Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

A Treatise of the Fossil, Vegetable and Animal Substances, Aldrovandi, Ulisse 26, 26, 116, 129, 138, 140, 147 that are made use of in Physic 35, 216 on aetites 222 abdominal disease remedy, ancient Egypt 8 Alexandrinus, Nicolaus Myrepsus 176 Aben-Quiche 46 alexipharmic (poisons antidote) see poison also bezoars Abietityz stone 53, 55 Alfeleiemictanum 90 Abolays 46 Alfonso X el Sabio (The Learned, King of Castillia) 20 abortifacient 227 lapidiary 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 67 Abulcasis (Al-Zahrawi, Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas) Alford Spa (Somerset) 255 14, 70, 172 algae, calcifying 143 early life 65 alkali (alkaline ashes) 66 encyclopaedia 65 alkermes 98, 100, 176, 179 inventions 65 confectio 179, 184 writings on alkyonion stone 67 alkali 66 Allosaurus 436 alkyonion stone 67 aloes 89,93 alum 67 Alston, Charles 165 antimony 68 alum 9, 67–68 Armenian bole 69 aluminous shales 9 arsenic 70 amber 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 28, 88, 91, 102, 139, 146, 166, 175, baked clay 69 182, 206, 209 borax 70, 71 in medical cabinets 221–222, 221 china 70 Amber stone 61 coral 71 ambergris 88, 100 lapis lazuli 72 Ambrosiopoea 189 lime 73 amethyst 24, 139 nacre 72 amiantos 16 orpiment 73–74 ammonites 49 salt 75 in cryptopalaeontology 53 sulphur 75–76 as poison cures 194 tar 76 ammonium, groundwater 263 verdigris 77 Ammon’s Horn stone 49,53 vitriol 77 Ampelites (cannel coal) 224 Academy of the Lynxes (Lincei) 137–138, 144 Ampelitis ge 60 Accademia del Cimento 289, 291 Amphicomos 50 Acetabularia 143, 144 amulets 146–148, 194, 196, 226 Acosta, Cristobal (Cristovao de Costa) 195 amber 221 actinolite 147, 226 anaemia remedy 9, 264 Acufaratiz cabroci (kabroci) stone 51, 53, 55 anaesthetic 16 Adad’s finger 53, 55 Anatomy of the Pregnant Uterus 355–356, 357 Adad’s kidney stone 53 Andromachus Theriac 209 Adadudactylos 55 Andromachus’ treacle 99 Adadunephros 55 Androsaces 143 Adaduophthalamos 55, 56 angelica 94 Addenbrooke, John, medical cabinet 212, 212, 213 angina 403 Aegophthalmos 57 Anglicus, Bartholomaeus 17–18, 22, 115, 141 Aetites (eagle-stone) 16, 24, 26, 145, 145, 222, 222 Anglicus, Gilbertus 164, 177–178 agate 14, 20, 139 Anglo-Saxon England, history of lithotherapeutics 14 Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer) 29, 29, 114, 115, 118, 123, Anning, Mary 401, 433 159, 159, 272 annis root 100 Aithrey Spa 264 Ant Stone 47, 48 Al-Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad (Alberonius) Antarctic 14, 91 Australian expedition 459 al-Marindi, Maswijah see Mesue¨ the Younger Discovery expedition 456, 457 Al-Misri, Abu’l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan 91 early days of exploration 455 Al-Tasrif (Liber Servitoris) 172 French expeditions 459 Al-Tifachi, Ahmad ibn Yusuf 15, 91 Scotia expedition 456 Al-Zahrawi, Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas see Abulcasis Anthropochrinus 50 alabaster 24 Antidotario Romano Latino e Volgare 184 Albacario, Stefano 119 Antidotarium 85 Albarquid Stone 47 Antidotarium Nicolai 176 Alberonius (Al-Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad) Antilope cervicapra 142 14, 91 antimicrobials 68 Albertus Magnus 18, 20 antimony 68 Albinus, Bernardhus 354, 355 Antioquena 51 Alcaquack Island 47 antioxidant properties 196 Alcyonion 159 antiseptic 76 476 INDEX apoplexy (syncope) treatment 9, 173, 174, 175 Beauvais, Vincent de 18 apothecaries, role of 330 Beetle Stone 47, 48 Apuleius of Madaura, Lucius (Apuleius Platonicus) 22 behen 89,94 Aqua buglossi 90,94 belching treatment 20 Aqua Celestis 96 belemnites 16, 26, 54 Aquae Arnemetiae see Buxton Spa in cryptopalaeontology 53, 55 Aquae Sulis see Bath Spa bell mine 270 aquamarine, ashes of 9 Bellenghem, Thomas van 17 Arabia, history of lithotherapeutics 14–15, 91 Bellovacensis, Vincentius 18 Arabic stone 57 Belon, Pierre 119 Arabicos Lithos 57 Ben Cao Bei Yao 166 aragonite 72 Ben Cao Cong Xin 166 Arctic exploration 457 ben rubei 89 Argilla 211 Benveniste, Gra´cia Nasi 199 Argilla pumex 160 Bermannus 115 Aristotle 22, 318 Berthold, Andreas 224 Armenian bole (bolus armenus; bole armoniac) 68–69, 99, beryl 12, 20, 139 100, 114, 116, 123, 132 see also emerald Arnold of Saxony 18 Berzelius, Jo¨ns Jakob 451 Aromatitis 61 bestiaries 15–16 arsenic 70, 100 Bethlehem, source of clays 123, 124 groundwater 263 bezoar goat 142 poison antidote 193 bezoars 99, 141–143, 198, 199 arsenic sulphide see orpiment artistic significance 198–202 Artemis image 113 decline of 206 Artemisia 98 defined 193 arthritis treatments 9, 264 use in Arabia 194 asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida)68 use in Europe 194–196 Asaphus 388 use in New World 198–199 asbestos dust 271 use in the Orient 196 Asphalt stone 60 Bible, impact on Renaissance society, science and technology Ass stone 51, 52 314, 315, 322 Assyria, history of lithotherapeutics 8–9 Biblical Flood see Deluge asthma cure 26, 144 Bibliotheca Pharmaceutico-Medica 185 astringent 24, 26, 68, 69, 72, 74, 77, 113 bibulus lapis 160 astroites 148 Bigsby, John Jeremiah Aurea Alexandrina 176–177, 179, 184 Boundary Commission survey (1820) 380–385 Aurum Potabile 180–182, 184, 185 Boundary Commission survey (1823) 388–391 Austen, Jane 403 early life 375 Austria, role in early geology first paper for publication 385 medical geoscientists 450–453 geological interests developed 375–376 monarchy 445–446 geological studies School of Mines 448–450 Lake Huron 387–388 universities 446–448 Great Lakes 376–380 Avenzoar 173, 197, 198 Quebec 376 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 14, 73, 114, 172–173, 188, 284 lakes survey (1821) 385–387 Ayurvedic medical writings 1, 9 return to England 392–393 Azhar al Afkar fe Djawahir al Ahdjar (Best Thoughts on the St Lawrence River survey (1821) 387 Best Stones) 15, 91 Bigsby Medal 393, 393 azurite 26 bimsenstein 160 bimsstein 160 Babylon Bina stone 60 drug recipes 1 Bingen, Hildegard von 17 history of lithotherapeutics 8–9 binnenstein 160 Bagnigge Wells 257 binomial system (Linnean system) of biological classification Baillie, Matthew Hunter 367, 370 313–314, 334, 336 baked clay 69–70 Bird-heart stone 51, 52 Balanites stone 55 birth stones 159 Balanocidaris glandifera spines see Jews’ stones Bituminous stone 60 Banister, John 102 bivalve steinkern 28 Banks, Sir Joseph 399, 401, 404 bivalves 49 Barberini, Francesco 138 in cryptopalaeontology 51–53 barium, spa water 255, 265 black earth 141 Barrough, Philip 102 Black Hairy Tongue (lingua villosa nigna) 163 Bartholin, Rasmus 320 black pepper (Piper nigrum)71 Bartholin, Thomas 311, 313, 315, 316–317, 318, 319, 321 bladder stones 141, 226, 464 Bath Spa 243, 245, 246, 247, 248–249, 255, 256, 261 remedies 15, 26, 51 Batrachites 52 Blaeu, Willem Janszoon 310 Bauer, Georg see Agricola bleeding, staunching of 11, 16, 24, 124, 128, 129, 196, 225 Bauhin, Caspar 203–205, 312, 313–314 bloodstone 139 Bavaria-Ingoldstadt, Elisabeth of (Isabeau of Bavaria) 84 bloody flux treatment 14 Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste Elie de 292 blue vitriol see vitriol INDEX 477

