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L-Altar U L-Konfraternita' Tal-Immakulata

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L-Altar U L-Konfraternita' Tal-Immakulata ~icut J'Lilium Devozzjoni u Ritwal tul is-Seldi Editur Charles J. Farrugia Socjeta Muzikali Madonna tal-Gilju Mqabba, Malta 2012 ..... L-Altar u l-Konfraternita tal-Immakulata KunCizzjoni gewwa l-Imqabba: L-ewwel diet mitt sena ta' storja SIMON MERCIECA ll-bidu tal-Kult tal-Immakulata Kuncizzjoni f'Maita Fost ir-ragunijiet marbuta mat-tixrid tal-knit Iejn I-Immakulata Kuncizzjoni f'Malta nsibu I-Ordnijiet Religjuii u I-patrijiet Frangiskani. L-Ordnijiet Religjuii tul iI-Medju Evu fittxew Ii jkunu taht il-harsien tal-Madonna. Ghalhekk kull ordni religjui kien ifittex Ii jxerred id-devozzjoni lejn ii-Madonna b'modi differenti. Hekk I-Ordni tal-Predikaturi, jew kif nafuh ahjar dak tad-Dumnikani, kien dedikat liIl­ . Mad,mrla. Regola generali f'dan I-Ordni hija Ii I-krejjes tal-patrijiet Dumnikani dedikati !ill-Madonna. Biss f'dan I-Ordni iviIuppa kult partikolari lejn iI- ':iad.OUIla tar-Ruiarju u tul is-sekli I-imghoddija, dan I-Ordni fittex Ii jxerred din lcde:vo:lzj<miu r-recitar tar-Ruiarju mqaddes. ll-fate Ii f'Maita ghandna devozzjoni ii-Madonna tar-Ruiarju u maghhahemm marbuta hafna fratellanzi fil­ taghna, inklui fil-parrocca tal-Imqabba, turi I-influwenza ta' dan I-Ordni fuq ::de'voz:ljOlli popolari lejn ii-Madonna tabt dan it-ticiu. ll-patrijiet Karmelitani dedikati lill-Madonna taht it-ticiu tal-Karmelu, ghall-muntanja nS-·:Hf,a].Din kienet iI-muntanja Ii tissemma fil-Bibbja, fil-Ktieb tas-Slaten' it-tradizzjoni, ii-profeta Elija tela' fuq karru tan-nar Iejn is­ Skont it-tradizzjoni, fuq din iI-muntanja I-Madonna dehret Iii San Xmun . u taghtu I-famui labtu. Minn hawn tibda din id-devozzjoni lejn iI-iabtu " tal-Karmnu. Dan I-Ordni religjui iddedika Iill-patrijiet tieghu ghall­ ."!JJIOZ':Jorll. Bhad-Dumnikani, iI-Karmelitani fittxew Ii jferrxu d-devozzjoni \1a,dOllUa tal-Karmnu gewwa Malta u huma hafna krejjes Ii ghandhom din altar dedikat !ill-Madonna taht dan it-titlu.' Min-naha taghhom, Agostinjani fittxew wkollii jxerrdu d-devozzjoni Iejn ii-Madonna din . tabt it-ticiu tal-Konsolazzjoni. F'Malta, din giet popolarment maghrufa '"~mt'llfaghall-fatt Ii din id-devozzjoni hija assocjata mal-istorja tal-ghoti • 148 Simon Mercieca tac-Cinglu iswed, simbolu tal-kastita. L-origini ta' din id-devozzjoni tehodna ghal Santa Monika, omm Santu Wistin. Skont it-tradizzjoni, Monika kienet talbet lill­ Madonna biex turiha kif kienet tilbes wara Ii telghet is-serna. II-Madonna dehret Iii Santa Monika liebsa lbies skur u cintorin tal-gilda madwar qaddha. II-Madonna kienet nehhiet ic-Cintorin u taghtu Iii Santa Monika u stidnitha tibda tilbsu. U­ kult u d-devozzjoni lejn il-Madonna tac-Cintura kiber sew u saht1ah f'Malta tul is-sekiu tmintax. Numru ta' knejjes bdew iwaqqfu altari dedikati lill-Madonna tac­ Cintura. Jekk wiehed jista' juza l-kelma 'kompetizzjoni', wiehed jista' jghid Ii dawn id-devozzjonijiet bdew jikkompetu rna' devozzjoni ohra lejn il-Madonna, dik tal­ Immakulata, Ii kienet qieghda tipproponi dehra totalment differenti tal-Madonna, dik ta' wahda trijonfali akrar milli taht ilbies ta' penitenza. Bhal rna ghidt fil-bidu ta' dan l-artiklu, kienu l-patrijiet Frangiskani, b'mod partikolari I-Minuri