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Taxonomy • S.nigra subsp. Canadensis has anthocyanins not found in other subspecies. • Modern revision reduced the number of recognized species worldwide from over 30 to nine. • S. canadensis, S. cerulea, S. peruviana, and the endemicisland taxa S. maderensis and S. palmensis, were placed within S. nigra as subspecies. Sambucus: • The preferred family assignment for A Global Medicine of Substance and Magic Sambucus is Adoxaceae. Bevin Clare Bolli, 1994 and Applequist, 2017

N. America Ojibwe tribe

• "papaskatcîksi'-gana'tîg" [popgun wood] • According to the Pillager Ojibwe, this bark is an emetic or a purgative, depending upon how it is prepared for use. • Four internodes of the stalk are taken, because four is their magic number. • The inner bark is secured by peeling downward. • If these same four sticks had been peeled upwards and the resulting tea drunk, then it would have acted as a padlet.com/bevinclare/sambucus2018 powerful emetic.

Smith, 1932

Species and Groups of Sambucus

Black-berried elder: larger shrubs, occasionally small Red-berried elder Sambucus racemose: smaller shrubs trees up to 15 m tall • Sambucus chinensis (eastern Asia, in mountains) • Sambucus australis (southern elder; South America) • Sambucus latipinna (Korea, southeast Siberia) South America • Sambucus canadensis (eastern North America) • Sambucus microbotrys (southwest North America) • Sambucus cerulea (western North America; dark • Sambucus sieboldiana (Japan and Korea) blue-black berries with glaucous bloom on surface, • Sambucus tigranii (southwest Asia, in mountains) giving them a sky-blue appearance) • Sambucus javanica (Chinese elder; southeastern • In Northern Peru Sambucus nigra aka Asia) Australian elder: flowers are in rounded panicles, and the • Sambucus nigra (elder or black elder; Europe and berries white or yellow; shrubs growing to 3 m high. Cinta de novia is used as a charm. western Asia; with black berries) • Sambucus australasica (yellow elder; New Guinea, eastern • Sambucus lanceolata (Madeira Island) Australia) • Sambucus gaudichaudiana (Australian elder or white elder; • Tie a picture on the stems and wrap it • Sambucus mexicana (Mexican elder) shady areas of south eastern Australia) • Sambucus palmensis (Canary Islands) • Pray and spray with fragrance • Sambucus peruviana (South America) Dwarf elders: herbaceous plants dense cluster of glossy berries. • Sambucus adnata (Himalaya and eastern Asia; berries red) • Sambucus ebulus (central and southern Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia; berries black)

(Bussmann, Glenn, & Sharon, 2010)

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Central American, Chiapas THE ANATOMIE of the Elder by Dr. Martin Blochwich • With a broken bone: • Bathing it in the temazcal, sweeping it with the 1677 leaves of ihljiteh , elder and may , he places them hot in the affected part, puts the bone in place and splints the leg with pine board and “It hath a wonderfull force in leaves. purging out of the body all hurtfull, bilous, pituitous, and especially serous humors”

Villamar &Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1994

European Traditions

• Russians believe that Elder-trees drive away evil spirits. Of the Medicines made of the Flowers of the Elder.

• Bohemians go to it, with a spell, to take away fever. CONSERVES. • Take the fresh flowers, pull them in little pieces, and to each ounce of • Sicilians think that sticks of its wood will kill them add two ounces of the whitest Sugar, incorporate them well serpents and drive away robbers better than any other. together in a Marble Morter with a wooden pestle. • Expose it afterward in a Glass, or earthen Vessel to the Sun for some • Serbs introduce a stick of Elder into their dayes; it being thus prepared, reserve it for your use. wedding ceremonies to bring good luck.

• England a twig of it tied into three or four knots, and carried in the pocket, was a charm against rheumatism. Blochwich, 1677

Biblical Mention Of The Vinegar and Oximel. • Pour upon the fresh, or half withered flowers of the Elder, the Vinegar

Judas he japed with Jewen silver, of white Wine; And sithen on an eller hanged hym after. • let them stand in a close stopped glass Vessel in the Sun, or some He is lettere of love and lieth hem alle: other hot place; that the Vi∣negar more exactly may draw out the That trusten on his tresour bitrayed arn vertue of the flowers, let the flowers remain in the Vinegar, till it have sonnest. drawn out fully all the vertue from them, which you may easily know by its fragrant smell, and golden colour. • Langland, 1330 • After strain the Vinegar, and reserve it for your use.