Blundeville, Thomas 164 calcium phosphate, as poison antidote 193 body-snatching 357 calculi 141 Boerhaave, Herman 102, 103, 349, 354, 398 calomel 264 boles (earths) 113, 114 Calx 211 bole armoniac 68–69, 114 Camoes, Luis de 195, 196–197 see also terra sigillata Camper, Petrus 356, 356 Bologna stone 145–146, 146 camptine 12 bolus armenus 68–69 Cane stone 50 bone 149 Canis cacharia dissectum caput 290, 291, 296–298 Bones stone 54,57 Canis carcharius 319 Book of Minerals 159 cannel coal 223–224 Boorde, Andrew 98 Canones Universales 85, 175 borage 94, 99 Canterbury Tales 178–179 borax (sodium tetraborate; disodium tetraborate) 70–71 Cantimpratensis, Thomas (Thomas Cantimpre´)17 Borch, Ole (Olaus Borrichius) 104 Capland Spa 255 Botrychitis 50 Capra aegagrus 142 bottled water 265 Caracole stone 49,53 Boulton, Matthew 396 Carcharocles 149 bowel treatment 12, 14 cardamom 89 Bowerbank, James Scott 413 Cardano, Gerolamo (Hieronymus Cardanus) 81 Brabantinus, Thomas 17 cardiac treatments 17 brachiopods 54 carnelian (red chalcedony) 9, 16, 88,91 in cryptopalaeontology 55–56 caryophyllorum 90 Bradley, Richard 35 castracane 149 Brahe, Tycho 310 Catullus, Gaius Valerius 160 Brande, William 283 Caub, Johann Wonnecke von see Cuba, Johannes de Brassalova (Brasavola) of Ferrara, Antonio Musa 182–183, Causae et Cuae (Causes and Cures) 17 18 , 227 caves, symbolism of 236 Breviarium 173 Ceccarelli, Ippolito 184 Brevyard of Health 98 Cegolites lapis 18 Bridge of Allan Spa (Scotland) 243, 247, 253–254, 255, Celtic rites and rocks or stones 236 257, 264 Centaurea behen 89 Bridgewater Treatise 433, 434, 434 Ceraquiz 51 Bright, Timothy 100 Cesi, Federico 137, 139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149 Bristol Spa 244 Ceteosaurus humerocristatus 417 British Isles, source of clays 128–129 Chadwick, Edwin 279 British Spa Federation 243 chalk 209 bromine 252 Challenger, Professor 430, 435 Brontea stone 50, 51 chalybeate springs 245, 247, 248, 252, 255, 257, 263, 264, 265, Brontia 321 284–285 Bruce, William Spiers, Antarctic expedition leader 456, 457 Champier, Symphorien 115 Brunetti, Lodovico 471 chancre 71, 72, 73, 77 Brunschwig, Hieronymus 181 Charas, Moyse 34, 214–215, 216 brushite 193 Charcot, Jean-Baptiste 459 bubonic plague 99 Chaucer, Geoffrey 178–179 Bucardia 51, 52 Chauliac, Guy de 162, 162 Buckland, William 335, 343–344, 431, 433, 434, 435 Chelidonius 14 bufonites 18, 320 Chelonitis 56 bugloss water (conserve of bugloss root) 90, 94, 99 Cheltenham Spa 243, 246, 247, 249, 255, 256 Buitrena stone 53, 55 chemical fossils, in cryptopalaeontology 59–62 bullae 203, 203 Chernitis 55–56 Bullein, Willaim 81, 83, 83 chiastolites 148 Bullock-heart stone 51, 52 childbirth, treatment during 16, 18, 24, 145, 159, 241 Bulwarcke of Defence Against All Sickness, Sornes and China, history of lithotherapeutics 9–10 Woundes 81 early medical writings 1 Burgundus, Vincentius 18 traditional Chinese medicine 165–166 Burke, Edmund 403 china (porcelain) 70 Burnet, Thomas 102, 104, 162 Chios, as source of clays 114 burns treatment 11, 20 chloasma remedy 58 Burton, Robert 81 cholera control 280 Busk, George 412, 414 Christian IV, King of Denmark-Norway 307, 310, 316–317, Buxton Spa 243, 245, 246, 247, 251–252, 255, 256 317, 321 Christian rituals and rocks or stones 236–241 Cabinets of Curiosity 23 chromium, groundwater 263 Cadmitis 52 Chryselectrum 61 calamina 52 chrysocolla 8, 11 calamine see zinc oxide chrysolite 16 calcanthum see vitriol Chrysolithus 30 Calceolari I, Francesco 24 chrystall 211 calcite 72 Ci Shi (Magnetite) 166 calcium carbonate 71, 72 cicatrizing agent 27, 71, 73 calcium oxide/hydroxide see lime cimolia terra 69 478 INDEX cinnabar (mercury ore) 11, 166, 227, 227 crematoria, building and design 474 cinnamon 89,93 Cremona, centre of culture and medicine 463–464 Circa Instans 115, 173 Creta Gallica 211 Citrus medica 88 Crimean War 280, 409 Clar, Conrad Clemens 451–452, 452 building of Renkioi Hospital 280, 281, 282, 282 clay see baked clay Crimp stone 50 Claye Marle 315 crinoids 48 clays with medicinal properties see terra sigillata in cryptopalaeontology 50 Cleghorn, George 349 Crocallis 46, 47 Clerk, Sir John 209 Pliny the Elder on 46 Clusius (L’Ecluse, Charles) 194–195 crocodile researches 416, 418 cnidarians see coelenterates Crucus sativus 89 coal mining crustaceans 48 relation to health 269, 270–271 in cryptopalaeontology 47, 50 diseases and injuries 271 cryptopalaeontology lung disease 272–273 defined 45 mine ventilation 273–275 see ammonites; belemnites; bivalves; brachiopods; safety regulations 271–272 coelenterates; crinoids; crustaceans; echinoids; fishes; ventilation fans 275–277 foraminifera; gastropods; graptolites; mammalians; Coal stone 59 trilobites also chemical fossils cobalt sulphate (red vitriol) 77 crystal (crystallus; rock crystal; quartz) 13, 226 Cobold, Thomas 414 Cuba, Johannes de (Caub, Johann Wonnecke von) 22, 66, 157 Cochlides 53 writings on coconut, as alexipharm 196–197 alkali 66 coelenterates, in cryptopalaeontology 46–47 alkyonion stone 67 Coelum Philosophorum 181 alum 67 Cogrossi, Carlo 465 antimony 68 Collini, Cosimo Allesandro 430 Armenian bole 69 collyria 151, 164 coral 71 Collyrium 114 lapis lazuli 72 colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)68 lime 73 Colonna, Fabio 138, 319 marble 72 Comi, Angelo 471 marcasite and pyrite 73 Commentarii in Libros Sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de nacre 72 Medica Materia 183, 183 orpiment 75 common salt 75 salt 75 Compendium Medicinae 177 sulphur 76 Conan Doyle, Arthur 429, 430, 441 tar 76 The Lost World 436–442 verdigris 77 concretions, or stones that grow 141 vitriol 77 conservation and petrifaction Cullen, William 218, 284, 349, 350, 360, 367, 369, 402 early observations 318 Culpeper, Nicholas 33, 94, 95, 98, 181, 182, 214 experimental work on corpses 469, 471, 472 curallium 159 Consilia Medica 179 cure-all recipes 94–98 Constantine the African (Constantinus Africanus) 73, 173 Currus Triumphalis Antimonii 184 consumption treatment 12 Curuma zedoaria 90 convulsions remedy 93 Cuvier, Baron Georges 401, 430, 431, 431 Conybeare, William Daniel 335–336 Cyclolites 47 copper 9, 175 Cyprus earth 69 copper sulphate (blue vitriol) 77 coral (including red coral) 9, 39, 71–72, 88, 93, 100, 139, 143, 150, da Vinci, Leonardo, on fossils 308 159, 174, 175, 182, 206, 209 D’Abano, Pietro 179 corallium 159 dal Pozzo, Carlo Antonio 137 Corallium rubrum 143 dal Pozzo, Cassiano 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, corals 48, 143 145–146, 146, 149 in cryptopalaeontology 46, 47 Dale, Samuel 329–330 cornea defects and treatments 11, 163-165 D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer (Amboina Curiosity Cabinet) 28 cornelian see carnelian Damigeron-Evax lapidary 12, 45, 46, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, Corsoides 50 61, 91 corticum 88 coelenterates 46 cosmetics 104 crinoids 50 Cosmographie universelle 119, 120 Daniell, John Frederic 283 Cospi, Ferdinando 114 Darwin, Charles 366, 366, 399, 414 cosseres 160 Darwin, Erasmus 366, 367, 396, 398 Costazia Bone 166 botanical interests 399 Cotes 211 death 400 cough treatment 12, 75, 76, 159 early life 398 Courtois, Bernard 285 female education interests 400 Coutts, Thomas and Susannah 358, 358 geological interests 399 Covel, Jphn 119 working life 399 Crab Stone 47, 48,50 Darwin, Robert Waring 366, 367 creation, Biblical and geological 341, 342, 343–344 Das Bu¨ch zu¨ Distilieren 181 INDEX 479

