Scienziati E Tecnologi Marchigiani Nel Tempo

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Scienziati E Tecnologi Marchigiani Nel Tempo QUADERNI DEL CONSIGLIO REGIONALE DELLE MARCHE 1 2 UNIVERSITÁ DEGLI STUDI DI ANCONA I.R.R.S.A.E. MARCHE COMUNE DI ANCONA GIUNTA REGIONALE DELLE MACRHE CONSIGLIO REGIONALE DELLE MARCHE SCIENZIATI E TECNOLOGI MARCHIGIANI NEL TEMPO CONVEGNO STORICO-SCIENTIFICO QUADERNI DEL CONSIGLIO REGIONALE DELLE MARCHE 3 4 Giungono a pubblicazione questi atti del convegno storico-scientifico, dedicato agli scienziati e ai tecnologi delle Marche. Giungono a pubblicazione un un momento importante per la storia della nostra Regione, essendovi in corso l'impegno alla costruzione di una nuova carta statutaria. Il rinnovamento istituzionale dovrà trovare motivazioni e forza nella capacità di disegnare linee costituenti conformi all'identità storica e alle capacità di crescita delle Marche. Il percorso interno alle radici culturali della regione, proposto dal conve- gno, costituisce un richiamo specifico alla ricchezza delle tradizioni culturali marchigiane. Luigi Minardi Presidente del Consiglio regionale delle Marche 5 6 SOMMARIO Luigi Minardi, presidente del Consiglio regionale delle Marche ...........5 Silvana Amati Il saluto del Consiglio regionale ..........................................................11 Gian Paolo Brizzi Università e collegi marchigiani in età moderna .................................15 Pierdaniele Napolitani Federico Commandino e l’Umanesimo matematico ............................37 Mario Guidone Ostilio Ricci da Fermo: un ponte tra Galileo e la scienza rinascimentale ................................................................ 59 Liana Lippi Eustachio Divini di San Severino Marche............................................75 Enrico Gamba Guidobaldo dal Monte matematico e fisico..........................................91 Vico Montebelli Muzio Oddi e la matematica applicata strumentale...........................109 Carlo Ciabuschi - Giulio Torri Francesco Stelluti Linceo da Fabriano ..............................................129 Liceo Scientifico “A. Orsini” di Ascoli Piceno Antonio Orsini ....................................................................................159 Francesco Barbieri - Marina Zuccoli Domenico Troili da Macerata (1722-1793) .......................................167 7 Pierluigi Pizzamiglio Matteo Ricci, interprete della scienza cinese e divulgatore della scienza europea ...................................................185 Luigi Pepe La formazione filosofica e scientifica di Giulio Carlo de’ Toschi di Fagnano ..............................................207 Marinella Bonvini Mazzanti Plurivalenza della cultura del Rinascimento marchigiano ................227 Maria Teresa Borgato La questione copernicana a casa Leopardi........................................245 Maria Chiara Leonori La Biblioteca Comunale di Fermo, l’antica Università e l’ambiente culturale locale ...............................275 Raffaella Petti Carlo Rinaldini e l’esperienza dell’anello .........................................291 Michelangelo De Maria Giuseppe (Beppo) Occhialini .............................................................305 Giorgio Israel Vito Volterra .......................................................................................319 Antonio Nasi Emilio Betti, giurista ..........................................................................331 Liceo scientifico “E. Medi” di Senigallia Enrico Medi ........................................................................................337 Liceo scientifico “G. Galilei” di Ancona Luigi Paolucci ....................................................................................345 8 Istituto Tecnico Industriale “Montani” di Fermo Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti...............................................................353 Istituto Tecnico Commerciale “Benincasa” di Ancona Grazioso Benincasa ............................................................................365 Fabrizio Fatichenti Tommaso Castelli e Augusto Capriotti...............................................369 Silvestro Mondini Giuseppe Ceramicola .........................................................................377 Giacomo Pergamino, letterato e filosofo ...........................................383 Ottaviano Petrucci, tipografo .............................................................387 9 10 SILVANA AMATI Il saluto del Consiglio regionale delle Marche 11 12 Porto molto volentieri il saluto mio personale e quello del Consiglio regionale a questa iniziativa dell’IRRSAE Marche e dell’Università di Ancona, che ha il Patrocinio del Consiglio e della Giunta regionale. Con l’obiettivo di documentare l’apporto regionale alla ricerca tecnolo- gica e scientifica nel tempo, al fine di promuovere l’interesse