Name: MULENGA WILLARD

Subject: Veterinary Diseases Of Food Animals And General Pathology

Date of submission: 24/12/2020

Lecturer: World Class Education

Question: Give the history of veterinary Diseases of Food Animals And General Pathology. Page 1 Table of contents

Page INTRODUCTION...... 3

Veterinary pathologists ...... 3 Veterinary anatomical pathology: ...... ,...... 3 Disease...... 4

Direct Contact ...... 4 Indirect Contact...... 4 Droplet Contact...... 4 Airborne Transmission...... 4 Fecal-Oral Transmission...... 5 Vector-Borne Transmission...... 5 Zoonotic Diseases...... 5 Immunity...... 5

Passive Immunity ...... 5 Active Immunity ...... 5 Veterinary medicine...... 6 History...... 6

Premodern era ...... 8 Establishment of profession...... 9 Veterinary workers...... 10 Veterinary physicians...... 10 Para veterinary workers...... 11 Allied professions...... 11 Veterinary research...... 11 Clinical veterinary research...... 12 Animal science...... 12 Education...... 12

Bachelor degree...... 13 Pre-veterinary emphasis...... 13 CONCLUSION: ...... 13 References: ...... 15

Page 2 VETERINARY DISEASES OF FOOD ANIMALS AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

In the first edition they established its role of the diseases of traditional farm animals in the Western world, those being cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats. The primary objective was to offer the veterinary student and the practitioner the knowledge and information necessary to provide animal health man-agement for farm animals.

Although the intent has not changed, the context of veterinary medicine and large- animal practice has changed markedly in the 56 years since publication of the first edition.

Veterinary pathologists are veterinarians who specialize in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided into two branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Other than the diagnosis of disease in food-producing animals, companion animals, zoo animals and wildlife, veterinary pathologists also have an important role in drug discovery and safety as well as scientific research.

Veterinary anatomical pathology:

Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology which is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross examination, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (necropsy). In some countries like

Indian, European, Japanese and American Colleges of Veterinary Pathologists certify veterinary pathologists through a certifying exam. In some College of Veterinary

Pathologist certification exam consists of four parts - gross pathology, microscopic pathology, veterinary pathology, and general pathology. Only the general pathology section is shared between the anatomic and clinical pathology examinations. Anatomic

Page 3 pathologists are employed in a number of different positions, including diagnostics, teaching, research, and the pharmaceutical industry.

Disease

• Is a disorder or incorrect function of an organ, structure or system of an animal’s body.

The disease Is transmitted from infected animals to susceptible animals through the following methods: such as direct contact as well as indirect contact and droplet contact also airborne transmission and fecal-oral transmission not only that vector- borne transmission.

Direct Contact

• Occurs when an infected animal has direct contact with a susceptible animal

Examples include: touching an infected animal and sexual contact also contact with oral secretions as well as contact with body lesions.

Indirect Contact

• Occurs when an animal comes in contact with a contaminated surface

• Examples include: sharing feed or water bowls with infected animals as well as touching other contaminated surfaces.

Droplet Contact

• The droplet contact it occurs when droplets containing microorganisms come in contact with the eyes, nose or mouth. For Examples include: infected animals coughing or sneezing onto susceptible animals.

Airborne Transmission.

• It occurs when droplets are evaporated or dust particles which contain microorganisms are in the air for Examples include: animals ingesting or breathing in microorganisms into their respiratory tract.

Page 4 Fecal-Oral Transmission.

• Occurs when microorganisms enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Examples include: animals eating contaminated food or water.

Vector-Borne Transmission

• However vector born transmission occurs when vectors, animals or insects, transfer the disease to other susceptible animals• For examples include: flies, mites and ticks transfer disease through biting susceptible animals and rats spread disease through feces which are then accidentally ingested by susceptible animals.

Zoonotic Diseases

• This try of disease can be passed between animals and humans which can be caused by viruses, as well as bacteria, also parasites and fungi not only that this Disease are transmitted by coming in contact with body fluids, being bitten by a tick or mosquito or eating or drinking something unsafe.

