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Migration Characteristics and Stock Composition of Interior Fraser Steelhead As Determined by Radio Telemetry, 1996-1999

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Migration Characteristics and Stock Composition of Interior Fraser Steelhead As Determined by Radio Telemetry, 1996-1999 Migration characteristics and stock composition of interior Fraser steelhead as determined by radio telemetry, 1996-1999 By: J.R. Renn1, R.G. Bison2, J. Hagen3 and T.C. Nelson4 For: BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Fisheries Branch Southern Interior Region 1259 Dalhousie Drive Kamloops, BC V2C 5Z5 September 7, 2001 ________________ 1 J. Renn. 328 Peridot St., Logan Lake, BC, V0K 1W0, ph: (250) 523-9668, e-mail: [email protected] 2 R. Bison. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Fisheries Branch, 1259 Dalhousie Drive, Kamloops, BC V2C 5Z5, ph: (250) 371-6244, e-mail: [email protected] 3 J. Hagen. 110 Union St., Nelson BC, V1L 4A2, ph: (250) 352-1752, e-mail: [email protected] 4 T. Nelson. LGL Limited environmental research associates, 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8, ph: (604) 535-1768, e-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF PLATES xii ABSTRACT xiii INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Study Area 3 Existing Information on the Life History of Interior Fraser Steelhead 3 METHODS 7 Deployment 7 Handling Methods 7 Marine Deployment - Fall 1996 9 Fraser River Deployment - Fall 1996 to 1998 9 Tangle Net Fishery (Annacis Island) 11 Beach Seine Fishery (Derby Reach) 11 Angling 11 Gill Net Fishery (Yale) 11 Yale Fishwheel 12 Winter and Spring Releases - 1997 to 1999 12 Detections 14 Telemetry Equipment Setup and Operation 19 Fixed Telemetry Station Detections 19 Mobile Surveys 20 Data Analysis 22 Calculation of Migration Rates 22 Data Analysis of Stock Specific Migration Times 22 Calculation of Average water Temperature during Migration 22 Peterson Mark/Re-capture Analysis 22 Contingency Table Analysis of Kelting Rates 23 RESULTS 24 1996/97 Telemetry Program 24 Fall Deployment 24 Marine Deployment 24 Lower Fraser River Deployment 25 Deployment Summary 28 ii Fraser Water Temperatures and Discharge 28 Migration Rate 29 Fall Run Timing Past Telemetry Stations 30 Fall Re-captures 33 Overwintering Distribution 35 Spring Deployment 35 Spring Movement into Spawning Tributaries 37 Spring Re-captures 40 Spawning Distribution 42 Radio Tags Deployed in Fall 1996 42 Radio Tags Deployed in Late-Winter/Spring 1997 44 Kelt Behavior 45 Downstream Run Timing 45 Downstream Migration Rates 47 Kelting Rates 48 1997/98 Telemetry Program 50 Fall Deployment 50 Fraser Water Temperatures and Discharge 52 Migration Rate 52 Fall Run Timing Past Telemetry Stations 53 Fall Re-captures 55 Overwintering Distribution 55 Spring Deployment 57 Spring Movement into Spawning Tributaries 57 Spring Re-captures 58 Spawning Distribution 58 Radio Tags Deployed in Fall 1997 58 Radio Tags Deployed in Late-Winter/Spring 1998 59 Kelt Behavior 60 Downstream Run Timing 60 Downstream Migration Rates 61 Kelting Rates 62 1998/99 Telemetry Program 63 Fall Deployment 63 Fraser Water Temperatures and Discharge 66 Migration Rate 67 Fall Run Timing Past Telemetry Stations 68 Fall Re-captures 72 Overwintering Distribution 72 Spring Deployment 75 Spring Movement into Spawning Tributaries 75 Spring Re-captures 79 Spawning Distribution 81 Radio Tags Deployed in Fall 1998 81 iii Radio Tags Deployed in Late-Winter/Spring 1999 85 Kelt Behavior 85 Downstream Run Timing 85 Downstream Migration Rates 87 Kelting Rates 87 Tag Fates 89 Oviduct Tags 89 Overall Tag Fates from 1996 to 1999 89 Fates of Radio-Tagged Steelhead Captured by Different Gear Types 90 Stock Specific Migration Behaviour in 1996 95 Migration Rate 95 Migration Rates at Various Water Temperatures 97 Stock Specific Run Timing 98 Stock Specific Migration Behaviour in 1998 100 Migration Rate 100 Migration Rates at Various Water Temperatures 102 Stock Specific Run Timing 104 DISCUSSION 107 Radio Tag Deployment 107 Marine Radio Tag Deployment, Fall 1996 107 Selective Fisheries 109 Annacis Island Tangle Net 109 Derby Reach Beach Seine 110 Fall Angling from Chilliwack to Hope 111 Yale Aboriginal Gill Net Fishery, 1996 111 Yale Fishwheel, 1998 112 Radio Tag loss in the Fraser Canyon 1996/97 113 Stock Specific Run Timing and Migration Behavior 115 Overwintering Behaviour 121 Overwintering Mortality 123 Spawning Migration and Run Timing 126 Escapement Estimation using the Peterson Method 126 Kelting Behaviour 129 Acknowledgements 131 REFERENCES 132 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. The study area of the Interior Fraser Steelhead Biotelemetry Program in 2 relation to the province of British Columbia. Figure 2. Statistical Areas and locations of marine radio tag deployment in September 9 and October 1996. Figure 3. The locations of radio tag deployment in the lower Fraser River in the fall of 10 1996, 1997 and 1998. Figure 4. The locations of radio tag deployment from February to May in 1997, 1998 13 and 1999. Figure 5. The locations of telemetry stations utilized to track interior Fraser steelhead 15 from 1996 to 1999. Figure 6. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed in Johnstone Strait (Area 24 12/13) Seine Fisheries in the fall of 1996 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 7. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed in Juan de Fuca (Area 21) 25 Gill Net and Seine Fisheries in the fall of 1996 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 8. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed in the Annacis Island Tangle 26 Net Fishery in the fall of 1996 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 9. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed in the Derby Reach Beach 27 Seine Fishery in the fall of 1996 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 10. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed via angling between 27 Chilliwack and Hope in the fall of 1996 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 11. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed by a 24 hour Aboriginal Gill 28 Net Fishery in the fall of 1996 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 12. Daily mean water temperature and discharge of the Fraser River taken at 29 Qualark, 1996/97. Figure 13. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Barnston 30 Island telemetry station in the fall of 1996. Figure 14. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Harrison 31 telemetry station in the fall of 1996. Figure 15. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Hope 32 telemetry station in the fall of 1996. v Figure 16. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the 32 Nahatlatch telemetry station in the fall of 1996. Figure 17. The location of radio-tagged steelhead, re-captured in the fall of 1996. 34 Figure 18. The location of fall radio-tagged steelhead detected by aerial telemetry during 36 the overwintering period (January to mid-March, 1997) Figure 19. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the 37 Nahatlatch telemetry station in the spring of 1997. Figure 20. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Lytton 38 telemetry station in the spring of 1997. Figure 21. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Nicola 39 telemetry station in the spring of 1997. Figure 22. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Stein 40 telemetry station in the spring of 1997. Figure 23. The locations of radio-tagged steelhead re-captured in 1997. 41 Figure 24. The number and percent of steelhead radio-tagged in the fall of 1996 that 42 were detected in tributaries monitored by telemetry during the spawning period. Figure 25. The location of steelhead, radio-tagged in the fall of 1996, detected during the 43 spawning period (mid-April to mid-June) in 1997. Figure 26. The downstream run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Nahatlatch 46 telemetry station in early summer, 1997. Figure 27. The downstream run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Hope 46 telemetry station in early summer, 1997. Figure 28. The downstream run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Barnston 47 Island telemetry station in early summer, 1997. Figure 29. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed in mature steelhead in the 50 fall of 1997 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 30. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed by the Annacis Island 51 Tangle Net Fishery in the fall of 1997 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 31. The temporal distribution of radio tags deployed by angling in the fall of 51 1997 in relation to the Albion Chum Test Fishing CPUE. Figure 32. Daily mean water temperature and discharge of the Fraser River taken at 52 Qualark, 1997/98. vi Figure 33. The run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Hope Telemetry Station in 54 the fall of 1997. Figure 34. The run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Sawmill Creek Telemetry 54 Station in the fall of 1997. Figure 35. The location of fall radio-tagged steelhead detected by aerial telemetry in 56 late-November, 1997. Figure 36. The upstream run timing of interior Fraser River steelhead past the Chilko 57 telemetry station in the spring of 1998. Figure 37. The number and percent of steelhead radio-tagged in the fall of 1997 that 58 were detected in tributaries monitored by telemetry during the spawning period. Figure 38. The downstream run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Nahatlatch 60 telemetry station in early summer, 1998. Figure 39. The downstream run timing of interior Fraser steelhead past the Hope 61 telemetry station in early summer, 1998. Figure 40.
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