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Environmental Health Criteria 124 Lindane Environmental Health Criteria 124 Lindane Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Lindane (EHC 124, 1991) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 124 LINDANE This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization First draft prepared by Dr M. Herbst, International Centre for the Study of Lindane, Lyon, France and Dr G.J. Van Esch, Bilthoven, The Netherlands World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1991 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lindane. (Environmental health criteria ; 124) 1.Benzene hexachloride - adverse effects 2.Benzene hexachloride - toxicity 3.Environmental exposure 4.Environmental poluutants I.Series ISBN 92 4 157124 1 (NLM Classification: WA 240) Page 1 of 155 Lindane (EHC 124, 1991) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1991 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY AND EVALUATION; CONCLUSIONS; RECOMMENDATIONS 1.1. Summary and evaluation 1.1.1. General properties 1.1.2. Environmental transport, distribution and transformation 1.1.3. Environmental levels and human exposure 1.1.4. Kinetics and metabolism 1.1.5. Effects on organisms in the environment 1.1.6. Effects on experimental animals and in vitro 1.1.7. Effects on humans 1.2. Conclusions 1.2.1. General population 1.2.2. Subpopulations at special risk 1.2.3. Occupational exposure 1.2.4. Environmental effects 1.3. Recommendations 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1. Identity 2.1.1. Primary constituent 2.1.2. Technical product 2.2. Physical and chemical properties 2.3. Conversion factors 2.4. Analytical methods 2.4.1. Sampling 2.4.2. Analytical methods 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE Page 2 of 155 Lindane (EHC 124, 1991) 3.1. Natural occurrence 3.2. Man-made sources 3.2.1. Production levels and processes 3.2.1.1 Manufacturing process 3.2.1.2 World-wide production figures 3.2.2. Emissions 3.2.3. Uses 3.2.4. Extent of use 3.2.5. Formulations 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1. Transport and distribution between media 4.1.1. Volatilization 4.1.2. Precipitation 4.1.3. Movement in soils 4.1.4. Uptake and translocation in plants 4.2. Biotransformation 4.2.1. Degradation 4.2.1.2 Degradation under humid conditions 4.2.1.2 Degradation under submerged conditions 4.2.2. Degradation under field conditions 4.2.3. Hydrolytic degradation 4.2.4. Photolytic degradation (laboratory studies) 4.2.5. Biodegradation in water 4.2.6. Microbial degradation (field studies) 4.2.7. Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification 4.2.7.1 n-Octanol/water partition coefficient 4.2.7.2 Aquatic environment 4.2.7.3 Terrestrial environment 4.2.7.4 Bioconcentration in humans 4.2.7.5 Field studies 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1. Environmental levels 5.1.1. Air 5.1.2. Water 5.1.2.1 Rain and snow 5.1.2.2 Fresh water 5.1.2.3 Sea water 5.1.3. Soil 5.1.3.1 Sediment 5.1.3.2 Dumping grounds and sewage sludge 5.1.4. Drinking-water, food and feed 5.1.4.1 Drinking-water 5.1.4.2 Cereals, fruits, pulses, vegetables, and vegetable oil 5.1.4.3 Meat, fat, milk, and eggs 5.1.4.4 Animal feed 5.1.4.5 Miscellaneous products 5.1.5. Terrestrial and aquatic organisms 5.1.5.1 Plants 5.1.5.2 Aquatic organisms 5.1.5.3 Terrestrial organisms 5.2. Exposure of the general population 5.2.1. Total-diet studies 5.2.2. Intake with drinking-water and air 5.2.3. Concentrations in human samples 5.2.3.1 Blood 5.2.3.2 Adipose tissue 5.2.3.3 Breast milk Page 3 of 155 Lindane (EHC 124, 1991) 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 6.1. Absorption 6.1.1. Oral administration - experimental animals 6.1.2. Dermal application - experimental animals 6.1.3. Other routes - experimental animals 6.2. Distribution 6.2.1. Oral administration - experimental animals 6.2.2. Inhalation - experimental animals 6.2.3. Other routes 6.3. Metabolic transformation 6.3.1. Enzymatic involvement 6.3.2. Identification of metabolites 6.3.3. Metabolites identified in humans 6.4. Elimination and excretion in expired air, faeces, and urine 6.4.1. Oral administration 6.4.1.1 Rat 6.4.1.2 Rabbit 6.4.2. Other routes 6.4.2.1 Mouse 6.4.2.2 Rat 6.4.2.3 Human 6.5. Retention and turnover (experimental animals) 6.6. Biotransformation 6.6.1. Plants 6.6.2. Microorganisms 6.6.2.1 Anaerobic conditions 6.6.2.2 Aerobic conditions 6.7. Isomerization 7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN IN-VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 7.1. Single exposure 7.1.1. Oral 7.1.2. Intraperitoneal and intramuscular 7.1.3. Inhalation 7.1.4. Dermal 7.2. Short-term exposure 7.2.1. Oral 7.2.1.1 Mouse 7.2.1.2 Rat 7.2.1.3 Dog 7.2.1.4 Pig 7.2.2. Inhalation 7.2.2.1 Mouse 7.2.2.2 Rat 7.2.3. Dermal 7.3. Skin and eye irritation; sensitization 7.3.1. Primary skin irritation 7.3.2. Primary eye irritation 7.3.3. Sensitization 7.4. Long-term exposure 7.4.1. Oral 7.4.2. Appraisal of acute and short- and long-term studies 7.5. Reproduction, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity 7.5.1. Reproduction 7.5.2. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 7.5.2.1 Oral administration 7.5.2.2 Subcutaneous injection Page 4 of 155 Lindane (EHC 124, 1991) 7.5.3. Reproductive behaviour 7.5.4. Appraisal of reproductive toxicology 7.6. Mutagenicity and related end-points 7.6.1. DNA damage 7.6.2. Mutation 7.6.3. Chromosomal effects 7.6.4. Miscellaneous tests 7.6.5. Appraisal of mutagenicity and related end- points 7.7. Carcinogenicity 7.7.1. Mouse 7.7.2. Rat 7.7.3. Initiationpromotion 7.7.4. Mode of action 7.7.5. Appraisal of carcinogenicity 7.8. Special studies 7.8.1. Immunosuppression 7.8.2. Behavioural studies 7.8.3. Neurotoxicity 7.8.3.1 Dose-response studies using intact animals 7.8.3.2 Studies on mechanism 7.8.3.3 Summary 7.9. Factors that modify toxicity; toxicity of metabolites 8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 8.1. Exposure of the general population 8.1.1. Acute toxicity, poisoning incidents 8.1.2. Effects of short- and long-term exposures - controlled human studies 8.1.2.1 Oral administration 8.1.2.2 Dermal application 8.1.3. Epidemiological studies (general population) 8.2. Occupational exposure 8.2.1. Toxic effects 8.2.2. Irritation and sensitization 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD 9.1. Microorganisms 9.1.1. Bacteria 9.1.2. Algae 9.1.2.1 Blue-green algae 9.1.2.2 Freshwater algae 9.1.2.3 Marine algae 9.1.3. Dinoflagellates, flagellates, and ciliates 9.2. Aquatic organisms 9.2.1. Invertebrates 9.2.1.1 Crustacea 9.2.1.2 Aquatic arthropods 9.2.1.3 Molluscs 9.2.2. Fish 9.2.2.1 Acute toxicity 9.2.2.2 Short- and long-term toxicity 9.2.2.3 Reproduction 9.2.3. Amphibia 9.2.3.1 Acute toxicity 9.2.3.2 Effects on hatching and larval development 9.3.
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