Das Steinbuch (Book of Stones) 21 Dioscorides Anazarbus (Anazarbeo), Pedanius (Pedianio) 11, 22, Dati, Carlo 26 151, 159, 160, 171–172 Davidson, William 139 lapidiary 1, 10–11, 46, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60 Dawson, Charles 429, 430 writings on de Boodt, Anselm Boetius 30, 30, 202, 220 aetites 222 De finibus rerum Naturalium (On the Boundaries of Nature) 18 alkyonion stone 67 De Gradibus 173 alum 67 de Guevara, Antonio 189 antimony 68 de Herrera, Juan Nuniez 226 Armenian bole 69 de la Beche, Henry 433 baked clay 69 de Lae¨t, Joannes (Jan) 314, 319, 320 coral 71 De lapidibus 21 earths 113, 114, 118, 141 De Lapidibus et Metallis (Stones and Metals) 16 lapis lazuli 72 De lapidis Bezaari 204 lime 73 De lithogenesia macro-et microcosmi 464 natron 66 de Luc, Jean Andre´ 339, 342, 343, 363, 405 orpiment 74–75 De Magnete 144 pumice 160–161, 163 De materia medica Novae Hispaniae (Mexican Treasury) 139 pyrite 73 De Materia Medica (The Materials of Medicine by Dioscorides) 1, salt 75 10–11, 46, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60, 160–161 sulphur 76 De Mineralibus (Book of Minerals) 20 tar 76 De Natura Fossilium (On the Nature of Fossils) 29, 159 verdigris 77 De Naturis Rerum (On the Nature of Things) 17, 18 vitriol 77 De proprietatibus rerum (On the Nature of Things) 17–18, 115 disinfectant 77 De Re Medica 175 disodium tetraborate see borax De Re Metallica 29, 159, 272 Dispensarium ad Aromantarios 179, 180 De Rerum Fossilium, Lapidum et Gemmarum maxime, figuris et Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica 9, 11 similitudinibus Liber (A Book on the Shapes and dolmens 235–236 Appearances of Fossil Objects, chiefly Stones and Domorphodon 436 Gems) 29–30, 157 Donzelli, Giuseppe 185 de Sgobbis da Montagnana, Antonio 184–185 doronike (doronigi, doronici, doronicum) 88,93 De Simplici Medicina (Circa Instans) 173 Douglas, James 352, 355, 359 De Simplicium Medicamentorum Facultatibus (On Mixtures and dragon bones (Long-gu)9,10 Properties of Simple Drugs) 11–12 dragon teeth (Long-ch’ih)9 De Solido intra solidum contento dissertationis prodomus 290, dragons 418–419 291, 292, 297, 298–300, 303 pterodactyls named as 431, 432, 433 de Thaon, Phillipe 16 Dragons of the Air 433, 435 De Universo 17 drinking water, quality of 262, 263 De Virtutibus Lapidum (The Virtues of Stones) 12 Droitwich Spa 243, 247, 250, 256, 257 deafness treatment 93 dropsy treatment 12, 18, 67 debacle concept 385 drunkenness remedy 24 deer horn 85 dysentery treatment 12, 14, 15, 91, 93, 128, 225 deer stones 193 dysury remedy 51 Deer-antler stone 58 degli Augusti, Quirico 179 eagle stone (aetites) 16, 24, 26, 145, 145, 222, 222 del Bosco, Manlio 179 ear disease treatment 14 Della Porta, Giovanni 138, 149 earths (boles; terrae) Dell’Historia Naturale 24 as depicted in Paper Museum 140–141 Deluge, writings on 301, 303, 342–343, 363 see also terra sigillata Democritus Junior 81 Ebers, Georg Moritz 8 dental arches invented 65 Ebers papyrus 7–8, 8,45 dental disease remedies 8, 65 echinoids 49 dental fillings 65 in cryptopalaeontology 50–51 dentifrice 27, 162–163 spines see Jews’ stones deodorant 77 e´cume de mer 158 depilatory agent 146, 159 Edward I (Long-shanks) 84 depression cure 26 Egypt, history of lithotherapeutics 7–8 Derbyshire neck (goitre) 14, 91, 285 Egyptian society, records on medical papyri 1 Desaguliers, Jean-The´ophile 350, 351, 351 electri 91 Descartes, Rene´ 322–323 Electrum 61 dessicative 113 Electuarium Consiliatoris 179 di Sangro, Raimondo 471 Electuarium de Gemmis 179 Diamargariton 99 Electuarium Laetitiae 179 diamond 14 electuary ashes of 9 defined 81 Dianthus caryophyllum 90 recipes by de Sgobbis 185 Diarrhodon abbatis 99 Electuary de Gemmis 81 diarrhoea treatment 115 ingredients 87, 88, 89, 90 Diemerbroeck, Ysbrand van 272 costs 94 Dimorphodon 436, 437 universal applications Dinsdale Spa 255 cosmetic treatment 104 Diodorus, on lentil stones 46 cure-alls 94–98 480 INDEX

Electuary de Gemmis (Continued) fishes, in cryptopalaeontology 56–57 gynecological treatment 98–99 fistula remedy 171 heart treatment 98 flatulence (wind) treatment 12, 93 miscellaneous 98 Flower, William Henry 412, 414, 418–419 nightmare treatment 98 Fluor Albus 93 plague treatment 99–100 fluoride and fluorosis 262 psychological treatment 100–102 fly repellant 8 urogenital treatment 102 folk medicine see lithoiatric practices elephantiasis cure 26, 173, 202, 397 foraminiferans 48 Elettaria 89 in cryptopalaeontology 46 Elettuario di Gemme 184 fossil materials in treatments 9 embalming see conservation and petrifaction fossilization processes, early studies 318 emerald (smaragdus) 15, 16, 17, 88, 91, 99, 100, 139, 151, 182, fossils 206, 211 in ancient texts (cryptopalaeontolgy) see ammonites; emetic properties 68 belemnites; bivalves; brachiopods; coelenterates; Enariste 51, 52 crinoids; crustaceans; echinoids; fishes; foraminifera; Encardia 51, 52 gastropods; graptolites; mammalians; trilobites also English Bole 129 chemical fossils English dental powder 71 Ole Worm’s studies 311 Ent, George 146 Fothergill, John 349 enula-campana (elecampane) 94 Foulis, Robert 352 epidermal treatments 163–165 Fox, William 419–420 epilepsy treatment 15, 26, 91, 202 Fracastorius, Hieronymus 102 Epistolarum Medicinalium Libri XX 189 Fragonard, Honore´ 471 epithems 100 France, source of clays 128 Epsom salts 262–263, 266 Franklin, Benjamin 396 Epsom Wells 255 froth of salt 160 Erasmus of Rotterdam 180, 181 Fu Hai Shi 166 Eretria Fuhner, Hermann Georg 1 Eretrian earth see alum Fuiren, Henrik 314, 319 source of clays 114 fungus stone 143–144 Erotyles 50 esmekku-stone 9 Gaddesden, John of 178 espa 243 Gagas 59 Essay on the theory of the Earth 430–431 Gagates 14, 59 Estienne, Charles 295 Gaius Plinius Secundus see Pliny the Elder Etymologiae (Etymologies) 16, 46 galactis 13 Eucamerotus 417, 419, 420, 424 galactite 141 Eureos stone 50, 51 galena 8, 10, 11 eutocius stone 15 Galenus, Claudius (Galen of Pergamon) 11, 12, 85, 91, 284 Evax, King of Arabia 45 on amber 221 Examen Omnium Loch, Suffuf Aquarum, Decoctionum, Oleorum 182 on earths 113, 114, 118, 123 expectorant 75 on poison antidotes 194 experimental geology, founding of 469, 472 treatise 11–12 extinction, Hunter’s views on 366 Galileo Galilei 138, 144 eye cosmetics, Egyptian 8 gallstones treatment 14, 468 eye ointment 151 Gandini, Carlo 465 