Blochwich, 1677

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Weiss: Elder Spring Cure Of the Medicines of the Buds or Breakings of the Elder. • Rudolph Weiss M.D. writes 'Elder juice is an old folk remedy; this The POWDER. refreshing and revitalising juice is a very popular beverage, often • Take as much as you will of the buds, or first breakings forth of the taken in 'spring cures' which do indeed improve the body's resistant leaf of the Elder; being dryed in the shadow, pulverise them: either to disease’. keep this Powder by it self, or mix it with equal parts of Sugar. • Take 7 large umbels (sprays) of Elder flowers and place in 7 litres of water. Add three thick slices of lemon without the seeds. Allow to • For Catarrah macerate for 24 hours and then strain through cheese-cloth or muslin. Now add 1 kg of sugar and more lemon juice to taste. Stir • The simple Powder of the buds of the Elder, taking a scruple thereof thoroughly and allow to macerate for another 24 hours. The fresh in a soft egg for 14 daies each morning, and fasting two hours at least elder juice is now ready to drink. For even better effects, the juice after it, doth mightily consume the Catarrhous matter. can be filled into bottles and stored in a cellar to allow carbonic acid to develop. This type of elder juice takes about 3-4 weeks for Blochwich, 1677 adequate carbonation. It is best chilled before use.

Other Preparations Blochwich, 1677

• If the belly be bound, dissolve of the Syrup or • Teas, tinctures, extracts, vinegars, capsules juice of the berries, and also of the infusion of the flowers of the Elder, ounc. 3, or 4. in the • Fresh or dried flowers mixed with cold water for 24 hours, and water of the flowers, and give it when the Pa∣tient is dry like a Julip; for it will not only then lemon juice is added (Albania) (Mustafa, 2015) open the belly, but sweetly quiet the spirits. • Fruits, blue dye, textile coloring (Mustafa, 2015) • That the stalks and leaves of the hearbs, • Syrups used as medicine, cocktails, flavouring, colouring being boyled, doth purge phlegm, they be macerated a little in hot water, and prepared • Flowers used in syrups, fritters, toilet waters, wines with oyl and vinegar, and be eaten sparingly before supper, in place of a sallet; for they gently loose the belly Image from: Juliana Anicia Codex a copy of Dioscurides text, 515 AD

Clinical Actions Blochwich, 1677

• The tender and recent leaves, with polent or barly meal, applyed to in∣flammations, doth mitigate them, by • Immunomodulator dissolving and digesting, as was taught before by Dioscorides. • Alterative • Respiratory tonic • To stay the Hemmorhoides in a night a singular Cataplasm • Diaphoretic is made of Elder-leaves boiled in water, to the consistency of a Poultice, and mix∣ed with Oyl-olive spread on a scarlet • Laxative cloath, and apply it warm to the Hemmorhoides. • Anti-inflammatory • Anti-allergic

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Bacterial Diversity and Sambucus Canadensis Clinical Indications • • In Influenza “Displacement of native • Respiratory infections understory plant species by • Chronic skin conditions certain invasive shrubs may • Fever and infection increase production of Culex • Constipation pipiens with potential negative • Systemic inflammation repercussions for human and • Joint disease wildlife health.” • Sinus congestion / seasonal allergies

Can native Sambucus defend itself from aggressive non- natives?

• Allelopathy is defined as a process of plant-plant or Contemporary plantmicroorganism chemical interaction with Research either positive or negative effects. • Non-native plants are often not succeptible. • (Christina, 2015)

Elder preserving ecosystems and reducing mosquito- borne infections • “Exotic invasive plants alter the structure and function of native ecosystems and may influence the distribution and abundance of arthropod disease vectors by modifying habitat quality” (Gardner, 2015). • Compare three native leaf species (including • Allelopathic treatment to achenes resulted in Sambucus Canadensis) to three exotic invasive a greater decrease in the height, number of leaf species. leaves or below-ground dry weight of end • How do they alter Culex pipiens oviposition plants than to rhizomes. site selection, emergence rates, development time, and adult body size? • Independent of co-evolution inhibition of non- native growth was observed.

