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Contemporary Primate Literature in English: Voicing the Unvoiced Communal Attunement” (Love’S Knowledge 192)

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Contemporary Primate Literature in English: Voicing the Unvoiced Communal Attunement” (Love’S Knowledge 192) CONTEMPORARY PRIMATE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH: VOICING THE UNVOICED By Diana Villanueva Romero Advisor: Dr. Carmen Flys Junquera Franklin Institute - University of Alcalá November 2014 To Mané, for your constant love, trust and support. To my family who never gives up encouraging me. To my animal friends. You are the inspiration behind these words. Coyote: “There are only two kinds of people.” Girl: “Humans and animals.” Coyote: “No. the [sic] kind of people who say ‘There are two kinds of people’ and the kind of people who don’t.” (Le Guin Buffalo Gals 35-6) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are too many people I have to thank for contributing to the completion of this dissertation. Its realization has stretched for a long time and consequently many loving and caring relatives, friends, and colleagues deserve to be mentioned here. I need to begin by thanking my husband Mané without whom this dissertation would not have been possible. His support and encouragement has shown to have no limit. He has been with me through each and every day of trying to put on paper the ideas that fuel this academic enterprise. His devoted trust in my future accomplishment has surely been fundamental in carrying me to the end. This dissertation also proves that I have been blessed with the gift of a wonderful family. My parents have always instilled in me the perseverance needed to finish what I begin if worthy. They are my role models in life and I cannot imagine having better parents. My twin sister Pilar was key in making me believe I would be able to finish this project. She gave me the strength and confidence I needed when I thought I could not go on. I hope one day to be able to return that gesture. Amelia was also an enthusiastic listener and found everything I told her fascinating. Ángela, who always acts as a second mother to me, allowed me to spend time in her house by the sea where I found many of the words I have written. Luis and Lala always asked about my progress, certain that sooner or later I would get there. Finally, my in-laws helped in some way or another by listening to me complaining about my exhaustion and bearing with me at times of celebration like Christmas when I still needed to work. Pupe and José Carlos welcomed us to their house in Chueca and turned our Easter breaks into a pleasurable scholarly experience, as did Luis and Stéphane with their generous offering of their house in Le Marais which has become the best place to spend a summer writing. Quique with his vast knowledge and great power of observation enlightened my research with his many comments and suggested readings. There are many special friends who have been with me throughout the years encouraging me and seeing the end even before I could imagine it: Carolina Amador and Brian Mulcahy, Pilar Bueno, Denise Elekes, Iños, Jaime and Anne Leaños, Pilar Reyes, Reikos, Yolanda Rodríguez, Esther Sánchez, Lupe Silvero and Curri, Olvido Soria, and Marta Torres. Among these dear friends Ana Recarte, who now runs the Friends of Thoreau Environmental program in Spain, deserves special mention for she was the first person who made me consider that animals would one day be granted rights. I cannot think of a better person to talk more passionately about animals than her. She opened my eyes to them. Throughout these years some members of the English Department at the University of Extremadura have supported my work in small or big ways even though it meant seeing me even busier than I was. Thank you all! Also thanks to Maribel and Ana from the research support service at the University of Extremadura Main Library in Cáceres. This dissertation would not have been possible were it not for the wonderful introduction to ecocriticism I received at the University of Reno, Nevada (UNR) by my host Scott Slovic. Scott and his wife Susie showed me the value of generosity and commitment to a cause. Scott also made me feel part of the L & E community at UNR by including me in every hike or discussion they organized. Our trips to Mount Rose and Mount Tallac proved to me that one can really learn by walking in good company. Other international scholars such as Val Plumwood, Cheryll Glotfelty, Terry Gifford, and Greta Gaard have at some point or another enlightened my writing with their generous observations. I am most indebted to them all for making me feel part of the flourishing ecocritical community. Within this group of passionate people Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann, whom I lovingly refer to as the Dream Team of European ecocriticism, were fundamental in fueling my writing with their development of material ecocriticism: a gift to many. A similar role has been played as well by the biennial conferences of the European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture and Environment (EASLCE). They have given me the opportunity of seeing ecocriticism grow in Europe as well as meeting colleagues with which to establish fruitful collaborations. The image that features on the cover is in part the product of this synergy. Spanish artist Verónica Perales Blanco kindly agreed to have it included as part of my project. She explained to me that this was a preparatory drawing, almost the seed, for her collection Grandes simios en femenino where she captured the images of many of the female gorillas living in Spanish zoos at the moment. I also have to say that my development into ecocriticism has been possible thanks to the University of Alcalá. Were it not for its openness to new scholarly voices I would not have discovered such groundbreaking field. The Franklin Institute was instrumental in encouraging my development as a graduate student. It was there that I began doing research thanks to one of their scholarships after having completed my MA in American Studies. I am as much a seedling of the University of Alcalá as I am of the Franklin Institute. Within the former one I have found likeminded people in the research group GIECO, the first research group on ecocriticism in Spain, to which I have belonged from its foundation. I do not know what I would have done without the incredible enthusiasm with which all its members work. They have been a most helpful and inspiring force. Their level of respect and affection for each other exceed what anyone would expect from the busy members of any academic organization. Last but not least, I cannot forget to thank my advisor Professor Carmen Flys Junquera. She is probably one of the most strong-willed persons I have ever known. I have seen her involved in so many projects I think I would need to have several lives to do as much as she does. She is a scholar who does not forget to be curious about what is new in her field. A pioneer in ecocriticism in Spain, she has also been brave enough to accept to advise this project on animal studies. She has taught me so much in the many conferences we have attended together that I would recommend any graduate student travelling with her as part of his or her doctorate courses. Her patience with me merits a very big thank you. Finally, I want to pay tribute to my animal friends. Some years ago we lost in a brief period of a month our Dachshund Muça and our Siamese cat Kiko. They had been raised together at home since they were puppies. I cannot help but think that they had secretly decided to leave this world together, so was their affection for each other. Later chance made us find our dog Targa whose wonderful company we still enjoy today and Tori who unfortunately suffered too soon the cruelty of humans to be a happy dog and left us too soon. A part of me is always thinking of the good times I have spent horseback riding. Now our horses Marlboro, Quevire, and Washoe live their lives away from the stress of training and competition. They have finally taught me the Zen of being animal. Contemplating them in the wild is one of my greatest joys. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 15 INTRODUCTION. SINGING THE ANIMAL. POETIC MINDS AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOULS .......................................................................................... 17 THE QUESTION OF THE ANIMAL ...................................................................................... 20 LITERARY IMAGINATION AND ANIMALS .......................................................................... 23 MAKING ANIMAL VOICES HEARD ................................................................................... 26 AIM AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THIS DISSERTATION .................................................. 28 STRUCTURE OF THIS DISSERTATION ................................................................................ 32 PART ONE THINKING THE ANIMAL CHAPTER ONE. THE RISE OF THE ANIMAL .................................................................... 39 1.1. FROM ANIMAL LIBERATION TO ANIMAL RIGHTS AND BEYOND ............................... 42 1.2. TURNING THE ATTENTION OF SOCIETY TOWARDS ANIMALS ..................................... 47 1.2.1. Speaking for Animals: Animal Activism ............................................................. 47 1.2.2. Beyond Cat Calls and Dog Barking: Making Animals Count within the Legal System ....................................................................................... 59 1.3. ANIMAL STUDIES: ANIMALS ENTER THE HUMANITIES ............................................
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