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Cerebellar Disease in the Dog and Cat

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Cerebellar Disease in the Dog and Cat CEREBELLAR DISEASE IN THE DOG AND CAT: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CLINICAL CASE STUDY (1996-1998) b y Diane Dali-An Lu BVetMed A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Veterinary Medicine (M.V.M.) In the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies Division of Small Animal Clinical Studies University of Glasgow Veterinary School A p ril 1 9 9 9 © Diane Dali-An Lu 1999 ProQuest Number: 13815577 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13815577 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY lib ra ry ll5X C C ^ Summary SUMMARY________________________________ The aim of this thesis is to detail the history, clinical findings, ancillary investigations and, in some cases, pathological findings in 25 cases of cerebellar disease in dogs and cats which were presented to Glasgow University Veterinary School and Hospital during the period October 1996 to June 1998. Clinical findings were usually characteristic, although the signs could range from mild tremor and ataxia to severe generalised ataxia causing frequent falling over and difficulty in locomotion. Diffuse cerebellar diseases were more common than focal in this study. Both dogs and cats are susceptible to cerebellar diseases, however, the aetiologies vary between these two species. In the dog, inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology (or steroid- responsive tremor syndrome) was the most common cause of cerebellar disease, affecting ten out of fourteen cases. In contrast, cerebellar hypoplasia possibly caused by panleukopaenia virus was the most common cause of cerebellar signs in the cats, affecting four out of eleven cases, while only one dog was diagnosed with a developmental abnormaly. Inflammatory cerebellar disease in the cats was caused most commonly by feline infectious peritonitis virus, which was diagnosed in two cats. Feline spongiform encephalopathy occurred in two cats. Degenerative cerebellar disorder was diagnosed in three cases, with a definite diagnosis of abiotrophy in two cases and lysosomal storage disease in a cat. Trauma or angiopathy was suspected in two cases. Cerebellar neoplasia was relatively rare, and was diagnosed only in one dog. A thorough physical and neurological examination was important in localising the lesion and determining whether a multisystemic disease was present. However, in most cases, a definite diagnosis could not be achieved on the basis of history and clinical findings. CSF analysis was found to be useful in some cases, especially in ruling in an inflammatory cause. The definitive diagnosis was made by histopathological examination in six cases. The pathological findings are discussed in relation to the literature. Declaration DECLARATION The work in this thesis was carried out by myself, except where appropriately acknowledged, and has not been submitted previously for the award of a degree at any other university. Diane Dah-An Lu Dedicaton my family and Mei-Yee Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................i DECLARATION ...............................................................................................ii DEDICATION ...................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................................................v iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... x i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................x ii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... x iii SECTION I: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREBELLUM..................1 1.2 NEUROANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM...................................................4 1.2.1 Gross anatomy.........................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Blood supply and drainage......................................................................................9 1.2.2.1 Arterial blood supply to the cerebellum in the dog .......................................9 1.2.2.2 Arterial blood supply to the cerebellum in the c at ........................................ 10 1.2.2.3 Drainage of the cerebellum ..............................................................................10 1.2.3 Histology of the cerebellum...................................................................................11 1.2.3.1 Cerebellar grey matter ..................................................................................... 11 1.2.3.1.1 Cerebellar cortex..................................................................................... 11 1.2.3.1.2 Deep cerebellar nuclei.............................................................................12 1.2.3.2 Cerebellar white matter................................................................................... 12 1.2.3.2.1 Nerve fibres ...............................................................................................12 1.2.3.2.2 Neuroglia in the cerebellum ................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Functional neuroanatomy..................................................................................... 17 1.2.4.1 Cerebellar pathways........................................................................................ 17 1.2.4.1.1 Afferent pathways to the cerebellum.......................................................17 1.2.4.1.2 Efferent pathways from the cerebellum..................................................18 1.2.4.2 Function of the cerebellum ................................................................................19 1.2.5 Subdivisions of the cerebellum............................................................................... 21 1.2.5.1 Anatomical organisation .................................................................................. 21 1.2.5.2 Comparative anatomical organisation ............................................................ 21 1.2.5.3 Afferent organisation .........................................................................................21 1.2.5.4 Efferent organisation — Functional sagittal zones ........................................ 22 1.2.6 Principles of localisation of cerebellar disorders..................................................24 iv Table of Contents 1.3 CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF CEREBELLAR DISEASES.... 27 1.3.1 General clinical features ..........................................................................................27 1.3.2 Ancillary diagnostic techniques..............................................................................30 1.3.2.1 Clinical pathology .............................................................................................30 1.3.2.2 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis ............................................................................. 31 1.3.2.3 Diagnostic imaging ............................................................................................32 1.3.2.3.1 Radiology................................................................................................... 32 1.3.2.3.2 Ultrasonography........................................................................................32 1.3.2.3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging & computed tomography.........................32 1.3.2.3.4 Neuroscintigraphy.................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.4 Histopathological examination .........................................................................34 1.4 BASIC PATHOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN THE CEREBELLUM.................. 35 1.4.1 Hypoplasia.................................................................................................................35 1.4.2 Atrophy...................................................................................................................... 35 1.4.3 Abiotrophy........................................................................................ 35 1.4.4 Transsynaptic neuronal degeneration....................................................................36 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF CEREBELLAR DISEASES........................................... 37 1.6 CEREBELLAR DISEASES IN DOGS & CATS (DAMNIT SYSTEM) .............. 38 1.6.1 Degenerative cerebellar diseases ............................................................................ 40 1.6.1.1 Lysosomal storage diseases .............................................................................. 40 1.6.1.2 Abiotrophies ...................................................................................................... 44 1.6.1.2.1 Cerebellar abiotrophies...........................................................................
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