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Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Phenolic metabolites of Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled anthocyanins following a dietary Clinical Trial intervention study in post- Tiralongo, Wee and Lea, 2016 menopausal women (2014) • Randomized, double-blind placebo- Rachel M. de Ferrars, Aed´ın Cassidy, Peter Curtis and Colin D. Kay controlled clinical trial of 312 economy class passengers travelling from Australia to an overseas destination. • Numerous studies feeding anthocyanin- • 300mg of a standardised elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract. rich foods report limited bioavailability of • Effects on physical, especially respiratory, the parent anthocyanins. and mental health. • This study explores the identity and • Cold episodes, cold duration and symptoms as well as upper respiratory concentration of the phenolic metabolites health were measured just before travel and at 4-days after travel. of anthocyanins in humans.

Image: Fuchs63A From De historia stirpium commentarii insignes : maximis impensis et uigiliis elaborati, adiectis earundem uiuis plusquam quingentis - 1542 - Leonhart Fuchs - Creative Commons Licensed https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-SEL-00002-00081/374

Cold episode Baseline (BL) and post-bolus days and (0–3 h) anthocyanin and symptom scores metabolite concentrations in plasma.

A&C= single bolus

B&D= 12-week bolus

Baseline (BL) and post-bolus (0–3 h) anthocyanin and metabolite concentrations in urine.

A&C= single bolus

B&D= 12-week bolus

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Efficacy and short-term safety of topical Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) versus diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, active- controlled trial Jabbari et al 2016 Effect of incubation in a boiling bath of ripe elderberry extracts on • Evaluated the of topical use of leave of S. ebulus in patients with knee cyanidin-3-glucoside plus osteoarthritis (OA). cyanidin-3-sambubioside • 79 patients • S. ebulus leaf gel with 10% dried content. aqueous extract or 1% diclofenac gel, three times a day.

Green=Elder Blue=Diclofenac

WOMAC and VAS are arthritis scales

Lectin Digestibility A Novel Treatment of and Stability of Ginvigival Recession using a Elderberry Botanical Topical Gingival Antioxidants to Heat Patch and Mouthrise Levine et al, 2013 Treatment In Vitro

Jiménez et al 2017 • Echinacea, Sambucus, Centella • Elderberry pollen, • Hydrophilic gel and herbs blossoms and fruits have been found to contain the • Twice daily mouthwash allergen Sam n1 that triggers type I allergy. • Short-time heat treatment reduces potential allergy-related risks without seriously affecting its properties.

Historia Plantarum Universalis Johannes-Henricus Cherler, 1651

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Variation of select flavonols and chlorogenic acid content of elderberry collected throughout the Eastern United States

Mudge et al 2015

• How does climate and terrain alter the phytochemical profile of elderberries throughout the eastern United States?

Comparison of major taste compounds and antioxidative properties of fruits and flowers of different Sambucus species and interspecific hybrids

Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek et al, 2016

• Differences in the content of sugars, ~3000km organic acids, total phenolics and antioxidative activity among three different elderberry species (Sambucus nigra, Sambucus cerulea, Sambucus javanica) and seven interspecific hybrids.

Fruits

Flowers

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Gastrointestinal digested Serum total anti- Sambucus nigra L. fruit extract protects in vitro oxidant capacity cultured human colon cells increased by 26% against oxidative stress

Olejnik et al 2015 • What is the antioxidant potential of the colon-available EDB freeze dried fruit extract, derived from the artificial gastrointestinal tract?

Improved lipid profile and increased serum antioxidant capacity in healthy volunteers after Sambucus Bevin Clare ebulus L. fruit infusion consumption

Ivanova, Tasinov and Kiselova-Kaneva, 2014 Professor, Herbalist and Nutritionist • Can 200ml / day of Sambucus ebulus L. ripe [email protected] fruit infusion have an effect on body weight, [email protected] blood pressure, glucose levels, lipid profile and www.bevinclare.com antioxidant markers in healthy volunteers?

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