u Konventwali Ii fittxew Ii jxerrdu din id-devozzjoni. Infatti, ii-Madonna taht it-tidu tal-KunCizzjoni ssir ghall-Frangiskani, id-devozzjoni Marjana Ii fittxew Ii jkunu taht il-patrocinju taghha. Ir-raguni ghal dan ikun il-fatt Ii l-personagg Ii thabat u stinka biex ixerred id-devozzjoni u t-teologija lejn it-twelid ta' Marija minghajr id-dnub tan-nisel, (jew kif jissejjah illum, id-dnub l-originali) kien il-filosofu Giovanni Duns Scatus.3 Dan kien patri Frangiskan. Biss mhux kulhadd kien lest jaccetta din it-teologija u jkun hemm membri fil-Knisja stess Ii rna qablux dwarha. Dan ii-punt ta' teologija spicca tilef kull proporzjon ta' raguni bir­ rizultat Ii kien hemm zmien meta wiehed kellu joqghod attent kif jitkellem fuq dan il-kult ghaliex seta' jispiCca hazin mal-awtoritajiet ekklezjastiCi u jigi rnixli Ii qieghed jipprietka jew jitkellem fuq affarijiet teologikament mhumiex veri, jigifieri Ii jkun waqa' B-erezija." Ghalhekk, il-kult tal-Kuncizzjoni kien ghalhafna snin wiehed ta' kontroversja. Ried ikollok kuragg u stamina kbira biex inti tghid Ii int devot tal­ Kuncizzjoni, jigifieti dawk Ii fil-bidu fittxew Ii jiddefendu dan il-kult kienu qeghdin jimxu kontra l-kurrent. F'Malta kellek diet kategoriji ta' devoti. Kien hemm il-patrijiet Frangiskani Ii kienu jxerrdu dan il-kult izda makinetx l-ewwel darba, Ii xi patri spicea B-inkwiet jew gie rappurtat lill-awtoritajiet ekklezjastici talli pprietka dwar it-twelid bla Tebgha ta' Marija.5 Kien hemm imbaghad il-kavallieri, Ii zviluppaw gibda specjali lejn dan il­ kult. Insibu numru ta' kaptani ta' galeri tal-Ordni jitrikorru lejn I-KunCizzjoni biex tharishom waqt Ii kienu qeghdin ibahhru waqt Ii l-immagini taghha kienet saret simbolu importanti fil-glied kontra I-Mislem ghaliex kienet bdiet tkun interpretata bhala simbolu ta' qawwa.6 Imbaghad, kien hemm in-nies semplici, Ii fil-faqar taghhom, raw f'dan il-kult persegwitat l-immagini tas-sofferenzi taghhom. Infatti, il-maggoranza tad-devoti kien jkunu nies fqajrin, ta' hit skola izda Ii kellhom fidi L-Altar u l-Konfraternita tal-Immakulata KunCizzjoni 149 kbira. Forsi wiehed jista' jitkellem ukoll f'termini antropologiCi u jara f'dan iI-kult elementi ta' dak Ii tissejjah resistenza passiva. Litteralment kien iI-kult tal-haddiema u n-nies iI-baxxi. Min kien ikun imlahhaqjew ried jinghogob mal-awtoritajiet kien ifittex devozzjoni f'kulti stabbiliti u siguri, Ii kien jaf minn qabelli rna kinux se jgibuh f'inkwiet mal-awtoritajiet religjuzi? Hawn wiehed irid isemmi wkoll il-fatt Ii d-data tac-celebrazzjoni ta' din il-festa ghenet ghad-diffuzzjoni ta' dan il-kult tal-Immakulata fost in-nies sempliCi b'mod partikolari I-foqra. Il-festa bdiet tigi celebrata nhar it-8 ta' Dicembru, jigifieri fil­ jum Ii fih iI-knisja f'epoka medjevali tardiva kienet tiCcelebra I-festa tal-Madonna tas-Sokkors. Minn scudju Ii ghamilt, jidher Ii kienu n-nisa tqalli I-aktar Ii kienu jirrikorru lejn ii-Madonna taht it-titlu tas-Sokkors u jitolbuha taghtihom hlas tajjeb. Ghalhekk, bdiet tintuza din il-kelma succurre'biex taghtihom hlas minghajr problemi.8 Din id-devozzjoni ghaddiet taht it-titlu tal-KunCizzjoni. Mhux biss f'Malta, kwazi kull fejn kellek knejjes jew altari dedikati lill-Madonna tas-Sokkors, bhal rna kien f'Bormla, I-Imsida u anke gewwa 1-Imqabba, biex naghti fiit ezempji, dawn biddlu t-titlu