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Home , Adoxaceae, Chaerophyllum, Cirsium nuttallii, Cornaceae, Heracleum (plant), Lonicera sempervirens

Phylogeny of

Asterids

Lamiids Ericales Campanulids

Cornales Ericales Campanulids: Lamiids: Aquifoliales Garryales Gentianales Lamiales Solanales

After APG, 2003; Judd and Olmstead, 2004, and Soltis et al., 2005 (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Daucus carota; carrot

Textbook DVD KRR Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

http://z.about.com/d/greekfood/1/0/5/7/ veggies_celery_406.jpg Apium graveolens; Celery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip /commons/7/71/Petroselinum_crispum.jpg Pastinaca sativa; Petroselinum crispum; Parsnip Parsley Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR Osmorhiza longistyla; Trachymene coerulea;

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN ; Daucus carota; Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

From the previous slide, you many have already seen that all in Apiaceae have a very similar ––

Umbel: many emerging from one point (at the tip of peduncle), often subtended by , forming a flat- or round- topped platform; An umbel can be simple or compound;

Pseudanthium (“false ”) - many small flowers together making up a structure that functions as one flower to attract pollinators.

Each individual flower is polypetalous; Recalling all “core Asterids” should be

Textbook DVD KMN gamopetalous, can you explain this Daucus carota; obvious conflict? Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

Textbook DVD KMN

Photo: Valerie Soza Daucus carota; Textbook DVD WSJ Note the inferior ovary, stylopodium, and the schizocarp splitting along the gynophore (= slender projection of receptacle) at maturity.

Stylopodium: a disklike expansion or enlargement at the base of the style in the Apiaceae.

Chaerophyllum tainturieri; Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

Textbook DVD KRR Anethum graveolens; Note the hollow stem

Textbook DVD KRR Heracleum lanatum; Note the sheathing base Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot family)

Apiaceae - 450 genera/3500 , including carrots, parsley, parsnip, etc..

Herbs with hollow stems. alternate, simple or compound, with sheathing leaf bases. Inflorescence an umbel. Flowers actinomorphic, small. perianths 5 parted; corolla polypetalous (exception of core Asterids); Stamens 5; Carpels 2, connate, split apart along the gynophore at maturity; base of the style swollen, forming a nectary disk on top of the ovary; Ovary inferior Fruit a schizocarp. (Elderberry family)

Textbook DVD MJD

Sambucus canadensis; elderberry N. hemisphere woody families with opposite leaves

A MAD CAP HORSE = Oleaceae (Ash family) Maple family (Aceraceae, included in Sapindaceae now) Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Dogwood family () ( family) Horse chestnut family (Hipposcastanaceae, included in Sapindaceae now) Adoxaceae (Elderberry family)

Textbook DVD MJD sargentii;

Note the peripheral sterile flowers; You may think this is Hydrangea at the first glance –– they do look very similar, but Hydrangea usually with floral parts 4, and corolla are polypetalous! Adoxaceae (Elderberry family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD MJD canadensis; ;

Plants in Adoxaceae have quite universal flower morpholgy. Note the 5 are connate (fused) with usually short corolla tube and well developed corolla lobes. Stamens 5. Adoxaceae (Elderberry family)

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN

Note the inferior ovary and the short style with capitate stigma

Viburnum carlesii; Adoxaceae (Elderberry family)

Adoxaceae - 5 genera/245 species, including Viburnum and elderberry. Viburnum has 220 spp., many of which are popular horticultural plants; Sambucus (elderberry) has 20 spp. The other three genera have 5 spp. together.

Viburnum and Sambucus are woody, the other 3 genera (5 spp.) are herbaceous. Leaves opposite, simple, trifoliate, or pinnately compound. Flowers actinomorphic, inflorescence often umbellate. Petals (4-) 5, connate, with usually short corolla tube and well developed lobes. Stamens 5; Carpels 3-5, connate, styles short, stigma capitate; Ovary inferior Fruit a drupe. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Textbook DVD WSJ Caprifoliaceae is another one of the “A Mad Cap Horese” family. The traditionally recognized Caprifoliaceae (including Viburnum and Sambucus) are all woody. But the family we teach here also includes the formerly Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae, which are herbaceous.

Lonicera sempervirens; honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Textbook DVD MJD Textbook DVD KRR & DLN & KRR DVD Textbook Lonicera cf. sempervirens; note the inferior ovary, and elongated Lonicera x purpusii; note the style with capitate stigma woody habit and opposite leaves Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD MJD

Flowers are zygomorphic, petals usually 5, connate, often with 2 upper lobes and 3 lower lobes (2+3), or a 4 upper lobes and a single lower one (4+1). Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Caprifoliaceae - 36 genera/810 species

Woody, but the more derived ones (i.e. formerly Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae) are herbaceous. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes pinnately divided or compound. Flowers zygomorphic. Petals usually 5, connate, often with 2 upper lobes and 3 lower lobes (2+3), or a 4 upper lobes and a single lower

one (4+1). Stamens (1-) 4 or 5. Carpels 2-5, connate, styles elongate, stigma capitate; Ovary inferior Fruit a drupe, capsule, , or achene. (= Compositae, Aster family)

With 1535 genera and 23, 000 species, Asteraceae is one of the two largest families (the other one is Orchidaceae). Despite of the large number of species and great diversity, this family is easily recognized and morphological synapomorphies are numerous. KRR DVD Textbook

Helianthus annuus; sunflower Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family)

Note the actinomorphic disk flowers (corolla lobes 5) and the zygomorphic ray flowers (upper lip 2 lobes and lower lip 3 lobes, but the upper lip is often lacking, so you often see a single lip with more or less 3 lobes in ray flowers).

Also note the highly modified , forming a pappus composed of many bristles in the present flowers.

Also note the inferior ovary

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN shortii; Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family)

Textbook DVDWSJ Berlandiera subaculis;

Textbook DVD KRR Heads have central disk flowers and marginal ray flowers are radiate. Helianthus annuus; Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family)

Textbook DVD KRR missurica; Heads have only disk flowers discoid. Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family)

A big group of Asteraceae plants have the third type of corolla –– zygomorphic, elongated, tongue-like, ending in 5 small teeth. These flowers are called ligulate flowers. Heads have only ligulate flowers are ligulate.

Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Tragopogon pratensis; Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family)

Textbook DVD KRR Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD KRR Centaurea macrocephala; nuttallii; Cynara cardunculus;

Note the involucre of bracts. Asteraceae (= Compositae, Aster family)

By now, you should have developed the skills to describe a family in an accurate and concise way. So, summarize the characteristics of Asteraceae yourself.

Also, there is a very interesting mechanism of pollen (floral) presentation in Asteraceae and its relative families, including a 317 family, Campanulaceae. Do some further reading if you are curious about it.