DOCSLIB.ORG

A Biological Study of the Influence of the Bridge River Rapids on the Sockoye Runs of the Upper Fraser Watersheds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1/S3 S7 A Biological Study of the Influence of the Bridge River Rapids on the Sockoye Runs of the Upper Fraser Watersheds by Stanley Reginald Killiok A Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE in the Department of ZOOLOGY The University of British Columbia APRIL* 1948 A Biological Study of the Influence of the Bridge River Rapids on the Sockeye Huns of the Upper Fraser Watershed. by Stanley Reginald Killick. •ABSTRACT The significance of obstructed passage of sockeye up the Fraser river was not realized fully until, the very dlsast- erous effect^of Hell's Gate were revealed by the international -Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission in 1941; After the import• ance of the Hell's Gate obstruction was established, evidence on the conditions at the Bridge River Rapids were reviewed and a study commenced in 1942. These Rapids are located on the Fraser river, 76 miles north of Hell's Gate and must be passed by all the sockeye races destined for the upper Fraser water• shed. The Rapids consist of two separate falls, and have been reported to have caused difficult and block passage to salmon as early as 19IS. The study, commenced by the Commission in 1942, was outlined to determine the direct influence of the Rapids on the current sockeye populations and to make such adjustments in the contour of the itapids as to allow unobstructed passage of salmon at all water levels, should blockade conditions be revealed. The problem involved four separate tagging experi• ments from 1942 to 1946. No tagging was done in 1943. The results of the various experiments revealed that Or the sockeye ?*ere delayed art seriously blocked m some years during low water levels occurring in September and October. The late-running Chllko and Stellako sockeye were the only races that were effected as the other runs to the Stuart, Bow- ron and Horsefly districts pas.sed through the Rapids early in the summer when the water levels were high. After the completion of the analysis of the tagging experiments up to 1945, a recommendation, that two fishways be constructed at the Kapids, was submitted for the considera• tion of the Commission. The installation of fishways was ap• proved and their construction completed for the salmon runs of 1946. The efficiency of the fishways w^e tested in that year and a complete change in the pattern of tagsrecoveries was recorded. Whereas, block conditions were previously shown by sudden increases in the number of tags recovered below the Rapids; practically no tags were recovered below during low water periods after the fishways were built. The same methods of analysis that were used to determine block conditions were . repeated in 1946 to test the fishways and in each case a noticeable improvement in passage was recorded; Therefore, it was concluded that the fishways built at the Bridge Hjver Kap• ids were successful in passing sockeye salmon, through the previously known block periods that were revealed by tagging in 1942j 1944 and 1945. Frontpiece General view of the lower and upper falls at the Bridge River Rapids looking upstream. September 6, 1944. .Vater level RI gauge - 655 feet. CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION 1 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................... v.. 3 Reports of J. P. Babcock ............................ 3 (1) Condition of sockeye salmon in Seton Creek in 1912. ........ 3 (2) Observations at the Rapids 1912 and 1925 ...... 4 Dominion Fisheries report .............. i. 5 (1) No cohoe salmon present in the Upper Fraser watershed .......... 5 (2) Fluctuations in the Seton Creek populations ... 5 Investigations-of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission 7 (1) Reports of H. S. Tremper . *................... 7 (2) Bulletin #1 - W. F. Thompson ................... 8 III METHODS 10 Method and location of tagging ...................... 10 Water levels ....•* 11 Theory of conducting a tagging experiment to. evaluate blockades ................ » 11 IV RESULTS ........................... • 13 Number of Sockeye tagged 1942 - 1946 13 Section'A - Evidence of obstruction from the analysis of tagging 1942 - 1945 14 (a) Fishing intensity and races of sockeye ........ 14 CI) 1942 .... *......... i ......... 16 (2) 1944 .... ; . 18 " (3) 1945 18 (b) Percentage recovery of tags below and above the Rapids 20 (1) 1942 ....... r.21 (2) 1944 23 (3) 1945 25 (c) Time out before recovery of tags below ........ 27 (1) 1942 .................. ............... 28 (2) 1944 30 (3) 1945 .. 30 (d) influence of water levels on percentage recovery below.......................................... 33 (1) 1942 ............35 (2) 1944 . 35 (3) 1945 i. 37 The effect of Hell's Gate 39 Summation of the evidence of difficult and block conditions 45 Recommendations for f1shways 47 Section B - The. analysis of the 1946 tagging experi• ment to test the efficiency of the fishways. 