eye treatment 24, 50 Gannal, Jean Nicolas 471 eyeglasses, invention of 26 garnet 28, 88, 91, 139, 182, 206, 226 eyelash growth 11 Gart der Gesundheit (German Herbarius) 22, 115, 157 gastric treatments 17 Faber, Johannes 138, 147 gastropods 49 Fabricus, Hieronymus 295 in cryptopalaeontology 53 Fabricus Hildanus, Guilelmus (Wilhelm Fabry; Father of German Geikie, Sir Archibald 457 Surgery) 165 gem therapy famech 160 background of 9, 83–84 Farey, John 341 historical usage 83, 84 Farquidius stone (Piedra Farquidius) 46, 47, 50 the electuary father of geology 292, 399 costs 94 feni 160 ingredients 87, 88, 89, 90 Ferrein, Antoine de 353, 353 universal applications fertility rites 236 cosmetic treatment 104 fertility stone 47 cure-alls 94–98 fever remedy 9, 27, 93, 196, 202 gynecological treatment 98–99 Figuier, Louis 433, 436 heart treatment 98 figured stones 148–149, 150 miscellaneous 98 fillings (dental) 76, 77 nightmare treatment 98 Finger of Ida 53, 55 plague treatment 99–100 fish otoliths 209 psychological treatment 100–102 Fish stone 56 urogenital treatment 102 fish teeth 14, 54 Gemmarum et lapidum historia (History of Gems and Stones) 30, Fisher, S.W. 273 200, 202 INDEX 481

General Practice of Physick 116 haematitis 211 geodes 26 haemorrhage see bleeding Geoffroy, E´ tienne-Franc¸ois 35, 120, 215–216, 217 haemorrhoids treatment 12, 171 geology Halcyonium 159, 160 experimental 469, 472 halite (rock salt) 9, 75 original use of word 140, 363, 405 halitosis treatment 67 geopharmaceuticals, defined 1 Hall, James 385 geopharmacology, defined 7 Hall, John 395 George III, King 137 Haller, Albrecht von 356, 356 Geranites 53 Hammonis cornu 53 Gerontocomia 104 Hands stone 54,55–56 Gessner, Conrad 29, 30, 96, 96, 99, 125, 158, 220 Harrogate Spa 243, 245, 247, 253, 255, 256 illustrations of pumice 158 Hartfell Spa 257, 284–285 Ghiselin de Busbecq, Ogier 119 harts horn 100 Ghisi, Martino 464, 465 Harvey, William 295 Gibraltar bone breccia 363 head stone 8, 48,50 Gilbert, William 144 headache remedy 9, 14, 17 ginger 89,93 health and environment 283 gingivitis treatment 67 heart stone 51, 52 Girolamo Giustiniana 114 heart treatments 98 Giustiniani, Vincenzo 209 Heberden, William 214 Glaesum 61 medical cabinet 212–213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 222, 224 Glaser, Christoph 171 Heck, Johannes 138 Glastonbury Spa 255, 257 hematite 9, 222–223, 223 Glossopetra see shark’s tooth stone hemoptysis 12 Glossopteris flora 455, 459 herbals 21–23 Goa stone (Lapis de Goa) 205–206, 219–220, 220 Herbarium Apuleii Platonici 22 goat stones 193 Herbarius Moguntinus (Latin Herbal) 22 goitre (Derbyshire neck) 14, 91, 285 Hermes-genitalia stone 54,55 gold 9, 99, 139 Hermu Aedoeon 55 gilded pills 187–188 Herna´ndez, Francisco 139 pharmaceutical use of Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration see Antarctic antiquity 171–172 Herschel, William 403 early modern times 179–184 hiccoughs 93 Middle Ages 172–179 hilibu-stone 9 Seventeenth century 184–186 Hill, Sir John 34, 35, 113, 123, 124, 126, 127–128, 128, 129, 130, pharmacopoeias 186–187 216, 218, 218 gold leaf 87, 88 on aetites 222 Goma Dalbelat 61 on amber 221–222 gonorrhea 124 on earths 225 Gordon, Bernard 178 on mercury ore 227 Gorini, Paolo on nephrite 226 autobiography 470 on pyrite 226 book on mountain building 473 on selenite 225 conservation studies 469, 471, 472 Hippocrates 85, 113 crematorium designer 469, 474 first links health and environment 283 early life 469 Hispanus, Petrus (Pedro Julia˜o; Pope John XXI) 85, 87, 99, 163, father of experimental geology 469, 472 173–174, 174 Gorrod, Alfred Baring 410, 412 Histoire Ge´ne´rale des Drogues (A Compete History of Drugs) 34, Gourdon, Ernest, Antarctic medic-geologist 459 35, 216 gout treatment 261 historia genre 293–295 Grabadin 85 in natural history and medicine 295–296 granat see garnet Historia Naturalis (Natural History) 13–14 granatus 211 History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents 30 graptolites, in cryptopalaeontology 56 History of the Materia Medica 34, 35, 216, 219 grave-robbing 357 Hochberg, Thomas von 102 gravitational attraction 405 Hockley Spa 255 Gray, Henry 116 holy wells 263–264 Great Chain of Being 364–365, 365–366, 371 Holywell (North Wales) 264 Great Malvern spa 243, 247, 249–250, 256, 396, 397 honey 88 bottled water 265 Honeycomb stone 46–47, 48 Great White Shark see shark anatomy also shark’s teeth Horstius, Johann Daniel 320–321 Greece, history of lithotherapeutics 10–13 Hortus Sanitatis (Garden of Health) 22, 22, 23, 66, 69, 70–71, 71, green vitriol 77 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 115, 115, 157, 158, 223, 225 Grew, Edwin 435–436 Horwood Spa (Somerset) 245, 257 Grew, Nehemiah 116, 129, 131 Hotwells Spring 256 groundwater mineralization 262, 263 Hu Po (amber) 166 Guillemeau, Jacques (Jacob Guilmeus) 99, 314–315 hulalu-stone 8 gum of Abelat 62, 91 Hulke, John Whitaker 410, 411 gum disease 12, 24, 69–70, 71, 73, 75 death 424–425 gynaecological treatment 98 early life 409–410 gypsum 10 FGS election 414 482 INDEX

Hulke, John Whitaker (Continued) iodine 252, 262 FRS election 414, 415 relation to goitre 285–286 Hulke Collection 425 Irish slate (Lapis Hibernicus) 217–219 palaeontology research 416–417 iron 9, 175 Isle of Wight fauna 419–421 groundwater 263 Leeds collection 422–424 iron oxide 69 sauropods 417–418 iron sulphate (green vitriol) 77 sea dragons 418–419 iron sulphide see marcasite work as surgeon 410 Ischyrosaurus manseli 417 Humboldt, Alexander von 292, 451 Isidore (Isidorus Hispalensis, Bishop of Seville) 16, 16 humours, health balance of four 85, 87 lapidiary 16, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57 Hunter, John 331, 339, 349, 354, 360–361, 361, 369–370, 371, Islington Spa 257 401, 403 Italy Hunter, William 350, 401 first crematorium 471, 474 early life 349–353, 350, 364 first forensic medicine study 464, 467–468 fossil collection 361, 362, 363-367 lithoiatric practices 238–241 lecturer 354 source of clays 129–130 licentiate surgeon 354 ivory 27, 88, 93, 149, 174, 206, 363 physician 358–359 public museum of anatomy 359–360 jacinth see hyacinth surgeon-accoucheur 354–357 jade 139, 147, 226 views on extinction 366 James, Robert 164 Hunterian Museum (Glasgow) 369–371 Jameson, Robert 375 Hunterian Reminiscences 331, 339 jasper 16, 18, 24 Hutton, James 399 jaundice remedy 9, 198 Huxley, Thomas Henry 409, 412, 414, 414–416 Javanese unicorn 202 hyacinth (jacinth) 87, 88, 91, 99, 100, 178, 182 Jefferson, Thomas 396 Hyacintho, Confectio de,(Confettione di Iacinto) 179, 184 Jenner, Edward 400 hyacinthus 211 bird watching 401 Hyaenias 57 early life 401 Hybele, Cristoff 199 smallpox research 400, 401, 402 hydrogeology jet 14, 59, 223–224 heritage spas 246–248 jeve see alum Bath 248–249 Jewish stone 141, 149 Bridge of Allan 253–254 Jews’ bitumen 60 Buxton 251–252 Jews’ stone (Lapis Jucaicus; Piedra Iudiega; echinoids) 12, 14, Cheltenham 249 15, 50, 51, 149, 211, 219, 219 Droitwich 250 Joachimsthal mines 