di insegnanti e studenti per la ricerca storico-scientifica, partendo dalla nostra realtà locale, vi proponete di orientare l’aggiornamento storico culturale facendo i conti con le nostre radici, e quindi con quanto le realtà locali hanno prodotto nel tempo, e che spesso siamo i primi a sottovalutare, applicando il noto principio che impedirebbe a chiunque di essere profeta in patria. Nel ricco programma dei vostri lavori trovo personaggi illustri, che invece furono profeti nelle loro piccole patrie locali. Leggo nomi che si sono affermati alla corte dei duchi di Urbino, altri nello Stato della Chiesa o anche nel neonato Regno d’Italia, laico e liberale. Solo a scorrere velocemente il programma, insomma, si illuminano con luce diversa i nostri campanili. Quasi ogni sasso della nostra Regione contiene una storia complicata, dolorosa a volte, ma sempre ricca di cultura e carica di possibili frutti, qualora si riesca a riannodare i fili spezzati della memoria e dell’analisi critica, volta al recupero ed al riuso delle immense risorse che dormono soffo la cenere. Ciascuno dei “nomi” elencati nel programma, nessuno escluso, potrebbe svolgere una funzione essenziale nella ricomposizione della vera identità delle Marche, oggi che, quanto più vogliamo entrare in Europa, tanto più abbiamo bisogno di identità locali nette e precise, espressioni di cultura globale ma modulata localmente, in una strategia di regionalismo critico che mai come in questa fase ha bisogno di tutti i suoi antenati. Un leader milanese nel campo della pubblicità ha testimoniato del fatto che i suoi assistenti, provenienti da Urbino, negli anni sessanta erano in grado di competere con i più raffinati pubblicitari d’Europa in ragione di una cultura complessiva che veniva loro dal ricordo del Rinascimento che avevano respirato in Urbino. È plausibile che si debba contrastare ogni tendenza alla rimozione della ricca tradizione di Collegi, Università, Studi e Biblioteche che è stata e resta l’impalcatura sul territorio del nostro modo marchigiano di fare i conti con la scienza, la tecnica, e, più in generale, con la cultura. E che sarà la nostra forza, la nostra “differenza” entrando in Europa a testa alta e certo senza alcun complesso di inferiorità. 13 In questa ore noi consiglieri regionali, noi Consiglio, noi Giunta, stiamo lavorando tutti affinché le conseguenze del terremoto gravino il meno possibile sulle popolazioni colpite, e anche perché dall’esperienza della tragedia possa venire qualcosa di utile. Un modo nuovo, più moderno e più giusto di rapportarci con il territorio, e con lo sviluppo. C’è grande collaborazione, stanno emergendo i caratteri positivi della nostra gente, si lavora affinché le culture appenniniche marchigiane ed umbre mettano a disposizione tutto il loro potenziale per ricostruire non solo le abitazioni, ma anche un più solido tessuto sociale ed economico È su questo sfondo di attualità che voi ripensate le figure più significative del nostro passato scientifico. È anche da questo vostro lavoro, che si avvicina - come ho detto - al nostro di queste ore, che potranno venire ai marchigiani frutti significativi, soprattutto se ci sarà l’indispensabile ritor- no per i normali canali dell’insegnamento scolastico di ogni giorno. 14 GIAN PAOLO BRIZZI Università di Bologna e Sassari Università e collegi marchigiani in età moderna 15 16 Il mio contributo tocca un tema che a prima vista ha una connessione marginale con l’argomento generale del convegno: le istituzioni universi- tarie marchigiane hanno infatti, come vedremo, ben pochi punti in comune con la storia della formazione e dell’attività scientifica di quei matematici, fisici e astronomi di cui ci si occupa in queste pagine. Dovremo certamente interrogarci sulle ragioni di ciò, sulla qualità della didattica impartita nelle università e nei collegi che furono attivi in questa regione nell’età moderna, sul profilo scientifico e culturale dei maestri che vi insegnarono, ma va detto subito che la funzione assolta da un’università non si può solo commisurare al numero di premi Nobel ricevuti dai suoi docenti. La storia di queste università marchigiane ci potrebbe portare lontano, molto lontano nel tempo se dessimo credito alle favolose genealogie che gli accademici del passato cercarono di accreditare per nobilitare il proprio ateneo. Io ne esaminerò le vicende per i secoli dell’età moderna partendo dalla riforma attuata all’indomani della Restaurazione, che costituì il punto di arrivo del precedente sviluppo e il punto di partenza di una situazione che non si modificherà fino agli Anni Cinquanta di questo secolo. Nel 1816 Pio VII insediò una commissione con il compito di riordinare il sistema scolastico dello Stato della Chiesa. Fra i commissari che la componevano fu subito raggiunta un’intesa: due erano gli atenei cui restava confidato
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