48 (a) Fishing intensity and the races of sockeye.48 (b) Percentage recovery of tags below ahdabove.52 (c) Period of delay of tags below the Rapids .... 52 (d) Cummulative percentage of tags recovered below the Rapi ds........................... 54 V SUMMARY AND' CONCLUSIONS 56 Before the fishways were constructed 57 After the fishways were constructed ................. 59 VI ACKNO'ffLSDG'EMENTS ................................ ... 60 VII LITERATURE CITED 61 % Biological Study of the Influence of the Bridge River Raplda on the Sockeye Runs of the Upper Fraser 'Watershed. 1 by Stanley Reginald Killick INTRODUCTION The biological and engineering study of the Bridge River Rapids, and subsequent remedial measures taken by the International Pacific Salmon Commission represents the sec• ond major program for the removal of serious obstructions to the migration of sockeye salmon within the Fraser River water• shed. The first task was the discovery and definition of the block at Hell's Gate and the construction of fishways designed to pass salmon through a wide range of water levels. The significance of obstructed passage of sockeye up the Fraser River was not realized fully until the very dis- asterous effects of Hell's Gate were revealed in 1941. In that year it became apparent that water levels acted as a major control of the numbers of salmon reaching the various spawning grounds. After the importance of the Hell's Gate block was established, evidence on the conditions at Bridge River Rapids was reviewed more thoroughly and it became evldr ent that a study should be atarted at this point immediately. In the summer of 1943, the writer was stationed at the Rapids, and an extensive tagging program was commenced below and,above the Rapids. This study was designed to obtain information on the following phases of the problem: (1) Dates of the arrival, peak, and end of the various runs through the Rapids. (2) Evidence as to whether sockeye dropped downstream and entered Seton Creek upon being blocked at the Rapids. (3) Dates and.durations of blockades. (4) Precise water levels causing blocks.; ; (5) Influence of Hell's Gate on the movements of sock• eye and its relationship to the Bridge River Rapids. The problem as defined by the Commission was to det• ermine the direct influence of the Rapids on the current sock• eye populations and to make such adjustments in the contour of the Rapids as to allow unobstructed passage of salmon to the Upper Fraser, should blockade conditions be revealed as a re• sult of their study. It is the purpose of this paper to pre• sent accumulated'evidence of blockade conditions at the Bridge River Rapids together with the results obtained after the installation of the fishways in 1946. Referring to the map, the critical position of the Bridge River Rapids is readily noted with respect to all the Fraser River runs that, spawn above the confluence of the Thom• pson River at Lytton. Apart from the three runs into the Thompson River watershed (Adams-Little River, Raft and Seymour) all the sockeye populations of the Fraser above Hell's Gate must pass through the Bridge River Rapids except for the small 3 Seton-Anders on run. To ssvoid confusion-, it must be noted that the Rapids are not on Bridge River despite the name but are on the Fraser proper, one-half mile upstream from the mouth of Bridge River and six miles north of the town of Lillooet. The Rapids consist of two separate falls approximately 900 feet apart. These have been designated as the "lower" and "upper" falls, both of which appear to become difficult or impossible for salmon to ascend during certain years when the water level of the Fraser River becomes low in. September and October. Details on the height of the drop through the two falls and -a3L other required data pertaining to profiles and rise and fall, of water levels have been studied by the engineering division of the Commission and are Included In an unpublished manuscri• pt by Milo Bell (1945). Plates I and II illustrate the turb• ulence and drop through the lower and upper falls. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A review of the literature and historical background of the Bridge River Rapids has aided materially in determining the method of study and defining the objectives to be achieved. Unfortunately, no precise studies of the Rapids had been under• taken prior to the work of the Commission but the sum of the accumulated evidence left little doubt that some factor or factors had influenced the passage of salmon at this location for many years. Reports of J. P. Baboock (1) Condition of sockeye salmon in Seton Creek in 1912. 4 In the report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for British Columbia for 1913, Babcock made the following state• ments : "The first sockeye entered our hatchery weirs at the outlet of Seton Lake on July 35. Between that date and August 17, when this run ended, 3,000 unusually large prime fish had entered the weirs.
Recommended publications
  • Upper Bridge River Valley Official Community Plan Bylaw No. Bylaw 608, 1996

