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Tarkhan Dynasty at Makli Hill, Thatta (Pakistan): History and Architecture of the Selected Monuments

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Tarkhan Dynasty at Makli Hill, Thatta (Pakistan): History and Architecture of the Selected Monuments TARKHAN DYNASTY AT MAKLI HILL, THATTA (PAKISTAN): HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE SELECTED MONUMENTS by MUHAMMAD NAEEM QAZI INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR 2010 TARKHAN DYNASTY AT MAKLI HILL, THATTA (PAKISTAN): HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE SELECTED MONUMENTS by MUHAMMAD NAEEM QAZI This dissertation is submitted to the University of Peshawar, Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology in partial accomplishment for the degree of PhD in Archaeology. Approved by: 1. Professor Dr. Taj Ali Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Supervisor University of Peshawar 2. Internal Examiner 3. External Examiner INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR 2010 DEDICATION This dream of my life comes true because of my parent’s prayers; therefore, I dedicate this PhD dissertation to them. TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement vii List of Figures xi List of Plates xii Introduction xxi CHAPTERS PAGE NO. Chapter-I 1. Origin and Nomenclature of Thatta and Makli Hill 1 1.1. Location of Thatta 1 1.2. Nomenclature of Thatta 1 1.3. Origin of Thatta 7 1.4. Location of Makli Hill 22 1.5. Nomenclature of Makli Hill 22 1.6. Origin of Makli 27 Chapter-II 2. The Tarkhan Dynasty 29 2.1. Genealogy 29 2.2. Historical Background 30 2.2.1. Isa Khan Tarkhan-I 31 2.2.2. Agreement between Isa Khan Tarkhan I and Mehmud Khan Kokaltash 32 2.2.3. Sack of Thatta by the Portuguese 32 2.2.4. Muhammad Saleh Beg Tarkhan 33 2.2.5. Death of Mirza Muhammad Saleh Beg Tarkhan 33 2.2.6. Muhammad Beqi Beg Tarkhan as a Crown Prince 34 2.2.7. Death of Mirza Muhammad Isa Khan Tarkhan I 34 2.2.8. Succession of Mirza Muhammad Baqi Beg Tarkhan 34 2.2.9. Death of Jan Baba and Mah Begum 35 2.2.10. Sultan Mahmud Kolkaltash’s Raid 35 2.2.11. Death of Mirza Muhammad Baqi Beg Tarkhan 35 2.2.12. Succession of Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan 35 2.2.13. Death of Sultan Mahmud Khan Kokaltash of Bakkar 36 2.2.14. Akbar admits Jani Beg’s Submission and retaining him the Ruler of Thatta 36 2.2.15. Conflict between Khan-i Khanan and Jani Beg 36 2.2.16. Khusrau Khan Charkas and the Imperial Army 37 2.2.17. Surrender of Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan 38 2.2.18. Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan retains his position at Thatta 38 2.2.19. Death of Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan 38 2.2.20. Succession of Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan 39 2.2.21. Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan’s Expedition to Qandahar 39 2.2.22. Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan’s Relations with Emperor Jahangir 39 2.2.23. Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan’s Relations with Shah Abbass of Persia 40 2.2.24. Death of Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan 40 2.2.25. Succession of Mirza Abdul Ali Beg Tarkhan II 40 2.2.26. Tarkhans as a governors over Thatta under the Mughals 41 i 2.2.26.1. Mirza Muhammad Isa Khan Tarkhan II 41 Chapter-III 3. The Origin and Development of Tomb Architecture at Makli Hill Thatta 43 3.1. Aims of the present Research work 43 3.2. Origin & Developmental Comparative Analysis 45 3.3. Description of the selected mausoleums at Makli Hill 64 3.3.1. Tomb of Sultan Ibrahim Khan Tarkhan 64 3.3.1.1. Location 64 3.3.1.2. Tomb Chamber 64 3.3.1.3. Southern Façade 65 3.3.1.4. Arches at the Angles 66 3.3.1.5. Cordinal arches 66 3.3.1.6. Inner Side 66 3.3.1.7. Dado level 66 3.3.1.8. Cornice Moulding 67 3.3.1.9. Squinches 67 