Phase 2 Report February 2009

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF GROUNDWATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE LIMPOPO BASIN PILOT AREAS PHASE 2 REPORT – FEBRUARY 2009 DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF GROUNDWATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE LIMPOPO BASIN PILOT AREAS Phase 2 Report February 2009 Submitted by a Consortium comprising DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF GROUNDWATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE LIMPOPO BASIN PILOT AREAS PHASE 2 REPORT – FEBRUARY 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Project Objectives ........................................................................................ 1 1.3 Phase 2 of the Project – ‗Pilot Programme Definition‘ ................................... 2 1.3.1 Delineation of the Pilot Areas ................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Identification of Regulatory and Institutional Systems .............................. 2 1.3.3 Identification of the Socio-economic Factors ............................................ 3 1.3.4 Nodal Point Selection ............................................................................... 3 2. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE PILOT AREAS ............................................................... 4 2.1 Geography ................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Physiography ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Climatology .............................................................................................. 4 2.1.3 Rainfall..................................................................................................... 6 2.1.4 Evaporation ............................................................................................. 7 2.1.5 Hydrology ................................................................................................ 9 2.1.6 Groundwater Level Monitoring ............................................................... 11 2.1.7 Water Use and Demand in the Central Limpopo Basin .......................... 12 2.2 Drought ...................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Groundwater and Drought...................................................................... 14 2.3 Geological Framework ............................................................................... 16 2.4 Hydrogeological Setting.............................................................................. 18 2.4.1 The Limitations of Groundwater ............................................................. 19 2.4.2 Groundwater Occurrence ....................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Hydrogeological Classification for the Central Limpopo Basin ................ 21 2.4.4 Groundwater Potential and Resources .................................................. 22 3. INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS IN PILOT AREAS ................... 26 3.1 Botswana ................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Mozambique ............................................................................................... 28 3.3 South Africa ................................................................................................ 29 3.4 Zimbabwe .................................................................................................. 33 3.5 Stakeholder Analysis .................................................................................. 37 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WELLFIELD CONSULTING SERVICES CSIR WALLINGFORD, OXON GABORONE PRETORIA UK BOTSWANA SOUTH AFRICA i DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF GROUNDWATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE LIMPOPO BASIN PILOT AREAS PHASE 2 REPORT – FEBRUARY 2009 3.5.1 Botswana ................................................................................................. 38 3.5.2 Mozambique ............................................................................................ 39 3.5.3 South Africa ............................................................................................. 40 3.5.4 Zimbabwe ................................................................................................ 42 4. POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS .............................................................................. 46 4.1 Intervention Options ................................................................................... 46 4.1.1 Physical Intervention Options ................................................................. 48 4.1.2 Social Intervention Options .................................................................... 51 4.2 Synopsis of Field Visits and Selection of Nodal Points ............................... 53 4.2.1 Selection of Representative Nodal Points .............................................. 55 4.2.2 Selected Nodal Point Sites..................................................................... 57 4.2.3 Zimbabwe Nodal Points ......................................................................... 58 4.2.4 Botswana Nodal Points .......................................................................... 60 4.2.5 South Africa Nodal Points ...................................................................... 62 4.2.6 Mozambique Nodal Points ..................................................................... 64 4.3 Monitoring .................................................................................................. 67 4.3.1 Monitoring the Achievement of the Project Goals ................................... 68 4.3.2 Monitoring the Community Management Planned Interventions ............ 68 4.4 Upscaling ................................................................................................... 68 5. MANAGEMENT PLAN STRUCTURE ..................................................................... 71 6. CONCLUDING STATEMENT ................................................................................. 73 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 74 List of Guidelines and Manuals ......................................................................... 77 APPENDICES..................................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................... 79 Pilot Area Maps ................................................................................................ 79 APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................... 82 Workshop and Field Diaries .............................................................................. 82 APPENDIX C ..................................................................................................... 104 Community Reports ........................................................................................ 104 APPENDIX D ..................................................................................................... 110 Stakeholder Analysis Data.............................................................................. 110 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WELLFIELD CONSULTING SERVICES CSIR WALLINGFORD, OXON GABORONE PRETORIA UK BOTSWANA SOUTH AFRICA ii DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF GROUNDWATER DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE LIMPOPO BASIN PILOT AREAS PHASE 2 REPORT – FEBRUARY 2009 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Time Series of Annual Summer Rainfall Totals in South Africa (after Tyson 1986) .............................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2.2 Distribution of Long Term Average Annual Rainfall (Zimbabwe) .......................... 6 Figure 2.3 Rainfall Records – Northern Province South Africa ............................................. 7 Figure 2.4 Variations in Annual Evaporation at four sites located within the north-eastern . part of Northern Province, South Africa. ............................................................... 7 Figure.2.5 Variations in Monthly Evaporation at the Nzhelele Dam site, in north-eastern Northern Province, South Africa during 1970-2006............................................. 8 Figure 2.6. Variations in Monthly ‗Recharge Potential Rainfall‘ at the Nzhelele Dam site, in north-eastern Northern Province, South Africa during 1970-2006. .... 9 Figure 2.7 Annual Flow of Rivers in Northern Province South Africa ................................. 10 Figure 2.8 Groundwater Monitoring Record – Tshirunzini, Eastern Pilot Area ...................... South Africa ..................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2.9 Groundwater Monitoring Record – Folovhondwe, Eastern Pilot Area South Africa .............................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2.10 Breaking the Drought Spiral ............................................................................ 14 Figure 2.11 Contrasting Response and Recovery of Groundwater and Surface Water to ...... Drought ..........................................................................................................

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