specimens including Drs. Moss and Stephen Dueppen (also a member of my doctoral committee) at the UO, Dr. John Klicka, Robert Faucett, and Jeff Bradley at the Burke Museum, Dr. Deborah Duffield at PSU, and Jim Thomason at NOAA NMML. To use some of these collections, I had to travel away from home. I appreciate the hospitality of my gracious friends Shelby Anderson and Ross Smith in Portland, and Tracy and Jackson McDole in Seattle. My appreciation also goes to Chelsea Buell, lab assistant extraordinaire, who spent hundreds of hours over the last decade processing faunal samples and assisting in bone identifications. Hannah Parrot and Jon Krier also deserve thanks for helping process some of the Summit Island faunal lots. Thank you to Dr. Patricia McDowell for acting as the institutional representative on my doctoral committee. Leah Frazier is an unsung hero for offering support with departmental matters and funding issues. So are my sister Cassie for editing my dissertation and Matt Diederich for providing substantive comments. My gratitude goes to Dr. Jeanne Schaaf for introducing me to the Walrus Islands, and letting me have a hand viii at drafting the National Historic Landmark nomination that informed this dissertation. For facilitating my use of the Summit Island Collection, I thank the staff at the Museum of the North including Fawn Carter, Dr. Jeff Rasic, Dr. Joshua Reuther, Scott Shirar, and Jim Whitney, and AOHA archaeologists Dave McMahan and Dr. Richard Vanderhoek. Thank you to the numerous people who helped me in what some might call “small” ways, but made all the difference in my success. My gratitude goes to Jaime Kennedy for assessing the Summit Island charcoal samples. Thanks to Dr. Diane Hanson for providing a copy of her seal identification manual and Mike Etnier for helping track down comparative specimens. Dr. Robert Shaw graciously provided much needed background on the Summit Island Collection. Thank you to Drs. Kristen Barnett and Anna Prentiss for providing updated information on Old Togiak and to Dr. Dennis Griffin for the copy of Chatters’ obscure 1972 Nunivak report. Thank you to Dr. Andrew Tremayne for the exchange on the state of Arctic archaeology and for writing an excellent dissertation that informed my own. My BLM colleagues Barbara Machado and Carley Smith deserve my gratitude for being supportive and picking up the slack at work. Other colleagues who have provided support and reality checks throughout the years include Dr. Pam Endzweig, Dr. Dennis Griffin, Eric Ingbar, Elizabeth Kallenbach, Dr. Bob Musil, Dr. Brian O’Neill, and Dr. Kathryn Toepel. To my archaeological chums Heather Ulrich, Dustin Kennedy, Jaime Kennedy, Matt Diederich, Carley Smith, Martin Nienstedt, Jessie Plueard, Ross Smith, and Barb and Jerry Boucock: thank you for the continued friendship and shared spirits through this long slog. To my family: thank you for the continued love, knowing better than to ask “how’s it going,” and for not holding the last decade against me. ix For T.S. Berger, who taught me that endeavoring toward a better life is worth the risk. x TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 II. SETTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND .....................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Communications Report of Special Procedures*
    United Nations A/HRC/18/51 General Assembly Distr.: General 9 September 2011 English/French/Spanish only Human Rights Council Eighteenth session Agenda item 5 Human rights bodies and mechanisms Communications Report of Special Procedures* Communications sent, 1 December 2010 to 31 May 2011; Replies received, 1 February 2011 to 31 July 2011 Joint report by the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context; the Working Group on arbitrary detention; the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia; the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; the Independent Expert in the field of cultural rights; the Special Rapporteur on the right to education; the Working Group on enforced or involuntary disappearances; the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions; the Special Rapporteur on the right to food; the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association; the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders;
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Alaska Reindeer Populations and Range Conditions
    Paper presented at The First Arctic Ungulate Conference, Nuuk, Greenland, 3-8. September, 1991. Assessment of Alaska reindeer populations and range conditions J. D. Swanson1 and M. H. W. Barker2 1 USDA Soil Conservation Service, 201 E. 9th Avenue, Suite 300, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, U.S.A. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska 99508, U.S.A. Abstract: Populations of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) have fluctated greatly since their introduction to Alaska in 1891. In the 1930s, reported numbers exceeded 600,000. Presently, 38,000 reindeer graze 6.2 million ha of rangeland and woodland in Western Alaska (from 66°54'N to 52°07'N latitude). Condition of winter range producing fruticose lichens (Cladina rangiferina, Cladina arbuscula, Cladina stellaris, Cetraria cucullata, Cetra- ria islandica) is of major concern. Monitoring programs have been established for vegetation, fire, reindeer and wildlife. Reindeer have overgrazed lichen resources on some Bering Sea Islands. Wildfires have had the greatest impact on lichen range depletion on the mainland. Overgrazing has been a problem in localized areas. Moose (AIces alces) and muskox (Ovibos moschatus) rarely contribute to major lichen depletion. 60-80% of the mainland and 5-30% of most island winter lichen ranges are presently estimated to be in good to excel• lent ecological condition. Procedures for assessing condition of the lichen ranges are being further refined. Keywords: Alaska, winter, pastures, lichens, population dynamics, sampling techniques Rangifer, 12 (1): 33-43 Introduction Siberian reindeer herders were originally Sheldon Jackson, General Agent of Education brought to instruct local natives in reindeer in Alaska, toured the northern coasts of Siberia husbandry and herding techniques (Brickey, and Alaska in 1890.