    Upper Bridge River Valley Official Community Plan Bylaw No. Bylaw 608, 1996

    Upper Bridge River Valley Official Community Plan Bylaw No. Bylaw 608, 1996 CONSOLIDATED COPY May 2016 IMPORTANT NOTICE THIS IS AN UNOFFICIAL CONSOLIDATION OF BYLAW NO. 608 WHICH HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR CONVENIENCE ONLY. Although the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District is careful to assure the accuracy of all information presented in this consolidation, you should confirm all information before making any decisions based on it. Information can be confirmed through the SLRD Planning Department. Bylaw 608 ( Consolidated for Convenience Only) May 2016 SUMMARY OF AMENDMENTS CONSOLIDATED FOR CONVENIENCE ONLY Consolidated bylaws are consolidated for convenience only and are merely representative. Each consolidated bylaw consists of the original bylaw text and maps, together with current amendments which have been made to the original version. Copies of all bylaws (original and amendments) may be obtained from the SLRD Planning and Development Department. BY-LAW NO. DATE OF ADOPTION 1022 – 2006 Major Review of Upper Bridge River Valley OCP January 28, 2008 Rezoning a parcel of unsurveyed Crown land from Resource 1094 – 2008 October 26, 2009 Management to Industrial Tyax Real Estate Ltd. text and map amendments plus 1305 - 2014 housekeeping amendment July 28, 2014 PID 024-877-638 (Lot 5, DL 4931, Plan KAP67637, LLD) Creating a Medical Marihuana Production Facility 1309 - 2014 February 25, 2015 Development Permit Area 1440 - 2016 OCP amendments to the Tyax Staff Housing May 25, 2016 Official Community Plan Bylaw No. 608 Page 2 Bylaw 608 ( Consolidated for Convenience Only) May 2016 SQUAMISH LILLOOET REGIONAL DISTRICT BYLAW NO. 1022, 2006 A bylaw of the Squamish Lillooet Regional District to amend the Upper Bridge River Valley Official Community Plan Bylaw No.
  • Horseshoe Bend Trail Rails & Trails Made Upofdeepsandand Es

    Horseshoe Bend Trail Rails & Trails Made Upofdeepsandand Es

    Code: GC3QN7Z Rails & Trails Written and Researched by Wayne Robinson Horseshoe Bend Trail Site Identification Nearest Community: Lillooet, B.C. Geocache Location: N 50°51.608' W 122°09.318' Ownership: Crown Land Accuracy: 4 meters Photo: Wayne Robinson Overall Difficulty: 2.5 Overall Terrain: 3 The Horseshoe Bend is located on Highway 40, along the Bridge River just south of the confluence of the Bridge Access Information and and Yalakom Rivers. This is an interesting feature marked Restrictions: by a dramatic bend within the river. The canyon walls From the Mile 0 Cairn go north 2 km and turn left on Hwy 40 and follow for are laced with hoodoos and made up of deep sand and 28 km approximately to Horseshoe Bend gravel deposits left behind by retreating glaciers. At pull off. Do not drive down old road. first glance the Horseshoe Bend looks to be a marvel of Beware of cliff edge. Watch for falling geological forces, but it is a human made feature. This rock. Caution if with children and pets. Do not walk on upper rim of Horseshoe feature is sometimes called Horseshoe Wash; this helps Bend. describe the way in which the feature was created, through hydraulic mining for gold. It is amazing that this is a mine. Parking Advice: Operations began here in the 1908 and continued off and Between trees off the road at a natural on until relatively recent times. Between 1908 and 1914 view point. over a million dollars’ worth of gold was extracted from this area (using the historic gold value of $32 per ounce).
  • British Columbia Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 1989

