Sammeln Für Die Wissenschaft?

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Sammeln Für Die Wissenschaft? SAMMELN FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFT? Das Academische Museum Göttingen (1773-1840) Christine Nawa Göttingen 2010 Inhalt Vorwort........................................................................................................................II Einleitung..................................................................................................................... 1 1 Von der Notwendigkeit des Historisierens von Sprache ..................................... 12 2 Sammeln im Großen und im Kleinen .................................................................. 29 2.1 Zur Geschichte des Sammelns................................................................... 29 2.2 Das Academische Museum Göttingen – Sammlung und Institution in der Zeit der Gründung und Entwicklung .......................................................... 40 3 Bestandsveränderungen ....................................................................................... 59 3.1 Sammlungszugewinne ............................................................................... 59 3.2 Sammlungsverluste.................................................................................... 73 3.3 Eine Ordnung der Dinge und ein neuer Standort....................................... 74 4 Im neuen Jahrhundert........................................................................................... 78 4.1 Personelle Veränderungen ......................................................................... 78 4.2 In der napoleonischen Zeit......................................................................... 79 4.3 Ruhige Zeiten oder Stagnation?................................................................. 80 4.4 Das Ende einer Ära und ein Neubeginn – Ausblick auf die Entwicklung nach dem Tod Blumenbachs....................................................................... 81 5 Akteure und Nutzung........................................................................................... 83 5.1 Das Personal .............................................................................................. 83 5.2 Die Besucher............................................................................................ 106 5.3 Zugänglichkeit und Nutzung des Academischen Museums.................... 117 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick............................................................................. 123 Anhang A: Der Catalogus Musei Academici........................................................... 126 Anhang B: Auswertung des Besucherbuchs............................................................ 135 Abkürzungen............................................................................................................ 147 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................... 148 Abbildungsverzeichnis............................................................................................. 159 I Vorwort Vorwort Bei dem vorliegenden Text handelt es sich um eine überarbeitete Version meiner im Jahr 2005 bei der Philosophischen Universität der Georg-August-Universität Göttin- gen unter dem gleichen Titel eingereichten Magisterarbeit im Fach Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte. Nachdem ich in den letzten Jahren vielfach wegen dieser Arbeit angefragt worden bin, habe ich mich nun zu einer Veröffentlichung entschlossen. Da mir die Zeit zu einer umfassenden Überarbeitung fehlt, habe ich entschieden, die Arbeit auf dem damaligen Forschungsstand zu belassen – mit allen Stärken und Schwächen einer Magisterarbeit. Gegenüber der ursprünglich eingereichten Version wurden im We- sentlichen offensichtliche Fehler korrigiert. Größere Änderungen betreffen die da- tenbankgestützte Auswertung des Besucherbuchs, denn die Datenbank konnte aus technischen Gründen auf diesem Weg nicht mitpubliziert werden. Auch Anhang B ist gegenüber der Ur-Fassung gekürzt. Einen Überblick über die gesamte Existenzdauer des Academischen Museums (1773-1878), in dem der aktuelle Forschungsstand berücksichtigt ist, gebe ich in dem Artikel „Zum «öffentlichen Gebrauche» bestimmt: Das Academische Museum Göt- tingen“, der 2011 im Göttinger Jahrbuch erscheinen wird. Regensburg, im August 2010 Christine Nawa II II Einleitung Einleitung Betrachtet man die aktuellen Ankündigungen für Ausstellungen verschiedener Mu- seen oder auch die für Konferenzen, die sich mit der Museumsgeschichte bzw. der Geschichte des Sammelns befassen, so fällt gegenüber früheren Jahren eine verstärk- te Zuwendung zur Selbstreflexivität auf. Dies ist jedoch kein Zufall – stehen doch eine Reihe runder Jubiläen ins Haus, an denen große Häuser ihre Gründung oder ihren Übergang von der Privatsammlung zur öffentlich zugänglichen Sammlung fei- ern.1 Die