Immunity

• Therefore immunity Is an animal’s ability to protect and defend their body from infection, disease or other unwanted or foreign organisms and objects as well as

Includes the following processes: passive immunity and active immunity

Passive Immunity

• Is an immunity which occurs due to the injection of antibodies from outside the body to fight an infection or disease this Is short term and not permanent

Active Immunity

• Furthermore, Active immunity Is an immunity in which the animal’s body produces its own antibodies to fight of infection or disease this is long term and permanent.

Page 5 Veterinary medicine:

Is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Along with this, it also deals with animal rearing, husbandry, breeding, research on nutrition and product development.

The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions which can affect different species.Veterinary medicine is widely practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a veterinary physician (also known as a vet, veterinary surgeon or veterinarian), but also by para veterinary workers such as veterinary nurses or technicians. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialisms such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species relevant roles such as farriers.

Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease (infectious disease transmitted from non-human animals to humans), food safety, and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long-living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists and other health or natural scientists, depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are usually obliged to look after animal welfare.

Veterinarians diagnose, treat, and help keep animals safe and healthy.

History

Disease, regardless of the cause or source, has affected humankind long before recorded history. Archeological evidence in early man has suggested people living in that period were challenged by many of the same maladies that afflict people in modern day civilizations. Study of man’s early remains show these people were indeed affected

Page 6 by nutritional deficiencies, plagued by infectious diseases and even wasted into cachexia states by malignant cancers.

To further understand medicine. Indeed, studies of animal physiology, development and anatomy were fundamental to the development of the science of zoology and likely provided insight into animal diseases. Moreover, disciples of the Hippocratic School,

Heterphilos and Erasistratos who may also be considered founders of pathology also used animal dissection to improve their understanding of human anatomy and disease.

It appears likely that these individuals’ quest to understand human disease unknowingly set the foundation of veterinary pathology. Interestingly, it has been suggested that while many scholars during the Hippocratic period scoffed at the importance of veterinary medicine, they did believe comparative pathology to be useful.

These individuals were considered the first veterinary pathologists in a slowly burgeoning field. Of interest, it is speculated that Virchow’s curiosity in meat hygiene and belief that slaughter plants were fertile grounds to study disease may have flourished from introduction to facilities at a young age. Indeed many of his relatives worked as butchers in 19th Century Germany.

As civilization evolved, so too did methods of habitation. In general, communities evolved from individual small family units, into small clusters of people that eventually grew into the large communities that formed the foundation of major cities of present day. During this progression, humankind’s exposure to animals also increased. Animals were not only hunted for food but were increasingly being domesticated and hence, these animals were slowly becoming an essential constituent of the community. Cattle, and in particular oxen as well as horses were beasts of burden and were a welcome addition to the hard laborer. Horses also constituted the major vehicle of transportation in that day, and were only supplanted as the main source of transportation by automobiles in the early 1900’s. Dogs assisted in hunting and protecting the community Page 7 from unwanted visitors - whether these were man or beast. Cats were kept for companionship. Significantly, both dogs and cats were critical in pest control, a fact underscored by a rise in bubonic plague in 18th century London England following the erroneous destruction of dogs and cats in that city.

Premodern era

Archeological evidence, in the form of a cow skull upon which trepanation had been performed, shows that people were performing veterinary procedures in the Neolithic

(3400–3000 BCE).

Also the Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun (Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt) is the first extant record of veterinary medicine. The Shalihotra Samhita, dating from the time of Ashoka, is an early Indian veterinary treatise. The edicts of Asoka read: "Everywhere King Piyadasi

(Asoka) made two kinds of medicine which are still available, medicine for people and medicine for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted." Hippiatrica is a Byzantine compilation of hippiatrics, dated to the 5th or 6th century.

The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the Middle Ages, farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the more general task of "horse doctoring".

The Arabic tradition of Bayṭara or Shiyāt al-Khayl, originates with the treatise of Ibn Akhī

Hizām (fl. late 9th century).