271 Great Malvern 249–250 Jonston, Johannes (Jonstonus) 165, 165 Harrogate 253 Judean stone see Jews’ stone Llandrindod Wells 250 Julep of Gems 209 Matlock Bath 251 Royal Leamington Spa 250–251 kadmeia 52 Royal Tunbridge Wells 248 Kalamos Indikos 58 Strathpeffer 254 kaolinite 70 Terfriw Spa 252–253 kartoiz 53 Woodhall Spa 252 Keller, Alberto 471 hydropathy development 246 Kermes vermilio 98, 100 hydrotherapy, early treatments 261 Kerygmata lapidiary 45, 52, 53, 58 hydroxyapatite calculi 141, 142 coelenterates 46 Hyeronemon 50 crinoids 50 Hypsilophodon foxii 417, 421, 422, 423 trilobites 47 hysterolites 47 kidney disease remedies 9, 13, 26 Hysterolithos 28 kidney stones 141, 147, 226, 464, 469 remedy 15, 26, 51 Iadeus dactylus 53, 55 Kimolos (Cimolos; Chimolos), as source of clays 114 ianibu-stone 9 Kircher, Athanasius 291 Iaroslavich of Kiev, Sviatoslav 15 kisseris 160 iatrochemistry 318 Kitab al-Jamahir fi Ma’rifat al-Jawahir (The Book Most Ibn al-Baytar 114 Comprehensive in Knowledge on Precious Stones) 14, Ibn Sina see Avicenna 75–76 Ichthyosaurus 401, 416, 436 Kitab al-tasrif (medical encyclopaedia) 14, 65 igneus lapidis lithantracis 160 Koettlitz, Reginald Iguanodon 414–415, 417, 417, 419, 436 Antarctic expedition doctor and geologist 456–457, 456 iheyl 89 Korsites 50 ilektron 61 Kundmann, Johann Christian 28, 29, 131 Imperato, Ferrante 24, 24, 116, 320 impotence remedy 9 La Frambiosie`re, Nicolas Abraham de (Nicol Abraham incunabula, defined 21 Frambesarius) 187, 189 India, Ayurvedic medical writings 1, 9 La terre avant le de´luge (Before the deluge) 433, 436 Indian gooseberry 90 labour pain treatment 14 infertility cure 261, 264 Lacnunga (Remedies) 14 INDEX 483 lactation, promotion of 10, 13, 16, 123, 141, 240 Liber ad Almansorem 172 Laetificans 179 Liber Canonis Medicinae 172, 172 Lancisi, Giovanni Maria 26 Liber de natura rerum 17 Lanfranchi, Guido (Lanfranc of Milan) 164, 164 Liber Servitoris 172 Lankester, Ray 429, 430, 435, 436 Liber Theizir 173 Lapides Bufonii see toadstones) Libro Aureo de Marco Aurelio Emperador 187, 189 lapidiaries Ligni aloes 89,93 with cryptopalaeontology references 45–46 Ligurius 16 defined 20, 45 Lilium Medicinae 178 Lapis Anthropocrinus 50 lime (calcium oxide/hydroxide) 72–73 Lapis Arabicus 57 limestone (white earth) 141 Lapis Armenus 26 limonitic nodules 16 Lapis Basanites 148 Linnaeus, Carl 334 Lapis Bezoar 211 Linnean system (binomial classification system) 313–314, Lapis bezoar orientalis 199 334, 336 Lapis Bononiensis 145, 146 Lister, Martin 291, 316 Lapis Calaminaris 164, 211 Lithica 12 Lapis Cantharias 47 Lı´thica Orphe´oˆs 193, 205 Lapis Carcinias 47 lithoiatric practices Lapis Catochitis 60 European folklore 235 Lapis Chelidonia 57 symbolism of rocks and stones Lapis Corsoides 50 Christian 236–238 Lapis Crucifer 148 Italy 238–241 Lapis de barchin 160 pre-Christian 235–236 Lapis de Goa see Goa stone Lithos Bina Teofrastus 59 Lapis Dryitis 58 Lithos Erineas 60 Lapis Enorchis 55 Lithos Korsites 50 Lapis Gagatis (Gagates)59 Lithos Lynx 61 Lapis Hibernicus (Irish slate) 217–219 Lithos Ophites 53 Lapis Judaicus (Iudaicus) see Jews’ stone Lithos Ostrakitis 52 lapis lazuli 9, 20, 72, 211 Lithos Siderite 53 Lapis Lincis see Lynx stone Lithos Skorpios 47 Lapis Lyncurius 61 Lithos Spinos 59 Lapis malaccensis 196, 205 lithotherapeutics and lithotherapy 1 Lapis Myrmecias 47 Anglo-Saxon 14 Lapis Narcissites 61 Arabic/Islamic 14–15 Lapis Nephriticus 211, 226–227, 227 Assyria 8–9 Lapis Nipparene 58 Babylon 8–9 Lapis Odontolycius 58 China 9–10 Lapis Orites 53 Egypt 7–8 Lapis Ossis 54,57 Greece 10–13 Lapis Ostrachitis 52 India 9 Lapis Ostritis 52 Rome 13–14 Lapis Pumicis 160 Russia 15 Lapis Samotracia 58 liver treatment 12, 20 Lapis Scorpitis 47 Liverpool Spa 257, 257 Lapis Serpentis 205 Livonia, source of clays 127–128 Lapis Spongiae 159 Llandrindod Wells 243, 247, 250, 256, 265 Lapis Tyertinus Pomicosus 160 Llangammarch Wells 255, 264–265 Lapis Vulcani 160 Llwyd, Edward 316 laxative effects 262–263 Locatelli, Anna Pozzi 471 lazurite see lapis lazuli lodestone 144–145 Le Dran, Henri-Franc¸ois 353, 353 London spas and springs 257 Le Grand Herbier 23 Long Gu 166 Le jardin de sante´ 157, 158 longevity, treatment for 9 lead 175 Lourdes spring 263 Leamington Spa see Royal Leamington Spa Lovell, Robert 31, 165 L’Ecluse, Charles (Clusius) 194–195 Lumen Apothecariorum 179 leechbooks 14 Luminare Maius 179, 181 Leeds, Alfred 419, 424 Lunar Society 396, 398 Leeds, Charles 422–424 lung disease treatments 9, 271 leishmaniasis 68 Lusitanus, Amatus (Joa˜o Rodrigues de Castelo Branco) Le´mery, Nicolas 34 189, 190, 215, 217 197–198, 197 lemnian earth (terra Lemnia) 99, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, Lycophtalmos 57 118–121, 133, 224, 225 Lyell, Charles 292, 413, 434–435, 463 Lemnos, as source of clays 114, 118–121 lyngurium 220 Lenelim stone 54,55 Lynx stone (Lapis lincis) 16, 26, 44, 53, 61, 143-144, 144, 211, lentil stone 46, 48 220–221, 220 Leonardus, Camillus 28–29, 161 Lepidotes teeth 18, 143, 320 MacCulloch, John 404 leprosy treatment 173, 202, 261, 262 contribution to Scottish geology 405, 406 leucorrhea 93 death 406 484 INDEX

MacCulloch, John (Continued) Melita earth see terra Melitea early life 404 Melksham Spa 255 geological interests 405 Memphrite 16 Geological Society President 405 Menestrier, Claude 147 medical studies 405 menhirs 235–236 Macis (mace) 89,93 menstrual problems, treatment of 9, 24 Mackenzie, James 285 Mercati, Michele 24, 25, 26, 121, 140 madness treatments in China 9 mercuric chloride 264 Maerlant, Jacob van 17 mercury ore (cinnabar) 227 Magia Naturalis (Natural Magic) 32, 33 Mermann, Thomas 138 magnesium springs 265 mesothelioma 271 magnetite 18, 20, 166 Mesue¨ the Elder (Yuhanna ibn Masawaih) 84 eye cosmetic 8 Mesue¨ the Younger (Johannes Mesue¨ of Damascus) 84, 86, kidney disease treatment 9 175–176, 176 Magnetius, Rabanus Maurus 16–17 Metallotheca 25, 26, 140 Magnus, Albertus 22, 159, 159, 226 meteorites 455, 459 Magnusson, Gisli 314 miasma theory 284, 285 Maimonides, Moses 15, 15 Milan, first crematorium 471, 474 mala metallaolorum 272 milk stone 13 malachite 8 Mine´ralogie 132 malaria mineralization of groundwater 262, 263 linked to mosquitoes 26, 283 mining and health see coal mining treatment 20, 384 mint (Mentha sp.) 71 Malpighi, Marcello 291 miscarriage prevention 145 Malta Mithridates VI (King of Ponto) 194 source of clays 121–123, 133 mithridatium 99–100, 194, 209 tonguestones 319 Mohr, Francis 189 Maltese sealed earth 141 Mohs, Friederich 449 Malvern see Great Malvern Moira Spa 255, 257 mammals Monardes, Nicola´s Bautista 198, 226 cryptopalaeontology 57–58 Monro, Alexander Primus 349, 350, 351, 354, 356 fossil remains in medicines 9 Montagnana, Bartolomeo 179 William Hunter’s studies 361–367 Montanus see Schulz, Johann mammoth ivory 27 Moore, John 363 Man-hair stone 48,50 Morales, Gaspar de 31 Manardo, Giovanni 189 morning sickness 99 Mandeville, Jean de 21 Moscardo, Lodovico 121 manganese, groundwater 263 