    British Columbia Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 1989

    GEOLOGY AND MINERAL OCCURRENCES OF THE YALAKOM RIVER AREA* (920/1, 2, 92J/15, 16) By P. Schiarizza and R.G. Gaba, M. Coleman, Carleton University J.I. Garver, University of Washington and J.K. Glover, Consulting Geologist KEYWORDS:Regional mapping, Shulaps ophiolite, Bridge REGIONAL GEOLOGY River complex, Cadwallader Group Yalakom fault, Mission Ridge fault, Marshall Creek fault. The regional geologic setting of the Taseko-Bridge River projectarea is described by Glover et al. (1988a) and Schiarizza et al. (1989a). The distributicn and relatio~uhips of themajor tectonostratigraphic assemblages are !;urn- INTRODUCTION marized in Figures 1-6-1 ;and 1-6-2. The Yalakom River area covers about 700 square kilo- The Yalakom River area, comprisinl: the southwertem metres of mountainous terrain along the northeastern margin segment of the project area, encompasses the whole OF the of the Coast Mountains. It is centred 200 kilometres north of Shubdps ultramafic complex which is interpreted by hagel Vancouver and 35 kilometresnorthwest of Lillooet.Our (1979), Potter and Calon et a1.(19901 as a 1989 mapping provides more detailed coverageof the north- (1983, 1986) dismembered ophiolite. 'The areasouth and west (of the em and western ShulapsRange, partly mapped in 1987 Shulaps complex is underlain mainly by Cjceanic rocks cf the (Glover et al., 1988a, 1988b) and 1988 (Schiarizza et al., Permian(?)to Jurassic €!ridge Rivercomplex, and arc- 1989d, 1989b). and extends the mapping eastward to include derived volcanic and sedimentary rocksof the UpperTri %sic the eastem part of the ShulapsRange, the Yalakom and Cadwallader Group. These two assemhkgesare struclurally Bridge River valleys and the adjacent Camelsfoot Range.
  • British Columbia Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 1987

    British Columbia Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 1987

    GEOLOGY OF THE NOAXE CREEK MAP AREA* (920/02) By J. K. Glover, P. Schiarizza and J. I. Garver KEYWORDS: Regional geology, Noaxe Creek, Warner Pass, The '&aughton 'kough: Marine sedimentary strata of he BridgeRiver terrane, Cadwallader terrane, Tyaughton Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Relay Mountain GrrNugl trough. Yalakom fault, Shulaps ultramafic complex, wrench and the mid-Cretaceous Taqlor Creek and Jackass Mountain faults. groups (Jeletzky and Tipper, 1968). An Upper Cretaceous succession, which comprises her- INTRODUCTION ally discontinuous, nonmarine basinal deposits that grade up into continental volcanicarcrelated rocks, overlies theo13e: The Noaxe Creek map area lies 200 kilometres north of marine strata of the the Tyaughton trough with local pro- Vancouver on the eastern margin of the Coast Mountains, nounced angular unconformity (Glover and Schiarizra, and covers an area of 1000 squarekilometres within the 1987). Chilcotin Range. The topography and vegetation vary from The BridgeRiver terraneand Tyaughton trough are alpine tosubalpine in thewest, southeast and northeast, thought to have been offset from their correlatives to thc: where elevations range up to 2850 metres, to rolling tree- south, the tiozameen Group andMethow basin, by at leas170 covered ridges with intervening broad river valleys in the kilometres of right-lateral strike-slip movement along the central part of the area. north-trending Fraser - Straight Creek fanlt system during Approximately 70 per cent of the area, mostly north of Late Cretaceous (?) and Early Tertiary time (Monger, 19U). Tyaughton and Noaxe creeks, was mapped at ascale of Earlier, post-Albian fragmentation of the Tyaughton-Methow 120 000 by a four-person field crew duringthe 1987 season.
  • Seton Ridge Trail

    Seton Ridge Trail

    Code: GC3QN9X Rails & Trails Written and Researched by Wayne Robinson Seton Ridge Trail Site Identification Nearest Community: Lillooet, B.C. Geocache Location: N 50°38.913' W 122°07.020' Ownership: Crown Land Accuracy: Photo: Wayne Robinson 5 meters Overall Difficulty: 3 Overall Terrain: 4.5 Access Information and Seton Ridge follows the height of the land with dizzyingly Restrictions: steep drops of nearly 1600 meters to either side. Seton From the Mile 0 cairn on Main Street follow Hwy 99 South on the Duffey Ridge is the eastern terminus of the Cayoosh Ranges of the Lake Road for 19.5 km and turn right Coast Mountains of British Columbia. To the north of the on Seton Ridge Forstery Service Road. trail is Seton Lake and to the south, the Cayoosh Creek Cross the bridge over Cayoosh Creek, valley. Cayoosh Creek originates just west of Duffy Lake and continue on about 6 km to flat area on the left. Trail is adequately marked in Cayoosh Pass, close to Lillooet Lake. Seton Lake is with flagging tape. 4x4 with high classified as a freshwater fjord that drains to the east into clearance. Cayoosh Creek which is referred to as the Seton River in the BC Freshwater Fishing Regulations. Seton Lake’s Parking Advice: actual depth is not entirely known but is known to exceed Park in pull out. Trail starts to your left. 500 meters. Although it is called a lake, Seton is a reservoir; the eastern end was dammed as a part of the Bridge River Power complex that was completed in 1960.
  • Order in Council 2513/1953