ghall-KunCizzjoni. Dan zgur ghen biex tingheleb kull oppozizzjoni lejn dan iI-kult. Mai-zmien bdiet issir mar difficli ghall-awtoritajiet ekklezjastiCi biex jehduha kontra t-twemmin ta' poplu Ii aktar rna ghadda z-zmien aktar kien qieghed isir wiehed radikat u dan it­ taghlim beda jrabbi gheruq f'Maita. Infatti jkun gewwa Bonnla fejn grupp ta' lajci mqanqlin mid-devozzjoni lejn ii-Madonna, fis-sena 1-1581, (jigifieri fi zmien meta I-istess Bormlalanqas kienet parrocca), kitbu Ruma biex iwaqqfu fratellanza dedikata lill-KunCizzjoni.' Ruma tat I-approvazzjoni taghha u din tkun I-ewwel fratellanza ,dedik:ata lill-Kuncizzjoni Ii titwaqqaf gewwa Malta. Kien zvilupp zghir izda Ii kellu anke jekk maz-zmien din iI-fratellanza tinbidel f'dik tas-Sagrament. 10 Nafu Ii fis-seklu sbatax, I-akbar festi Ii kienu jsiru f'gieh il-KunCizzjoni kienu gewwa I-Isla. Kienet I-aktar festa importanti Ii kienet issir f'dik ii-belt dik Id-dokumenti jghidu Ii ghal din iI-festa, kienu jmorru nies minn Malta 1 Iida I-imhabba Ii I-kavallieri kellhom lejn iI-KunCizzjoni jwassal biex dan jinfirex u anke jibda jikber sew fil-Belt Valletta. Hekk insibu Ii I-patrijiet UIls.canl Konventwali jaccettaw fl-1636, biex grupp ta' lajCi jwaqqfu fi hdanhom ddedikata lill-KunCizzjoni. Din iI-konfraternita tlmn importanti biex tghin fit-tkabbir ta' dan iI-kult gewwa I-Belt Valletta.'2 Perezempju, Tommaso Ruffo (1694-98) innifsu jwasslilna taghrifdwar iI-purCissjoni ,tal-Immalmlata. FI-14 ta' Dicembru 1697 kiteb: i~fla[]'·fes"a tal-Kuncizzjoni tal-Vergni l-Imbierka, saret il-purCissjoni votiva tas-soltu. ¥mtktm rnill.-krlisj,.e\vlelnij'lta San Gwann ghal dik tal-Furjana. Waqt il-purCissjoni r 150 Simon Mercieca nghata sinjal doppju ta' murtaIi bhalma jsir ghal reo Sparaw ukol! il-kanuni kollha \ tax-xwieni u ri kul! mirkeb ral-bahar Ii kien hemm fil-port. Fil-purCissjoni ha sehem iI-Gran Mastru flimkien mal-membri tal-Ordni. 13 Aktar tard, Inkwiiitur iehor Ii serva fil-giira, Giorgio Spinola (1703-06) iddeskriva I-purCissjoni tal-lmmakulata minn San Gwann tal-Belt ghall-knisja ta' Sarrija fit-8 ta' DiCembtu, 1703, b'radd ta' hajr talli I-Madonna kienet helset il-gzira mill-pesta tal-1676. 14 Biss id-devozzjoni lejn I-Immakulata rna tibqax maqfula fl.­ ibliet. Insibuha tinfirex mill-istess iminijiet Ii hija dahlet f'Malta anke gewwa l-kampanja. It-Twelid tal-Kult gewwa I-Imqabba Ir-rahal tal-lmqabba jkun wiehed mill-ewwel postijiet f'Malta!i fih tidhol din id­ devozzjoni lejn il-Kuneizzjoni. Fis-7 ta' Dicembru 1600, I-Isqof Tumas Gargallo (1578-1614) iar l-Imqabba. Din tista' titqies bhala l-ewwel ijara pastorali !i tinkludi deskrizzjoni dettaljata tal-knisja ta' din iI-parroeea." Il-knisja parrokkjali kienet maghrufa bhala dik ta' San Basilju. 16 Il-kappillan kien Dun Joannes Micci.l7 Kellha altar maggur wahdieni dedikat lill-Santa Marija, bil-kwadru prineipali juri !ill-Madonna u fuq il-genb kien hemm l-immagini tal-konfessur San Basilju u San Guiepp. Minhabba din l-immagini, iI-knisja kienet maghrufa bhala ta' San Basilju. Fuq ix-xellug tal-knisja kien hemm I-altar tar-Ruiarju Ii fuqu kien hemm marbuta ga I-konfraternita taht dan it-tirlu u kienet taghmel iI-festa bil-purCissjoni nhar l-ewwel hadd ta' Ottubru u kienu jfakkru ukoillill-Madonna tar-Ruiarju kulll-ewwel hadd tax-xahar.
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