mosquito, marshy ground and malaria linked 283 Manget, Jean-Jacques 185–186, 186, 218 mother of pearl see nacre Mansell-Pleydell, John Clavell 412, 417, 418 mountain building and water crystallization 472 Manson, Alexander 285 mountain-alive stones 53 Mantell, Gideon Algernon 336, 347, 433 mouth deformity treatment 65 marble 72 mouth wash 66, 68, 70, 71 Marbodus Gallus 21, 223–224 Mu¨ller, Theophilus 138 marcasite (iron sulphide) 73 mummification see conservation and petrification Marchasita 211 mumps treatment 69 Marini, Efisio 471 Musaeum Metallicum 26 Marmelada Cordialis calida 97 Museum Museorum 28, 117 Mary’s milk 123 musk 88, 93, 182, 206 Maskelyne, Nevil 405 mussaru-stone 8, 9 mastodon fossil 362, 363, 365, 368 musu-stone 8 Materia Medica 67, 113, 114, 118, 213–214 Mynsicht, Adrian von 97, 97 Matlock Bath 243, 247, 251, 256 Myristica fragrans 89 Matsuyama hot springs 255 Myrmecitis 47 Mattioli, Pietro Andrea (Mattiolus) 94–95, 95, 116, 119, 183–184 myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)71 Mawson, Douglas 459 Myrrh stone 61 Mazintarican stone 50 Mazzini, Giuseppe 472 nacre (mother of pearl) 72 Mead, Richard 163, 163, 359, 359 naphtha 76 medical cabinets, tradition 209–210 Narcissite stone 61 medical geology, origins of 282–283 narwhal 316–317 medical profession nasal polyps treatment 68 hierarchy of 330–331 natron (sodium carbonate) 66 traditions in training 331 Natural History: Fossils 139–140 Medicamentorum Opus 176, 177 Naturalis Historiae (Natural History) 1, 46, 91, 113, 118, Medici, Giulio di Giuliano de’ (Pope Clement VII) 83–84 161, 171 Medicina Rationalis 466 Nautic lapidiary, coelenterates 46 meerschaum 158 Neck-Crane stone 49,53 megaliths, symbolism of 235, 236 Neckam, Alexander 18 Megaloceras 362, 363, 364, 436 necklaces 91 Megenberg, Konrad von 20 medicinal 8, 72 melancholies treatment 20, 100, 196 nephrite (jade) 24, 139, 226 INDEX 485

Newton, Thomas 162 Paracelsus (Philip Theophrastus von Hohenheim Aureol) 272, Nicholls, Frank 350, 351–352, 352, 354 285, 321, 445 Nicols, Thomas 30, 221, 226 Paradoxus Boltoni 392, 392 nightmare treatment 14, 98 Pare´, Ambroise 97, 97, 100, 203 nitrate, bottled water 265 Parkes, Edmund Alexander 280, 285 nitro see natron Renkioi Hospital 280–282 Nordic Renaissance role in medical geology 282–283 defined 307 Parkinson, Emma Rook 329, 330, 333, 334 faith and belief background 307–310 sampler 330 impact on Copenhagen University 312 Parkinson, James nosebleed treatment 223, 223 death 336 Nottingham Spa (Dorset) 245, 256 family 329–330 nummulites 14 Geological Society of London founder member 339 Nuovo et Universale Theatro Farmaceutico 184, 184 geology and fossilizing 334, 339 Biblical links 342–343 Oak stone 58 order of strata 341–342 obesity cures 264 Outlines of Oryctology 334, 345 obsidian 9, 139 Mantell’s tribute 336–337 Ochra 211 medical practice 336 odontological preparations 66–77 medical writings 333, 335, 336 oedema treatment 67 microscope 334 Oglander, John 116 mineral collection 332 Ohio incognitum 363, 365 political lobbying 331 Oliver, Thomas 272 President of the Association of Apothecaries 336 olives disease 51 religious code and relation to geology 334–335, Omosaurus dubrobrivensis 417 339–341, 347 On Airs, Waters and Places 283 Royal College of Surgeons member 345, 347 Onocardia 51, 52 studies in chemistry 331, 332 opal 28 Parolino, Francesco Roncalli 465, 467, 468 Opera 173 Parry, Caleb Hillier 402 Ophites 53 association with Jenner 400, 401, 402 ophthalmology see eye treatment death 404 Orfilla, Mathieu (Father of Toxicology) 206 early life 402 Organic Remains of a Former World 334, 339, 340, 344, 346 Geological Society of London founder 403 Orite stone 53 medical career 403 Oritis 53 sheep farming interests 403–404 Ornithocephalus antiquus 431 Pasteurella 99 Ornithopsis spp. 416, 417, 419, 423, 425 paulianus 141 Orpheus lapidiary 12, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 58 Paulli, Simon 315 orpiment (arsenic sulphide) 73–75, 100 Peacock, Thomas 272 Orta, Garcia de 194, 195, 196, 197 pearls 88, 92–93, 99, 100, 102, 139, 149, 151, 151, 174, 175, Orthoceras 388 178, 182 orthoceratids in cryptopalaeontology 55 Pechey, John 102 orthoceratites 385 Pedra Cordial 205 Ortus Sanitatis see Hortus Sanitatis Pedra de cobra 205 oryctology Pedra de Goa 205 studies of Hunter 361, 362, 363–367 pellitory (Anacyclus pyrethrum)71 studies of Parkinson 334, 339, 345 Pen-ts’ao 9 Os Costaziae seu Pumex 166 Peters, Carl Ferdinand 448, 451, 451, 452 Os Draconis 166 petrifaction see conservation Osler, Sir William 273 petrified wood 209 Ostrachitis 51, 52 Pezold, Johann Ernst August 174 Ostracites 51, 52 Pharmacopea austriaca 116 Ostrakita 51, 52 Pharmacope´e Royale Gale´nique et Chymique 215 Ostrakitis 51, 52 Pharmacope´e Universelle 215 Ostrites 51, 52 Pharmacopoea spagirica 146 Outlines of Oryctology 334, 345 Pharmacopoeia, evolution, 17-18th century 209 Owen of Henllys, George 315 Pharmacopoeia Augustana Reformata 187 Owen, Richard 409, 412, 413, 414–416, 433, 435 Pharmacopoeia Cathalana 85 ox-dung-stone 9 Pharmacopoeia Collegii Regalis Londini 186, 187 Oyster stone 49, 51, 52 Pharmacopoeia Londonesis 33, 181 Pharmacopoeia seu Medicamentarium pro Republica Paget, James 412, 414 Augustana 186 painkiller 68, 73 Pharmakitis 60 Palaeodyction 47 Philosophia Pyrotechnica seu Cursus Chymiatricus 139 palaeontology see fossils Phorusrhacos 436 Palestine, source of clays 123 phthisis 271 Palissy, Bernard 116, 132 Phyllanthus emblica 90 Panzoologicomineralogia (A Compeat History of Animals and Physica (Medicine) 17 Minerals) 31, 32 Physiologus 15 Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo 137 phytobezoars 193 pappardilu-stone 8 Piedra Albarquid 47 486 INDEX

Piedra Arabiga 57 Polyporus tuberaster 144 Piedra Caracol de la Mar 53 pomecitron 88,93 Piedra de los Ermianos 61 Pomet, Pierre 35, 123, 146, 165, 216, 218, 225 Piedra Diente de Cangreyo Marino 47 on amber 221 Piedra Farquidius (Farquidius stone) 46, 47, 50 medical cabinet 209 Piedra Gagates 59 pompholyx see zinc oxide sublimate Piedra Indiana de Cangrejos 47 Pondo remedy 56 Piedra Iudiega see Jews’ stone porcelain (china) 70 Piedra Lenelim 55 porcupine stones (lapis malaccensis) 196, 205 Piedra Maihutyz 58 Porta, Giambattista della 31–32, 33 Piedra Marina 51 Portugal Piedra Maziuquez 58 source of clays 130 Piedra Melizlumen 51 use of bezoars 194–196 Piedra que atrae los huesos 57 Posewitz, Theodor 452–453, 452 Piedra Romana 56 potassium alum see alum Piedra Tarmicaz 51, 52 Potentilla erecta 94 Piedra Yonuoloyz 61 Potier, Pierre 146 Piedra Zamoricaz 61 Potio Musca 179 Piedra Zayetanizes 61 Practica Brevis 173 Piedra Zequeth 59 Practical Pharmacy 189 Piedras Hijadas (jade) 226 Praepositus, Nicolaus 179 Pierre Ponce 160 pregnant stone 145 Pietra de Porcospino 199 Pre´vost, Nicole 179 Pietra de Rospo 320 Pseudo-Mesue¨ see Mesue¨ the Younger Pietra fungifera 144 psychological disorders 100, 102 Piltdown Man 430 pterodactyl (pterosaur) 429, 430–431 pimstein 160 depiction