3.3.1.10. Zone of transition 67 3.3.1.11. Domical Ceiling 67 3.3.1.12. Drum 67 3.3.1.13. Dome 68 3.3.2. Jani Beg Tarkhan 68 3.3.2.1. Plan 68 3.3.2.2. Compound Wall 68 3.3.2.3. Entrance to the compound wall 69 3.3.2.4. Courtyard 69 3.3.2.5. Mehrab 69 3.3.2.6. Archways 70 3.3.2.7. Staircases 70 3.3.2.8. Platform 70 3.3.2.9. Inner side 71 3.3.2.10. Inner platform 71 3.3.2.11. Cornice moulding 71 3.3.2.12. Squinches 71 3.3.2.13. Zone of Transition 72 3.3.2.14. Domical ceiling 72 3.3.2.15. Drum 73 3.3.3. Diwan Shurafa Khan 73 3.3.3.1. Enclosure wall 73 3.3.3.2. Entrance 73 3.3.3.3. Mehrab 73 3.3.3.4. Platform 75 3.3.3.5. Tomb Chamber 75 3.3.3.6. Archways 75 3.3.3.7. Turrets 76 3.3.3.8. Inner Side 76 3.3.3.9. Squinches 76 3.3.3.10. Domical Ceiling 76 3.3.3.11. Parapet 77 3.3.3.12. Drum 77 ii 3.3.3.13. Dome 77 3.3.4. Tomb of Khusrau Khan Charkas alias Satcharni 77 3.3.4.1. Location 77 3.3.4.2. Historical Background 77 3.3.4.3. Plan 78 3.3.4.4. Platform 78 3.3.4.5. Outer Walls 78 3.3.4.6. Entrances 79 3.3.4.7. Western side arcaded vestibule 79 3.3.4.8. Tomb Chamber 79 3.3.4.9. Octagonal chambers at the angles 80 3.3.4.10. Dome 81 3.3.4.11. Concept of Satcharni 81 3.3.5. Isa Khan Tarkhan II 81 3.3.5.1. Location 81 3.3.5.2. Historical Background 82 3.3.5.3. Plan 82 3.3.5.4. Compound Wall 82 3.3.5.5. Entrance 83 3.3.5.6. Inner façade of the Eastern Arch 84 3.3.5.7. Courtyard 85 3.3.5.8. Southern side arch alcove 85 3.3.5.9. Northern side arch alcove 86 3.3.5.10. Mehrab of the compound wall 87 3.3.5.11. Platform 88 3.3.5.12. Arch entrances to the verandah 88 3.3.5.13. Lower Pillared verandah 89 3.3.5.14. Staircases 90 3.3.5.15. Upper pillared verandah 91 3.3.5.16. Post railing (Muttaka Vedica) 91 3.3.5.17. Outer facing of the tomb chamber 92 3.3.5.18. Entrance to the tomb chamber 92 3.3.5.19. Tomb Chamber 92 3.3.5.20. The lower storey of the tomb chamber 92 3.3.5.21. Squinch system 93 3.3.5.22. Dome construction 93 Chapter-IV 4. The Origin and Development of the Chaukhandi tombs at Makli Hill 95 4.1. Aims of the Present Research Work 95 4.2. Nomenclature of Chaukhandi 99 4.3. Origin and the Developmental Comparative analysis 106 4.4. Description of the Chaukhandi tombs at Makli Hill 121 4.4.1. Chaukhandi of Khwaja Khalil better known Nawab Amir Khan Khalil 121 4.4.1.1.Location 121 4.4.1.2.Historical background 121 4.4.1.3.Pillars 121 4.4.1.4.Brackets 121 4.4.1.5.Domical ceiling 122 iii 4.4.2. Unknown Chaukhandi tomb to the southwest of the Isa Khan Tarkhan I tomb enclosure. 122 4.4.2.1.Platform 122 4.4.2.2.Pillars 122 4.4.2.3.Lintels 123 4.4.2.4.Chajja 123 4.4.2.5.Parapet 123 4.4.2.6.Dome 124 4.4.2.7.Domical ceiling 124 4.4.3. Chaukhandi of Badi-uz-Zaman 124 4.4.3.1.Location 124 4.4.3.2.Historical background 124 4.4.3.3.Pillars 124 4.4.3.4.Capital 125 4.4.3.5.Brackets 125 4.4.3.6.Lintels 126 4.4.3.7.Domical ceiling 126 4.4.3.8.Dome 126 4.4.4. Chaukhandi of Muhammad Quli 126 4.4.4.1. Location: 126 4.4.4.2. Historical background 126 4.4.4.3. Plan 127 4.4.4.4. Plinth 127 4.4.4.5. Pillars 127 4.4.4.6. Capital 127 4.4.4.7. Brackets 127 4.4.4.8. Lintels 128 4.4.4.9. Chajja 128 4.4.4.10. Parapet 128 4.4.4.11. Domical ceiling 128 4.4.4.12. Dome 128 4.4.5. Pir A’saat Makhdum Arabi alias Qazi Ahmad Al-Mulk 128 4.4.5.1.Location 128 4.4.5.2.Historical background 128 4.4.5.3.Plan 129 4.4.5.4.Platform 129 4.4.5.5.Pillars 129 4.4.5.6.Zone of transition 130 4.4.5.7.Domical ceiling 130 4.4.5.8.Parapet 130 4.4.5.9.Dome 130 4.4.6. Unknown Chaukhandi to the north of Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan’s Tomb 130 4.4.6.1.Platform 130 4.4.6.2.Pillars 130 4.4.6.3.Domical Ceiling 131 4.4.6.4.Chajja 131 4.4.6.5.Dome 131 4.4.7. Chaukhandi of Mirza Tughrel Beg 131 4.4.7.1. Location 131 iv 4.4.7.2. Historical Background 132 4.4.7.3. Platform 132 4.4.7.4. Pillars 132 4.4.7.5. Lintels 133 4.4.7.6. Pent 133 4.4.7.7. Parapet 133 4.4.7.8.
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