    Order in Council 2513/1953

    Approved and ordered this 10th day of November , A.D. 1953. — Z._7 6 f " At the Executive Council Chamber, Victoria, Lieutenant Governor. PRESENT: The Honourable Mr. Bennett in the Chair. Mr. Black Mr. Bonner Mr. Gunderson Mr. Kiernan Mr. Gaglardi Mr. ohetwynd Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. V. To His Honour The Lieutenant-Governor in Council: The undersigned has the honour to REPORT: THAT the Public Utilities Commission, on the 5th day of November, 1953, granted a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to B.C. Electric Co. Ltd. for the construction and operation of the Seton Creek hydro electric development and the construction and operation of a transmission line from Pemberton to a tie- in near Rosedale with the present Wahleach-Ingledow transmission line, a copy of which Certificate is attached hereto; AND TO RECOM}1END THAT in accordance with the provisions of the "Public Utilities Act" the said Certificate be approved. GC . DATED this O day of November, A.D. 1953 Premier APPROVED this / day of November* A.D. 1953 Presiding Member of the Executive Council -(4 -7/4 ./42., tt" ■ , • PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION IN THE MATTER OF the "Public Utilities Act" and IN THE MATTER OF the Seton Creek Electric Power Development of British Columbia Electric Company Limited P. E. GEORGE Chairman W.' K. PENFOLD Commissioner R. E. POTTER Commissioner The 5th day of November, A. D. 1953 CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY THIS COMMISSION HEREBY CERTIFIES that public convenience and necessity require the construction
  • Ghost Towns and Abandoned Settlements

    Ghost Towns and Abandoned Settlements

    Ghost Towns and Abandoned Settlements Rumored to be under the waters of Perry Lake.) Padonia Palermo (A small population remains) Paradise (2008 estimated population of 59.) Pardee (Only the Pardee Cemetery remains. Used to be a major stop for the Pony Express.) Harlan (Small population, ruins of Main Street, and a high school gymnasium remains.) Lindsey Havana (Ruins of the Havana Stage Station and hotel remain) Hawkeye (Little remains of the townsite.) Hewins (A small population remains.) Hickory Point Hitschmann (Some old buildings still remain. Named for Pardee Butler, a farmer and preacher who was sent adrift on a raft in the Missouri River by pro-slavery men.) Pawnee Penokee (Small population remains. Route 66 Balaklava Hill Ballarat Bennettville Blue Mountain Bodie Calico Carson Hill Cerro Gordo Chambless Cherokee Chinese Camp Chloride City Coloma Darwin Deadwood (Placer County) Denny Dogtown Drawbridge Drytown Dunmovin Eagle Mountain Essex Freeman Junction Garlock Gibsonville Goffs Goler Heights Greenwater Grub Gulch Hamilton Hart Holy City Ivanpah Iowa Hill Keeler Kelso Kingston Leadfield Lexington Llano Del Rio Lookout City Ludlow Manchester (Monterey County) Mammoth City Masonic Mentryville Midland Mount Ophir New Almaden New Idria North Shore Nortonville Panamint City Picacho Pinacate Port Chicago Port Wine Providence Purissima Red Mountain Randsburg Rice Shasta Siberia Silver Lake Skidoo St. Second-smallest incorporated town in the state.) Freeport (2008 estimated population of 7) Galatia (2000 estimated population of 61.) Geary City (Only foundations remain Gem (2008 estimated population of 87.) Geneva (Little remains of the townsite.) Geuda Springs (2008 estimated population of 191.) Granada (Some ruins and abandoned building remain on what used to be Main Street.) Guilford (Few ruins and structures remains) Guittard Station (Some abandoned buildings remain.
  • Electoral Area Directors Committee Agenda December 4, 2019; 10:30 AM Pemberton Community Church - Meeting Room 7420 Dogwood St., Pemberton, BC