as dragons 431–436 pins-kratzstein 160 depiction in The Lost World 436–442 Piper longum (long pepper) 89,93 Great Exhibition 433 Pirie, James Harvey456, 456 Pterodactylus 436 Pisasphalt 60 public health Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph 215, 216 defined 279 plague treatment 27, 93, 99–100, 238 environmental impacts recognized 280–283 Plant stone 58 healthy localities interpreted 285–286 plants, in cryptopalaeontology 58–59 pioneers 279–280 Platearius, Matthaeus 115, 173 Pulvis Cordialis 179 Playfair, John 375 Pulvis de Gemmis sine speciebus Mesue¨s 85 Plesiosaurus 401, 416, 436 Pumex 159, 160 Plinius Indicus 28 Pumex Vulcani 160 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) 1, 13, 46, 55, 56, 57, pumey 160 58, 59, 60, 61, 91, 92, 159, 160, 161, 171, 172 pumice 9, 12, 27 writings on described 157 amber 221 early uses 160–161 bivalves 52, 53 Chinese traditional medicine 165–166 Caracole stone 53 dental and oral 162–163 crab stone 47 epidermal and corneal 163–165 crinoids 50 miscellaneous 165 earths 113, 118 locations found 157 echinoids 51 preparation for use 161–162 Finger stone 55 synonyms 157–160 hematite 223 Purton Spa 255 Honeycomb stone 46 Putzstein 160 jet 223 pyorrhoea treatment 66, 69, 70, 72 lentil stones 46 Pyren stone 51 nitro 66 pyrite 73, 226 poison antidotes 194 pyrolusite, eye cosmetic 8 pumice 160–161, 163 pyrope 139 selenite 225 stones 220 quartz 13, 16 trilobites 47 see also crystal Pliny of the Indies (Plinius Indicus )28 quicksilver 185, 227 Plot, Robert 128, 220–221 quinine as malaria treatment 384 pneumoconiosis 272 pneumonia treatment 68 radish (Raphanus sativus)68 Pnigitis terra 69, 141 radium in groundwater 264 Pointer, John 116, 124 Ranunculus aconitifolius 88 poison cures (alexipharmics) 32, 91, 93, 115, 121, 123, 124, 131– Ray, John 291, 316 132, 141–143, 143, 144, 194, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203 Razi, Muhammad ibn Zakariya 14 see also bezoars red coral see coral Polacanthus foxii 417, 420–421 red vitriol see vitriol Polli, Giovanni 471 Redwood, Theophilus 189 Polve Cordilae 184 religious rituals INDEX 487

rocks or stones 236–241 Schreck, Johannes 138 water 264, 266 Schulz, Johann (Montanus or Johannes Scultetus Trimontanus) Renaissance 124, 127, 224 defined 307 Scorpio Stone 47 impact on universities 311–312 Scorpion Stone 47 renal calculi (stones) remedy 24, 50 Scotland, MacCulloch’s work on geology 405 renal treatment 12 Scotlandwell (Fife) 261 Renkioi Hospital (Crimea) 280, 281, 282, 282 scrofula cure 223 Rennie, James 218 sea beans 159 Renou, Jean de 94, 94 sea foam (spume; froth of the sea) 67, 157–158, 160 respiratory pain treatment 12 Secrets of Art and Nature 101 Reuss, August Emanuel 448 Sedgwick, Adam 413, 416 Reuss, Franz Abros 450, 450 Seeley, Harry Govier 412, 416, 433, 435, 435 Rhazes 73, 172 Sekbedj (Sektedj) 59 rheumatism treatment 68, 261, 262, 264 Select Observations on English Bodies 395 Rhinoceras sondalicus 202 selenite 12, 225–226, 225 Rhinoceras unicornis 201, 202 selenium, groundwater 263 rhinoceros bones 54 selenium deficiency 262 rituals and rites, association with rocks and stones 235–236 Semedo, Joa˜o Curvo 205, 205 rock alum see alum Sennert, Daniel 104, 314 rock crystal see crystal sepiolite 158–159 rock salt see halite Sequana Spring (Burgundy) 263 Rodrigues de Castelo Branco, Joa˜o (Amatus Lusitanus) Serapio(n) the Younger 73, 75, 173 197–198, 197 Settala, Manfredo 121, 146 Roman alum see alum setwall 88 Roman earth 69 Severinus, Marcus Aurelius 139, 144 Roman stone 56 Shap Spa (Cumbria) 256 Romance of Modern Geology 435–436, 437 shark anatomy, studies by Steno 291, 296–298 Rome, history of lithotherapeutics 13–14 Shark’s tooth stone (glossopetra; tongue-stone) 54, 56, 149, 291, Rosa Anglica Practica Medicinae a Capite ad Pedes 178 299, 318, 319, 320, 362 Rosslin the Younger, Eucharius 115, 130 Shell stone 49, 51, 52 Royal Leamington Spa 243, 246, 247, 250–251, 256, 257 Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Divine Farmer’s Materia Medica) 9, 11 Royal Tunbridge Wells 243, 246, 247, 248, 255, 256, 263 Sherley, Sir Thomas 114 Rubrica Synopica (Roman earth; Cyprus earth) 69 Shoe and Canoe 393 ruby 14, 21, 91, 100, 102, 139, 182, 206 siderite 53, 145 Rudolph II 202–203 sideritic nodules 16 Rulandus, Martin 160 Sideritis 53 Rumpf, Georg Eberhard 28, 28 Silesian clay (earth) 124–127, 132 Russell, Richard 163 silicosis 272 Russia, history of lithotherapeutics 15 Silliman, Benjamin 385 Russius, Laurentius 164 Silvaticus, Matthaeus 115 Rutty, John 217 silver 9, 99, 174, 175 Ruysch, Frederick 471 silver leaf 87, 88, 182 Sina, Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn see Avicenna Saccharo rosato 90,94 Sinopic earth 114 Sadler, John 99 skin disease treatments 9, 261 Sadler’s Wells 257 Skulason, Thorlak 316–317 safety fuse 272 Skytte, Anders 314, 315 safety lamp 272 Sloane, Sir Hans 116, 121, 121 saffron 89, 93, 100 medical cabinet 210, 211 Sagato, Girolamo 471 Small, William 396 Saggi di naturali esperienze 289, 297, 298 smallpox 147, 400, 402 saggilmud-stone 9 smaragdus see emerald St Anne, patron saint of cripples 245 Smellie, William 350, 351 St Chad, patron saint of mineral springs 245 Smith, Thomas Southwood 279 St Paul’s sealed earth 141 Smith, William 341, 405, 406 Salernitatus, Nicolaus 176–177 Smollett, Tobias 350 saline springs 247, 265 Snake stone 49, 53, 198, 205 Salmon, William 95, 96 snakebite treatment 121, 123, 129, 141, 194, 198 samian earth 225 Snow, John 280 Samos, as source of clays 114 Sock Dennis mineral spring 255 sapphire 12, 14, 16, 21, 24, 87, 88, 91, 100, 102, 182, 206 Socrates-Dionisos lapidary 45 sapphirus 211 sodium carbonate (natron) 66 sard (red chalcedony) 88,91 sodium chloride see halite Sauvenie`re Spring (Belgium) 263 sodium tetraborate see borax scabies 75, 202 Solnhofen Limestone 430, 431, 431, 434 scabwort 94 solutes in groundwater 262, 263 Scandinavia, source of clays 128 Solvent stone 50, 51 Scarborough Spa (Yorkshire) 244 spa resorts 243 Scheuchzer, Johann 316 British 243–245, 244 Schiehallion 405 development of 245–246 schistus 24 early discovery 254–255 488 INDEX spa resorts (Continued) Sunday Stone 269, 270, 272 hydrogeological classification 255–257 Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia 116 hydrogeology 246–248 suppository 8 Bath 248–249 suppuration treatment 12 Bridge of Allan 253–254 surgeons, role of 330–331 Buxton 251–252 swallow stone 14 Cheltenham 249 syncope see apoplexy Droitwich 250 Syringitis 50 Great Malvern 249–250 syrus 160 Harrogate 253 Llandrindod Wells 250 talc 11 Matlock Bath 251 tar 76–77 Royal Leamington Spa 250–251 Taylor, Griffith 458, 459 Royal Tunbridge Wells 248 Teall, Jethro 457 Strathpeffer 254 Teatro Farmaceutico Dogmatico e Spagirico 185 Trefriw Spa 252–253 Tecolithos 51, 160 Woodhall Spa 252 Tenbury Wells 255 water chemistry 247, 264–265 Terra Armenica 123 Spain, source of clays 130 Terra Florentina 117, 129–130 Speculum Lapidum (Mirror of Stones) 28–29 Terra