    [Show full text]
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition
    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
    [Show full text]
  • Greetings from MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY and Meals on Wheels July 5 July 6 July 7 July 8 July 9 It’S July and the Middle of Able to Process Information
    ARENA: Meals Cooked On Site. Serving at Noon. Call Candy at (608) 341-6859. S.U.N. AVOCA: Home Delivery Only, Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Call (608) 930-9845. NUTRITION CENTERS HIGHLAND: Meals provided by Betsy’s Restaurant. Call Naomi at (608) 929-7482. Senior Dining HOLLANDALE: Meals provided by Viking Café in Blanchardville. Call (608) 523-4327. Greetings from MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY and Meals on Wheels July 5 July 6 July 7 July 8 July 9 It’s July and the middle of able to process information. Medical JULY Italian Sausage Cobb Salad: Tilapia Scampi summer. We are ready to attention is needed with severe dehydration, INDEPENDENCE DAY on a Hard Roll w/Peppers, Bacon, Egg, Chicken, Pork Roast w/Applesauce Linguini w/Butter, get back to some degree since it can lead to confusion, kidney failure, OBSERVED Onions & Sauce Blue Cheese, Avocado, Scalloped Potatoes Parsley & Parmesan of normalcy, which makes heart problems and possibly death. It is also Potato Wedges Mixed Greens Sliced Carrots Peas me very happy. On July possible to become overhydrated. Although NO MEALS Black Bean Salad & Ranch Dressing Rye Roll Fresh Spinach Salad 2021 MENUS 29, we will return to our not as common, athletes and individuals SERVED Black Forest Cake Seasonal Fruit Pineapple Tidbits Blueberry Lemon annual steak cookout. All with certain medical conditions are at higher w/Cherries Sugar Cookie Frozen Dessert Suggested Donations: $5.00 Congregate and $5.50 Home Delivery of the participants and the risk. Confusion and seizures can occur. July 12 July 13 July 14 July 15 July 16 Cecile McManus, RD staff look forward to this Many factors affect how much water you HIGHLAND: Call Naomi at (608) 929-7482.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology Resources
    Archaeology Resources Page Intentionally Left Blank Archaeological Resources Background Archaeological Resources are defined as “any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object [including shipwrecks]…Such term includes artifacts, records, and remains which are related to such a district, site, building, structure, or object” (National Historic Preservation Act, Sec. 301 (5) as amended, 16 USC 470w(5)). Archaeological resources are either historic or prehistoric and generally include properties that are 50 years old or older and are any of the following: • Associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history • Associated with the lives of persons significant in the past • Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction • Represent the work of a master • Possess high artistic values • Present a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction • Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in history These resources represent the material culture of past generations of a region’s prehistoric and historic inhabitants, and are basic to our understanding of the knowledge, beliefs, art, customs, property systems, and other aspects of the nonmaterial culture. Further, they are subject to National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) review if they are historic properties, meaning those that are on, or eligible for placement on, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). These sites are referred to as historic properties. Section 106 requires agencies to make a reasonable and good faith efforts to identify historic properties. Archaeological resources may be found in the Proposed Project Area both offshore and onshore.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Flaunts Her Glory
    Volume 34, Number 1 ■ January, 2019 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4352 www.centerfirstamericans.com - Nature flaunts her glory Near Vik, Iceland, a geologic formation known as a columnar basalt rose spectacularly showcases University of Oregon anthropologist Jon Erlandson, who takes time off from his research on the California Channel Islands to explore Viking-age sites (and engage his Nordic roots). His principal goal is to marshal convincing evidence for the coastal-entry route, one of several competing hypotheses that explain how the First Americans entered North America. See part 1 of our series on how the First Americans got here on page 13. To learn more about Erlandson’s work and career, see his profile on page 17. Photo by Erik Erlandson he Center for the Study of the First Americans fosters research and public T interest in the Peopling of the Americas. The Center, an integral part of the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University, pro motes inter disciplinary scholarly dialogue among physical, geological, biological and social scientists. The Mammoth Trumpet, news magazine of the Center, seeks to involve you in the peopling of the Americas by report- ing on developments in all pertinent areas of knowledge. JoinJoin inin thethe SearchSearch for the First Americans! Become a member of the Center for the Study of the First Americans on Center publications plus additional benefits according to the level of and explore the origin, lifeways, artifacts, and other aspects of the membership support you choose.