In 1356, the Lord Mayor of London, concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city, requested that all farriers operating within a seven-mile (11.3 km) radius of the City of London form a "fellowship" to regulate and improve their practices.

This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674.

Meanwhile, Carlo Ruini's book Anatomia del Cavallo, (Anatomy of the Horse) was

Page 8 published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a non- human species.

Establishment of profession:

The first veterinary school was founded in Lyon, France, in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat.

According to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in his founding a veterinary school in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art." The school received immediate international recognition in the eighteenth century and its pedagogical model drew on the existing fields of human medicine, natural history, and comparative anatomy.

The Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in

Britain. A founding member, Thomas Burgess, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals. A 1785 Society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles."

The physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade, and the establishment of veterinary colleges.

This was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of Granville Penn, who persuaded the Frenchman, Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established Veterinary College in London. The Royal College of Veterinary

Surgeons was established by royal charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions which credited by many as having been

Page 9 the founder of modern Veterinary research. In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In 1879,

Iowa Agricultural College became the first land grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine.

Veterinary workers:

Veterinary physicians;

Veterinary care and management is usually led by a veterinary physician (usually called a vet, veterinary surgeon or veterinarian). This role is the equivalent of a doctor in human medicine, and usually involves post-graduate study and qualification.

In many countries, the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term, meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and/or registration are not able to use the title, and in many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a vet (such as animal treatment or surgery) are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may be performed only by registered vets (with a few designated exceptions, such as para- veterinary workers), and it is illegal for any person who is not registered to call themselves a vet or perform any treatment.

Most vets work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. These vets may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals, livestock, laboratory animals, zoo animals or horses; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as surgery, dermatology, laboratory animal medicine, or internal medicine.

As with healthcare professionals, vets face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. Current debates within the profession include the ethics of purely cosmetic procedures on animals, such as declawing of cats, docking of tails, cropping of ears and

Page 10 debarking on dogs.

A wide range of surgeries and operations are performed on various types of animals, but not all of them are carried out by vets. In a case in Iran, for instance, an eye surgeon managed to perform a successful cataract surgery on a rooster for the first time in the world.

Para veterinary workers

Para veterinary workers, including veterinary nurses, technicians and assistants, either assist vets in their work, or may work within their own scope of practice, depending on skills and qualifications, including in some cases, performing minor surgery.

The role of para veterinary workers is less homogeneous globally than that of a vet, and qualification levels, and the associated skill mix, vary widely.

Allied professions:

A number of professions exist within the scope of veterinary medicine, but which may not necessarily be performed by vets or veterinary nurses. This includes those performing roles which are also found in human medicine, such as practitioners dealing with musculoskeletal disorders, including osteopaths, chiropractors and physiotherapists.

There are also roles which are specific to animals, but which have parallels in human society, such as animal grooming and animal massage.

Some roles are specific to a species or group of animals, such as farriers, who are involved in the shoeing of horses, and in many cases have a major role to play in ensuring the medical fitness of the horse.

Veterinary research:

Veterinary research includes research on prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of animals and on the basic biology, welfare, and care of animals. Page 11 Veterinary research transcends species boundaries and includes the study of spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced models of both human and animal disease and research at human-animal interfaces, such as food safety, wildlife and ecosystem health, zoonotic diseases, and public policy.

Clinical veterinary research:

As in medicine, randomized controlled trials are fundamental also in veterinary medicine to establish the effectiveness of a treatment. However, clinical veterinary research is far behind human medical research, with fewer randomized controlled trials, that have a lower quality and that are mostly focused on research animals. Possible improvement consists in creation of network for inclusion of private veterinary practices in randomized controlled trials.

There are no studies on the effect of community animal health services on improving household wealth and the health status of low-income farmers.

