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GIS-Based Predictive Mapping for Aquamarine-Bearing Pegmatites, Lundazi Area, Northeast Zambia

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GIS-Based Predictive Mapping for Aquamarine-Bearing Pegmatites, Lundazi Area, Northeast Zambia GIS-based predictive mapping for aquamarine-bearing pegmatites, Lundazi area, northeast Zambia. Ezekiah Mweetwa Chikambwe September 2002 GIS-based predictive mapping for aquamarine-bearing pegmatites, Lundazi area, northeast Zambia. by Ezekiah Mweetwa Chikambwe Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Science in Mineral Resources Exploration and Evaluation. Degree Assessment Board Thesis advisers Dr. E. J. M. Carranza Drs. J. B. de Smeth Thesis examiners Prof. Dr. F.v.d. Meer (ITC, TUD), Chairman, External Examiner Dr. T. Woldai (ITC), Member Drs. J.B. de Smeth (ITC), Member Dr. E.J.M. Carranza, (Member) INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of the study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observations (ITC). All views and opinion expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute and remain the sole responsibility of the author. Abstract The Irumide belt part of Zambia is endowed with gemstones. These gemstones, aquamarine in particular, have shown to be a potential contributor to the socio-economic growth of Zambia. However, there is a lack of exploration criteria to guide the search for potential areas of aquamarine-bearing rocks to sustain the mineral industry in the country. In response to this need, this study was conducted in the eastern part of the Irumide belt (Lundazi area) in the eastern part of Zambia to determine spatial relationships between the aquamarine-bearing pegmatites and the indicative geological features in the area in order to define guidelines useful for selection of potential areas for further exploration work. Based on the geological characteristics of areas with known aquamarine-bearing pegmatities in Lundazi, several geological features were thought to be indicative of areas with potential for the occurrence of aquamarine-bearing pegmatites. To determine which of the ‘indicative’ geological features are important spatial predictors of areas with potential for the occurrence of aquamarine-bearing pegmatites, spatial analysis was undertaken. Quantifying the spatial association between the ‘indicative’ geological features and training set of locations of known aquamarine workings were done through weights of evidence modeling method. The application of weights of evidence modeling has shown that mapped axial fold traces with NE trend and mapped shear zones have negative spatial association with training set of known aquamarine workings and that the >75th percentile Pc2 scores of the spatially interpolated stream sediments data generally show negative or non-positive spatial association with the training set of aquamarine workings. Metagranites, lineaments (fractures), and circular features (representing late granites) were found to be positively spatially associated with known aquamarine workings. Predictive modeling of areas with potential for occurrence of aquamarine bearing pegmatites was undertaken through weights of evidence modeling and fuzzy logic approach based on ‘indicative’ geological features with positive spatial associations with the known aquamarine workins. The best predictive map through weights of evidence modeling demarcates about 36% of the area as potential zones for aquamarine-bearing pegmatites and delineates correctly at least 73% of the known aquamarine workings. The best predictive map through fuzzy logic approach outlines about 29% of the area as potential zones for aquamarine-bearing pegmatites and delineates correctly at least 57% of the known aquamarine workings. The optimal fuzzy predictive map was considered more adequate for directing future exploration work for aquamarine-bearing pegmatites in the Lundazi area because it is generated from three indicative geological features and has smaller percentage of delineatded potential zones for aquamarine- bearing pegmatite occurrences. However, it it should be treated with caution because of its low prediction rates. Both the best predictive map generated by weights of evidence modeling and the best predictive map generated by fuzzy logic approach do not predict the known aquamarine workings in the northern part of the area. These aquamarine workings not delineated correclty by the optimal predictive maps lie within 6000m of mapped granitic gneisses, which could be metagranites. This finding implies that highly accurate geological maps and standardized lithological nomenclature are needed and important predictive modeling of mineral potential. Acknowledgement I would like to thank the Netherlands Fellowship Program (NPF) for awarding me the scholarship to pursue further training and immensely improve my professional understanding and judgement. I also thank the Geological Survey Department of Zambia for allowing me to pursue this study. To Dr. John Carranza, my supervisor, I would like to express my gratitude to you for your guidance, constructive criticism, invaluable suggestions and, last but not least, your ever-in-time critical reading of the manuscripts. Your constructive criticism has greatly improved the quality of this dissertation. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Martin Hale for his guidance. Thank you. My sincere gratitude go to Drs. Boudewijn de Smeth the students adviser for his critical review of my manuscript and guidance during my stay in the Netherlands. I particularly thank you for my first day in ITC. My special thanks go Drs. Frank van Reitenbeek for being available and standing ready to help whenever I needed help. My special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Colin Reeves, Dr. Sally Barritt and Dr. Jean Roy for their various contributions during interpretation of the geophysical data. My special thanks go to ITC and Dish hotel employees and general Dutch citizens for their hospitality that made my stay in Netherlands a success. To my wife Rita and my children Chibotu, Miyoba and Chiyavwula, if this turns out to be an achievement it is for you. I thank you for your support and appreciate your sacrifices. Finally, I would like to thank the almighty God to whom I owe all. vi Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ v Chapter 1: Background to the Research ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Problem .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Mining dependent economy of Zambia................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Aquamarine gemstones: potential contributor to the economy of Zambia ............. 1 1.1.3 A need for an exploration model for aquamarine-bearing granitic-pegmatites................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Rationale of the Research ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Objectives of the Research....................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Research Methodology ............................................................................................................ 3 1.6 Geodata Sets Available to the Research................................................................................... 3 1.6.1 Locations of mine workings.................................................................................... 3 1.6.2 Geological map....................................................................................................... 3 1.6.3 Radiometric data .................................................................................................... 5 1.6.4 Remotely-sensed spectral data................................................................................ 5 1.6.5 Geochemical data................................................................................................... 5 1.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: The Study Area................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Location ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 General Geology of Zambia..................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Stratigraphy............................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Structure and Metamorphism ................................................................................. 8 2.3 Local Geology of Lundazi Area............................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Lithology............................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Structure and metamorphism...............................................................................
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