    Electoral Area Directors Committee Agenda December 4, 2019; 10:30 AM Pemberton Community Church - Meeting Room 7420 Dogwood St., Pemberton, BC

    Electoral Area Directors Committee Agenda December 4, 2019; 10:30 AM Pemberton Community Church - Meeting Room 7420 Dogwood St., Pemberton, BC Item Item of Business and Page Number Page 1. Call to Order by the Corporate Officer We would like to recognize that this meeting is being held on the Traditional Territory of the Líl’wat Nation. 1.1. Election of 2020 Electoral Area Directors Committee Chair 1.2. Election of 2020 Electoral Area Directors Committee Vice-Chair 2. Approval of Agenda 3. Electoral Area Directors Committee Closed Meeting THAT the Committee close the meeting to the public under the authority of Section 90(1)() of the Community Charter. 4. Rise & Report from the Closed Electoral Area Directors Committee Meeting 5. Consent Agenda (Voting rule on each item may vary; unanimous vote required) Items appearing on the consent agenda which present a conflict of interest for Committee Members must be removed from the Consent Agenda and considered separately. Any items to be debated or voted against must be removed from the Consent Agenda and considered separately. THAT the resolutions set out in the Consent Agenda be approved, and those Consent Agenda items which do not have resolutions related thereto be received. 5.1 Approval and Receipt of Minutes 5.1.1. Electoral Area Directors Committee Meeting Draft 5 - 10 Minutes of November 13, 2019 THAT the Electoral Area Directors Committee Meeting Minutes of November 13, 2019 be approved as circulated. 5.2 Staff Reports & Other Business Item Item of Business and Page Number Page 5.2.1. November 2019 Select Funds Report 11 - 15 6.
  • Bridge River Newsletter – Fall 2020

    Bridge River Newsletter – Fall 2020

    Bridge River Hydroelectric System Projects update—Fall 2020 We’re working to renew the Bridge River electricity system which is about 300 kilometres north of Vancouver in the Bridge River System Traditional Territory of the St’át’imc Nation. Carpenter Reservoir The system consists of the La Joie Dam and Powerhouse La Joie Dam (Downton Reservoir), Bridge 1 and 2 Powerhouses (Terzaghi Terzaghi Dam Dam and Carpenter Reservoir) and Seton Dam and Powerhouse Downton Reservoir (Seton Lake). Bridge 2 Powerhouse Bridge 1 Powerhouse Lillooet Seton Lake We’re making significant investment in these 55 to 70 year- Seton Dam and Anderson Lake Powerhouse old facilities, whose proximity to the Lower Mainland helps us operate the electrical system more efficiently. This includes British Columbia a number of projects in the region. 6.2 MI 10 KM Update: Bridge River 2 Generating Station Upgrade – Units 7 and 8 99 We’ve begun upgrades on units 7 and 8 at the Bridge River 2 (BR2) generating station. Our main contractor, Voith, is on site and focussed on the pre-assembly work for both units, with unit 7 completed in July and unit 8 expected to be completed in September. Most major components have now arrived on site and the project is on track to meet its 2021 targeted completion date. As we prepare to enter the next phase of the project, we’ll ramp up site activity, which will result in an increased number of workers from major contractors and BC Hydro Construction Services. Employees and contractors will continue to follow all Provincial and Federal requirements around social distancing and self-isolation.
  • SFU Library Thesis Template