Animal science:

Animal science is described as "studying the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind". It can also be described as the production and management of farm animals. Historically, the degree was called animal husbandry and the animals studied were livestock species, like cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and horses. Today, courses available now look at a far broader area to include companion animals like dogs and cats, and many exotic species. Degrees in Animal Science are offered at a number of colleges and universities. Typically, the Animal Science curriculum not only provides a strong science background, but also hands-on experience working with animals on campus-based farms

Education:

Professional education in animal science prepares students for career opportunities in

Page 12 areas such as animal breeding, food and fiber production, nutrition, animal agribusiness, animal behavior and welfare. Courses in a typical Animal Science program may include genetics, microbiology, animal behavior, nutrition, physiology, and reproduction.

Courses in support areas, such as genetics, soils, agricultural economics and marketing, legal aspects, and the environment also are offered. All of these courses are essential to entering an animal science profession.

Bachelor degree:

At many universities, a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Animal Science allows emphasis in certain areas. Typical areas are species-specific or career-specific. Species

-specific areas of emphasis prepare students for a career in dairy management, beef management, swine management, sheep or small ruminant management, poultry production, or the horse industry. Other career-specific areas of study include pre- veterinary medicine studies, livestock business and marketing, animal welfare and behavior, animal nutrition science, animal reproduction science, or genetics. Youth programs are also an important part of animal science programs.

Pre-veterinary emphasis:

Many schools that offer a degree option in Animal Science also offer a pre-veterinary emphasis such as Iowa State University, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the

University of Minnesota, for example. This option provides an in-depth knowledge base of the biological and physical sciences including nutrition, reproduction, physiology, and genetics. This can prepare students for graduate studies in animal science, veterinary school, and pharmaceutical or animal science industries.

CONCLUSION:

However, diseases of all kinds have afflicted humankind far beyond recorded history. It was humankind’s quest to understand, prevent, and cure diseases that laid the

Page 13 foundation of medicine and pathology. The genesis of Veterinary Medicine and

Veterinary Pathology parallel their human counterparts and have since developed into illustrious professions with a rich history. From butchers to highly trained and skilled professionals, veterinary pathologists and the field of veterinary pathology has continued to evolve and flourish into a well respected institution. Members are employed in a wide variety of institutions namely; diagnostic laboratories, government agencies, academia, and industry.

Furthermore, as the field of veterinary pathology evolves, so too do the tools of their trade. While, post-mortem and histological assessment of animals and tissue specimens are the fundamental tools of Veterinary Pathologist, new technologies are being discovered. Improved methods in diagnostic imaging and the rapid growth of molecular biology has enabled the Veterinary Pathologists to identify changes in pathogens and hosts at the cellular and molecular levels that could only be dreamed of a few decades ago. Of major importance to a disease control policy is the implementation of an effective disease surveillance program. Veterinary pathology is pivotal in surveillance as it can be employed both in the field and in formal diagnostic facilities.

Not only that, working in concert with laboratory diagnosticians, a field veterinarian uses basic clinical and pathology skills to identify a problem, determine the severity of disease and then attempts to provide a presumptive diagnosis. This veterinarian submits either the whole animal or tissue specimens to a trained veterinary pathologist.

The Veterinary Pathologist further analyzes the tissue and incorporates information from other disciplines to provide a definitive diagnosis to the clinical veterinarian and if required, to regional and local governing bodies to further understand the pathogenesis of the disease and control its spread.

Page 14 References

Aspinall, Victoria; Cappello, Melanie; Bowden, Sally (2009), Introduction to Veterinary

Anatomy and Physiology Textbook, Jeffery, Andrea (forward), Elsevier Health Sciences,

ISBN 978-0-7020-2938-7.

"About Animal Science". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from the original on

2010-06-12. Retrieved 2015-01-27.

Crocker J. (2002). Molecular pathology in oncology. Molecular Pathology 55, 337-347.

[Describes the latest molecular techniques employed to identify genomic changes and the potential applications for diagnostic pathologists].

"Department of Animal Science". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on

2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-05.

Pfeiffer, Dirk (2009), Veterinary Epidemiology: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons,

ISBN 978-1-4051-7694-1.

Pond, Wilson G. Pond, Kevin R.(2000). Introduction to Animal Science. John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.

Weaver, David Johne's Disease or Paratuberculosis. (2010). Retrieved from the http://extension.missouri.edu.

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