Hierosolymitanae 123 Speculum Maius (The Great Mirror) 18, 19 Terra Hispanica 130 spicknard (spikenard) 89,93 Terra Lemnia see Lemnian earth Spuma maris 157–158 Terra Livonica 127–128 stag heart bone 173, 174, 175, 178, 182 Terra Melitea (Melitensis) 121–123, 133 stag’s horn 193, 206 Terra Nocerana 130 Stannary Laws 271 Terra Portugallica 130 star-stones 148 Terra Samia 211, 225 staunch (selenite) 226 Terra Sigillata Rubra 69 Stegosaurus 435, 436 Terra Sigillata (sealed earth) 85, 113, 115, 117, 125, 206, 209 steinverhartungen im feuer 160 effectiveness of treatment 130–134 stellaria 148 historical use Stelluti, Francesco 138 early period 114–116 Steno, Nicolas (Niels Stensen; Nicolaus Stenonius) 26, 289, 313 modern period 116–118 career in medical cabinets 224–225 anatomist 292–293 sources and types of clay geologist 292 Armenia 123 religionist 293 British Isles 128–129 death 291 central Europe 124–127 early years 290 France 128 Grand Tour 290–291 Italy 129–130 historia impact 296 Lemnos 118–121 shark study 296–298 Livonia 127–128 writings on Tuscany 301, 302, 303 Malta 121–123 stibnite 8 Palestine 123 stitch treatment 14 Scandinavia 128 stomach upsets remedy 24, 30 Spain and Portugal 129 stone alum see alum Turkey 123–124 stone of vulcan 160 troches 117 stones, use in medicinal necklaces 8 Terra Silesiaca 124–127, 211 ‘stones that grow’ (calculi) 141 Terra Simolia 211 stones, vomiting 464, 467–468 Terra Turcica 123–124 Stougaard, Christen 316, 317–318 Tesorio delle Gioie (Treasury of Gems) 85 Strabo 46 Testes stone 54,55 strained roses 90,94 Thackrah, Charles Turner 272 strangury treatment 14, 166 The Anatomy of Melancholy 81, 82 Strathpeffer Spa 243, 247, 254, 256, 257, 265 The Canon of Medicine 284 struvite 193 The Complete Herbal 214 su-stone 9 The English Physitian 214 Sualiternicum 61 The Greate Herball 23, 23 Suardo, Paolo 179 The History of Pretious Stones (A Lapidiary) 31 subu-stone 9 The Lost World 436–442 ‘successive creations’, Parkinson’s theory 339–343 The Shaking Palsy 335, 336 Sucinus 61 Theophrastus 22, 91, 159, 220 sudorific 93, 225 lapidiary of 45–46, 91 Suess, Eduard 447, 447, 448 Theory of the Earth 102 sugar of roses 90,94 Theriac 209 Suiutis, Abderrahman 139 thermal springs 247, 248, 251, 254–255, 256 sulphate, groundwater 263 Thesaurus et Armamentarium Medico-Chymicum 97 sulphur 75–76 Thesaurus Pauperum (Treasury of the Poor) 85, 87, sulphur springs 245, 247, 254, 265 163, 174 Sumerian society, drug recipes 1 Thesaurus Siluricus 393 sun block 8 Thevet, Andre´ 114, 119, 120, 123 INDEX 489 thirst treatment 20 Valerian 88 Thium 61 vampires 433 Thoresby, Ralph 116 Van der Naturen Bloeme (The Flowers of Nature) 17 Thoyras, Paul Rapin de 189 variola stone 147, 147 thrush treatment 67 Varro, Marcus Terentius 171 Thunder stone 49 Vectisaurus valdensis 417 Thun-Hohenstein, Leo 447–448, 448 Venetian bole 129 toadstones (Lapides Bufonii; Pietra de Rospo) 18, 30, 32, 143, 320, ventilation of mines 273–275 320–321 fans 275–277 tongue-stones see shark’s tooth stone verdigris (copper acetate) 77 tonics 14 Verne, Jules 429, 436 tonsillitis remedy 66, 68, 75, 91 Vigani, Giovanni Francesco (John Francis), medical cabinet tooth extraction 70, 70 210–212, 211, 212, 220, 223, 224, 225 Tooth stones 58 Vino odoro 90 tooth whitening 70, 159, 162 Visconti 272 tooth-ache cures 14, 76, 223 vision problems 14, 20 toothpaste 66, 71, 162-163 vitriol 77 topaz 9, 99, 206 Vitruvius 283 topazius 211 Viuum 211 Topsell, Edward 30, 164–165 Viviani, Vincenzio 291 Torghatten Hole (Norway) 472 volcanoes, experimental modelling of 469, 472 tormentil 94 Volmar, German poet 20–21 Torricelli, Evangelista 291 vomiting stones 464, 467–468 Torrubia lapidiary 47, 50 Vulture stone 55 Tourette Syndrome 399 Tournefort, Jospeh Pitton de 34 Walker, John 284 traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), history of 9 Wall, John 396 Traite´ de la Chymie 171 early life 396 Traite´ de la matie`re me´dicale 215 medical practice 396–397 Traite´ des Drogues Simples 215 study of Malvern Water 397 Tranchina, Giuselle 471 Worcester Porcelain Company 397–398 Treacle of Aromanchus 116 Wallerius, J.G. 132 Treasury of medical materials of New Spain (History of Mexican warts remedy 171 plants, animals and minerals) 139 water see bottled water; drinking water; groundwater Treatise of Melancholy 100 Waterhouse Hawkins, Benjamin 432, 433 tree agate 28 Wealden faunas 419–421, 436–438 Trefriw Spa (Wales) 243, 247, 252–253, 255, 257 Wecker, Johann Jacob 101, 104, 162 trichobezoars 193 Werner, Abraham Gottlob 450 Triglitis 56 Whetter, Leslie, Antarctic medic-geologist 459 trilobites 48 white earth 141 in cryptopalaeonotolgy 47 white stone 14 Triumph Wagen Antimonii 184 white vitriol see vitriol troches 113, 117, 125, 129, 130, 131 Wier, Johannes 98 Trochiscorum de rosis (Trochisi diarodon) 89,93 Wight, Isle of, fossil studies 419–421 Tschermak, Gustav 448 wight kidnies 159 tuberculosis treatment 12 Wilson, Edward, Antarctic surgeon-geologist 457–459, 458 tumorous tooth extraction 70, 70 Windsor Castle, Royal Library 137 tumour treatment 141, 143 Winslow, Charles-Edward 279 Tunbridge Wells see Royal Tunbridge Wells Witherslack Spa (Cumbria) 245 Turkey, source of clays 123–124 Wittzung, Christopher 116 turquoise 139 Wollaston Medal 414, 416 Turtle’s eye stone 54, 56, 57 womb treatments 98 Tuscany and Tuscan landscape, Steno’s writings on 301, Woodhall Spa 243, 247, 252, 255, 257 302, 303 Woodward, Arthur Smith 429–430 tutty (tuthia; tuttia) see zinc oxide sublimate Woodward, John 127, 127, 129, 316 typhus treatment 14 Worcester Porcelain Company 397–398 worm infestation 129 ulcer treatment 72, 77, 91, 115, 163, 163–165, 171 Worm, Ole (Oluf Worm; Olaus Wormius) 26–27, 27, 116, 123, Ulstad, Philipp 181 126, 128, 308, 309, 310–311 Umbria 321 at Copenhagen University 312–313 Unguentum diapompholigos 151 chemist 317–318 unicorn horn 85, 182, 193, 201, 202, 206, 209 correspondence 310–311 Unicornu fossilis (mammoth ivory) 27 death 313 uranium, groundwater 263 early life 312 urinary disorders and remedies 9, 51, 102 learning abroad 313 urogenital treatments 102 botany 313–314 Ussher, James (Archbishop of Armagh) 322 earth studies in Britain 315–316 uvula treatment 66, 75, 91 surgery 314–315 observations on fossils 318–321 Valcarenghi, Paolo 464, 465, 467, 468 runologist ad antiquarian 317 Valentini, Michael Bernhard 27–28, 28, 116, 117, 123 social environment of his time 307–309 Valentinus, Basilus 184 wormwood (Artemisia)98 490 INDEX wound treatment 10, 11, 27, 68, 76 Zedoaria 90 Wunderkammer (Wonder-room) 24 Zenker, F.A. 272 Zequech 59 Xenophanes 318 Zerbi, Gabriele 104 Zhu Sha (cinnabar) 166 Yemeni 51 zinc oxide 164 Yemeni alum see alum sublimate (pompholyx; tutty) 151, 164, 178, 211 Yenetatiz 51, 52 zinc sulphate (white vitriol) 77 Yersinia pestis 99 Zingiberaceae 89, 90,93 Yonuoloyz 61, 62 zircon see hyacinth (jacinth) zoolithophyte 143 Zalaqu-stone 8 zurumbeth 90 Zayetanizes 61, 62 Zwelfer, Johann 95 Zebezalbar 160 Zwinger, Jakob 312