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Baseline Study of Subsistence Resource Utilization in the Pribilof Islands
    A PRELIMINARY BASELINE STUDY OF SUBSISTENCE RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS Douglas W. Veltre Ph.D Mary J. Veltre, B.A. Technical Paper Number 57 Prepared for Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Contract 81-119 October 15, 1981 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . The authors would like to thank those numerous mem- bers of St. George and St. Paul who gave generously of their time and knowledge to help with this project. The Tanaq Corporation of St. George and the Tanadgusix Corporation of St. Paul, as well as the village councils of both communities, also deserve thanks for their cooperation. In addition, per- sonnel of the National Marine Fisheries Service in the Pribi- lofs provided insight into the fur seal operations. Finally, Linda Ellanna and Alice Stickney of the Department of Fish and Game gave valuable assistance and guidance, especially through their participation in field research. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii Chapter I INTRODUCTION . 1 Purpose . 1 Research objectives . : . 4 Research methods . 6 Discussion of research methodology . 8 Organization of the report . 11 II BACKGROUND ON ALEUT SUBSISTENCE . 13 Introduction . 13 Precontact subsistence patterns . 15 The early postcontact period . 22 Conclusions . 23 III HISTORICAL BACXGROUND . 27 Introduction . 27 Russian period . 27 American period ........... 35 History of Pribilof Island settlements ... 37 St. George community profile ........ 39 St. Paul community profile ......... 45 Conclusions ......... ; ........ 48 IV THE NATURAL SETTING .............. 50 Introduction ................ 50 Location, geography, and geology ...... 50 Climate ................... 55 Fauna and flora ............... 61 Aleutian-Pribilof Islands comparison .... 72 V SUBSISTENCE RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION IN THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS ............ 74 Introduction ................ 74 Inventory of subsistence resources .
    [Show full text]
  • NSF 03-021, Arctic Research in the United States
    This document has been archived. Home is Where the Habitat is An Ecosystem Foundation for Wildlife Distribution and Behavior This article was prepared The lands and near-shore waters of Alaska remaining from recent geomorphic activities such by Page Spencer, stretch from 48° to 68° north latitude and from 130° as glaciers, floods, and volcanic eruptions.* National Park Service, west to 175° east longitude. The immense size of Ecosystems in Alaska are spread out along Anchorage, Alaska; Alaska is frequently portrayed through its super- three major bioclimatic gradients, represented by Gregory Nowacki, USDA Forest Service; Michael imposition on the continental U.S., stretching from the factors of climate (temperature and precipita- Fleming, U.S. Geological Georgia to California and from Minnesota to tion), vegetation (forested to non-forested), and Survey; Terry Brock, Texas. Within Alaska’s broad geographic extent disturbance regime. When the 32 ecoregions are USDA Forest Service there are widely diverse ecosystems, including arrayed along these gradients, eight large group- (retired); and Torre Arctic deserts, rainforests, boreal forests, alpine ings, or ecological divisions, emerge. In this paper Jorgenson, ABR, Inc. tundra, and impenetrable shrub thickets. This land we describe the eight ecological divisions, with is shaped by storms and waves driven across 8000 details from their component ecoregions and rep- miles of the Pacific Ocean, by huge river systems, resentative photos. by wildfire and permafrost, by volcanoes in the Ecosystem structures and environmental Ring of Fire where the Pacific plate dives beneath processes largely dictate the distribution and the North American plate, by frequent earth- behavior of wildlife species.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Range