    SFU Library Thesis Template

    Bedrock Structural Influences on River Morphology by Michael J. Curran BA, Colorado College, 2013 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geography Faculty of Environment © Michael Curran 2020 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2020 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Michael Curran Degree: Master of Science Title: Bedrock Structural Influences on River Morphology Examining Committee: Chair: Rosemary Collard Assistant Professor Jeremy G. Venditti Senior Supervisor Professor John J. Clague Supervisor Professor Emeritus Doug Stead Supervisor Professor Allison Pfeiffer External Examiner Assistant Professor Department of Geology Western Washington University Date Defended/Approved: April 16, 2020 ii Abstract Bedrock rivers largely set the pace for landscape evolution in unglaciated terrain and yet little is known about what controls their morphologies. I examine the role that geologic structure plays in the alignment and morphology of bedrock canyons at different scales. At the watershed scale, I examine the striking alignment of the Fraser River with the Fraser River Fault zone and its largely unmapped secondary fault structures. I explore how large sediment inputs affect bedrock canyons alignment and their morphological characteristics. At the reach scale, I investigate how geological structure influences bedrock canyon width. I find that width constrictions coincide with dominant sub- horizontal joint sets whereas widenings coincide with dominant sub-vertical joint sets. I consider this in the context of sequential constrictions and widenings and propose a conceptual model where sub-vertical jointing makes canyon walls more susceptible to failure due to river undercutting than horizontal jointing.
  • Northwest Anthropological Research Notes

    Northwest Anthropological Research Notes

    ISSN 1538-2834 JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY A Collection of Papers from the Journal of Northwest Anthropology Associated with Traditional Indigenous Resources Part 2: Aquatic Spring 2011 Electronic Edition JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH NOTES EDITORS Roderick Sprague Darby C. Stapp Deward E. Walker, Jr. South Fork Press Richland, WA University of Colorado ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. Melvin Aikens (University of Oregon), Haruo Aoki (University of California), Virginia Bevert (Yakama Tribe), Don E. Dumond (University of Oregon), Don D. Fowler (University of Nevada), Raymond D. Fogelson (University of Chicago), Rodney Frey (University of Idaho), Ronald Halfmoon (Lapwai), Tom F. S. McFeat (University of Toronto), and Jay Miller (Lushootseed Research). Julia G. Longenecker Operations Manager Kara N. Powers Editorial Assistant Diana C. Stapp Editorial Assistant Composed by South Fork Press, Moscow; Printed by Copy Court, Moscow; Bound by Arts & Crafts, Oakesdale. Missing issue claim limit 18 months. For back issues and catalogue of prices contact Coyote Press, P O Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912. <http://www.californiaprehistory.com>. POLICY Journal of Northwest Anthropology, published semiannually by NARN, Inc. a non-profit organization in Richland, Washington, is a refereed journal and welcomes contributions of professional quality dealing with anthropological research in northwestern North America. Regular issues are published semiannually with additional memoirs issued as funds are available. Theoretical and interpretive studies and bibliographic works are preferred, although highly descriptive studies will be considered if they are theoretically significant. The primary criterion guiding selection of papers will be how much new research they can be expected to stimulate or facilitate. SUBSCRIPTIONS The subscription price is $40.00 U.S.
  • The Reproductive Biology of Steelhead (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in the Bridge and Seton Rivers, As Determined by Radio Telemetry 1996/97 and 1998/99

    The Reproductive Biology of Steelhead (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in the Bridge and Seton Rivers, As Determined by Radio Telemetry 1996/97 and 1998/99

    The Reproductive Biology of Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Bridge and Seton Rivers, As Determined by Radio Telemetry 1996/97 and 1998/99 Prepared for: The Ministry of Environment, Lands & Parks Fisheries Branch, Southern Interior Region 1259 Dalhousie Dr. Kamloops, BC V2C 5Z5 Prepared by: Stacy Webb, Robert Bison, Al Caverly and Jim Renn Abstract The 1996/97 and 1998/99 studies of the spawning migrations of Bridge and Seton River steelhead were part of a larger study investigating the migration behaviour and stock composition of interior Fraser River steelhead. Steelhead were radio-tagged in the fall of 1996 and 1998 in the Lower Fraser River and in the winter/spring of 1997 and 1999 in the Middle Fraser River. Tagging effort was concentrated at the Seton/Fraser River confluence during the winter/spring captures, specifically to study Bridge and Seton River steelhead. A total of 15 steelhead were tracked during the 1997 spawning season and 18 steelhead were tracked during the 1999 spawning season in the Bridge and Seton watersheds. Immigration into the Seton and Bridge Rivers started around the middle of April and finished during the second week of May. Immigration into the Bridge and Seton Rivers in 1999 occurred primarily during the last two weeks of April. Spawning in the Bridge and Seton watersheds in 1997 started during the second week of May and ended around the middle of June. Spawning in the Bridge and Seton watersheds in 1999 occurred a little earlier, starting during the second week of April and finishing during the first week of June.