Institution Museum wird also hinterfragt, es erfolgt eine Besinnung auf die eige- ne Geschichte. Längst als veraltet abgestempelte Sammlungskonzepte erfahren eine Renaissance – sei es, weil ihnen eine nachträgliche Wertschätzung zuteil wird, sei es, weil die Museen ihrer Geschichte ein Gesicht geben wollen oder weil die zunehmen- de Interdisziplinarität unter den Fachdisziplinen Sammlungskonzepte aus der Zeit vor der Ausdifferenzierung der einzelnen Lehrfächer als überraschend modern er- scheinen lassen. Grund genug, sich zu vergegenwärtigen, was ein Museum eigentlich ist und wie sich unser heutiges Verständnis davon – möglicherweise – von dem vorangegangener Jahrhunderte unterscheidet. So steht hinter der Leitfrage dieser Arbeit „Sammeln für die Wissenschaft?“ letztlich die weitaus größere Frage, was man sich unter einem Universitätsmuseum um 1800 eigentlich vorzustellen hat. Der Titel dieser Arbeit stellt einen Weg der Annäherung an diesen Fragenkomplex dar. Er verweist auf den Zusammenhang von Sammlung und Museum, die Dualität zwischen der Tätigkeit des Sammelns auf der einen und der Sammlung an sich als (repräsentativem) Ergeb- nis dieser Tätigkeit sowie einer bestimmten, sichtbar gemachten Auffassung von der „Ordnung der Dinge“2 auf der anderen Seite. Dennoch geht es hier nicht um eine Geschichte der Dinge an sich, sondern um die Nutzung des Raumes Museum, der 1 Hier ist zum Beispiel das Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum in Braunschweig zu nennen, das im Jahr 2004 sein 250-jähriges Bestehen feierte und aus diesem Anlass einen umfangreichen Katalog he- rausgab. Vgl. KUNSTMUSEUM DES LANDES NIEDERSACHSEN HERZOG ANTON ULRICH-MUSEUM BRAUNSCHWEIG (Hg.), 250 Jahre Museum. Von den fürstlichen Sammlungen zum Museum der Aufklärung. Ausstellung in der Burg Dankwarderode, Braunschweig, 29. April bis 22. August 2004, München 2004. 2 MICHEL FOUCAULT, Die Ordnung der Dinge. Eine Archäologie der Humanwissenschaften, Frank- furt a.M. 2003. 1 1 Einleitung erst durch das Aufeinandertreffen von Akteuren und Objekten zum Museum wird. Den Untersuchungsgegenstand bildet das 1773 gegründete Academische Museum der Universität Göttingen, das unter eben diesem Namen bis in das letzte Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts Bestand hatte. Der Untersuchungszeitraum umfasst den mit Ära Blumenbach überschreibbaren Zeitraum von 1773 bis 1840. Blumenbach hatte die Sammlung – wenn auch mit wechselnder Intensität – sein gesamtes akademisches Leben lang begleitet und sie entscheidend geprägt. Er war am Aufschwung der Sammlung ebenso maßgeblich beteiligt wie an ihrer Stagnation. Sein Ableben 1840 bedeutete für die Geschicke des Museums eine starke Zäsur. Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Frage nach dem Rezipientenkreis des Museums. Wer tritt als Besucher, als Nutzer in Erscheinung, welche Rückschlüsse lassen sich auf den Umgang mit den Objekten ziehen? Was ist eigentlich ein Museumsbesuch? Um sich dieser Frage nähern zu können, ist ein gewisses Vorverständnis für die Ent- wicklung der Sammlungsgeschichte und des damit verbundenen begrifflichen (histo- rischen) Instrumentariums notwendig, weshalb sich das erste Kapitel in Form eines Glossars einer Betrachtung der wichtigsten für diese Arbeit relevanten Begriffe widmet. Dabei steht nicht der Gedanke einer theoretischen Reflexion im Vorder- grund, sondern die Absicht, aus dem zeithistorischen Kontext heraus zu einer Gebrauchsdefinition dieser Begriffe zu gelangen. In diesem Kapitel sollen Bedeu- tungen zum Teil fremd wirkender Begriffe und die zum Teil fremd wirkenden Be- deutungen einiger bekannter Begriffe herausgestellt werden. Ziel der Auswahl dieser Begriffe ist es, Sensibilität für einige Problematiken der Sammlungsgeschichts- schreibung und der mit ihr verbundenen Terminologie zu wecken. Im darauf folgen- den Kapitel, das sich dem Themenkomplex des Sammelns im Großen und im Klei- nen widmet, finden diese Begriffe ihre historische Verortung. Hier wird sowohl überblicksartig auf die Geschichte des Sammelns im europäischen Kontext als auch – daran anknüpfend – ausführlich auf die Gründungsgeschichte des Academischen Museums Göttingen eingegangen. Dabei stehen der Erwerb der Sammlung und ihre institutionelle Verortung im Mittelpunkt. Die sich unmittelbar nach Gründung des Museums ergebende personelle Situation sollte beinahe vierzig Jahre nahezu unver- ändert bestehen bleiben. Kapitel 3 setzt Schlaglichter auf die Bestandsveränderungen des Museums und zeigt exemplarisch am Erwerb einer Objektgruppe, der so genann- 2 2 Einleitung ten Cook-Sammlung, dass sich bei genauerem Hinsehen hinter förmlichen Brief- wechseln weit gespannte personelle Beziehungsnetzwerke verbergen können, die für den Erwerb solcher Zugewinne konstitutiv sind. Im Gegensatz zu der ambitionierten Entwicklung des Museums in den Jahren seiner Etablierung zeichnet sich
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