    Alaska Range Introduction The heavily glacierized Alaska Range consists of a number of adjacent and discrete mountain ranges that extend in an arc more than 750 km long (figs. 1, 381). From east to west, named ranges include the Nutzotin, Mentas- ta, Amphitheater, Clearwater, Tokosha, Kichatna, Teocalli, Tordrillo, Terra Cotta, and Revelation Mountains. This arcuate mountain massif spans the area from the White River, just east of the Canadian Border, to Merrill Pass on the western side of Cook Inlet southwest of Anchorage. Many of the indi- Figure 381.—Index map of vidual ranges support glaciers. The total glacier area of the Alaska Range is the Alaska Range showing 2 approximately 13,900 km (Post and Meier, 1980, p. 45). Its several thousand the glacierized areas. Index glaciers range in size from tiny unnamed cirque glaciers with areas of less map modified from Field than 1 km2 to very large valley glaciers with lengths up to 76 km (Denton (1975a). Figure 382.—Enlargement of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image mosaic of the Alaska Range in summer 1995. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration image mosaic from Mike Fleming, Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska. The numbers 1–5 indicate the seg- ments of the Alaska Range discussed in the text. K406 SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD and Field, 1975a, p. 575) and areas of greater than 500 km2. Alaska Range glaciers extend in elevation from above 6,000 m, near the summit of Mount McKinley, to slightly more than 100 m above sea level at Capps and Triumvi- rate Glaciers in the southwestern part of the range.
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced from the Microfilm Master
    Ecology Of Reindeer On Hagemeister Island, Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Stimmelmayr, Raphaela Download date 23/09/2021 12:58:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8515 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. Hie quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improperalignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • BSIERP B69 Appendix
    Technical Paper No. 371 Subsistence Harvests and Uses in Three Bering Sea Communities, 2008: Akutan, Emmonak, and Togiak by James A. Fall, Caroline L. Brown, Nicole M. Braem, Lisa Hutchinson-Scarbrough, David Koster, Theodore M. Krieg, and Andrew R. Brenner December 2012 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative Code AAC all standard mathematical signs, symbols deciliter dL all commonly-accepted and abbreviations gram g abbreviations e.g., alternate hypothesis HA hectare ha Mr., Mrs., base of natural logarithm e kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. catch per unit effort CPUE kilometer km all commonly-accepted coefficient of variation CV liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., common test statistics (F, t, 2, etc.) meter m R.N., etc. confidence interval CI milliliter mL at @ correlation coefficient (multiple) R millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient (simple) r east E covariance cov Weights and measures (English) north N degree (angular ) ° cubic feet per second ft3/s south S degrees of freedom df foot ft west W expected value E gallon gal copyright greater than > inch in corporate suffixes: greater than or equal to mile mi Company Co.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PACIFIC WALRUS by KARL W
    332 Oryx THE PACIFIC WALRUS By KARL W. KENYON During recent years there have been repeated reports of extravagant exploitation of the walrus by Eskimos and these have been strengthened by aerial observation of many headless carcasses on beaches of the Bering Sea. So in 1958 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service decided upon an inquiry into the Pacific Walrus, and its hunting and utilization by Eskimo in the Bering Sea region. Biologists from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game co- operated in the work. Studies were conducted on St. Lawrence Island by Dr. Francis H. Fay and Mr. Averill Thayer, on Little Diomede Island by the late Mr. Stanley S. Fredericksen and the author, and on Round Island of the Walrus Islands in Bristol Bay, by Dr. Fay, Mr. James W. Brooks and the author. Dr. John L. Buckley of the Fish and Wildlife Service counted walruses on the ice of the northern Bering Sea from the air. The Eskimo hunters freely gave us their co-operation and good will, and this alone made the study possible. The economic incentive to exploit pinnipeds for oil and hides decreased after the chaotic slaughter of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when many species were seriously depleted. During the present century those which have continued to yield valuable products, such as elephant seals (Mirounga) and fur seals (Callorhinus and Arctocephalus), have been conserved. The Pacific walrus occupies a unique position in that the demand for its ivory, both carved and unworked, or raw, has increased in recent years, whereas measures introduced for conservation of the walrus have not yet been effective.
    [Show full text]