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Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Technologies for the Municipal Bus Company of San Sebastián (Ctss)

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Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Technologies for the Municipal Bus Company of San Sebastián (Ctss) ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE MUNICIPAL BUS COMPANY OF SAN SEBASTIÁN (CTSS) Donostia – San Sebastián August 2009 Municipal Bus Company of San Sebastián (CTSS) 1 ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES INDEX 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 7 1.1 methodology....................................................................................................... 7 1.2 HISTORy of the CTSS........................................................................................ 7 1.3 PRESENTAtIoN of the CTSS-DBUS company. ................................................ 10 1.4 ORGanization chart .......................................................................................... 11 2 ENVIROMENTAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 13 2.1 enviromental present situation .......................................................................... 13 2.2 given or predicted solutions .............................................................................. 16 2.2.1 KYOTO Protocol........................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM .................................................... 18 2.3 joint application................................................................................................. 19 2.4 CIVITAS ARCHIMEDES ................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Description................................................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Estructure .................................................................................................. 21 2.5 proyects calendar ............................................................................................. 33 3 THE ENERGY CROSSROADS ............................................................................... 34 4 PRESENT OF THE BUSES..................................................................................... 39 4.1 current fleet....................................................................................................... 39 4.2 RECORD OF KILOMETRES AND POWER CONSUMED BETWEEN 2004-2008 AND ESTIMATION OF KILOMETRES AND POWER CONSUMED BETWEEN 2009- 2012 41 4.3 EvolucTIOn OF THE EMISSIONS BETWEEN 2004-2008 AND ESTAMATION OF THE EMISSIONS BETWEEN 2009-2012.............................................................. 41 5 EUROPEAN REGULATION FOR THE TRANSPORT............................................. 42 5.1 euro normative.................................................................................................. 42 6 STUDIES OF FUELS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT ................................................. 44 6.1 FOSSIL FUELS ................................................................................................ 44 6.1.1 DIESEL...................................................................................................... 44 Municipal Bus Company of San Sebastián (CTSS) 2 ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES 6.1.2 European norm of the diesel in EN590 ...................................................... 45 6.1.3 Petrol......................................................................................................... 46 6.1.4 GLP ........................................................................................................... 48 6.2 gnc.................................................................................................................... 49 6.2.1 Necessary installation in the company:...................................................... 49 6.2.1.1 NATURGAS's OFFER FOR THE SUPPLY OF NATURAL GAS FOR THE BUSES OF THE CTSS AND FOR AN INSTALLATION OF A STATION OF LOAD OF NATURAL GAS ................................................................................... 49 6.2.1.2 FUEL CONSUME. .............................................................................. 50 6.2.1.3 GUARANTEE OF SUPPLY ................................................................ 51 6.2.1.4 RAPID FILLING. ................................................................................. 51 6.2.1.5 SEQUENTIAL FILLING ...................................................................... 52 6.2.1.6 BASIC DIMENSIONING. .................................................................... 53 6.2.1.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARGE STATION..................................... 54 6.2.1.8 SEGURITY IN THE BUS. ................................................................... 55 6.2.1.9 SEGURITY IN THE INSTALLATIONS. ............................................... 55 6.2.1.10 Budget................................................................................................ 56 6.3 FIRST GENERATON BIOFUELS ..................................................................... 56 6.3.1 BIOETHANOL ........................................................................................... 56 6.3.2 Definition and characteristics of the bioethanol.......................................... 56 6.3.3 Proceses of obtaining bioethanol............................................................... 57 6.4 BIODIESEL....................................................................................................... 60 6.4.1 Needed infrastructure in the CTSS ............................................................ 62 6.4.1.1 European regulation about the biodiesel............................................. 64 6.5 second generations biofuel............................................................................... 65 6.5.1 BTL............................................................................................................ 65 6.5.2 Choren Carbo-V ® Process ....................................................................... 66 6.5.3 Facts and numbers.................................................................................... 66 6.5.3.1 Fisher-Tropsch ................................................................................... 67 6.5.3.2 Mobil Proceso..................................................................................... 67 6.5.4 Methanol.................................................................................................... 68 6.5.5 bio-dme ..................................................................................................... 69 6.5.6 HTU........................................................................................................... 70 6.5.7 Bio-hydrogen ............................................................................................. 71 Municipal Bus Company of San Sebastián (CTSS) 3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES 6.6 alternative fuels................................................................................................. 71 6.6.1 Hydrogen................................................................................................... 72 6.6.2 Obtention of hydrogen ............................................................................... 73 6.6.2.1 ELECTROLYSIS ................................................................................ 74 6.6.2.2 ELECTROLYSIS MACHINES............................................................. 76 6.6.2.3 PRICIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTROLISIS MACHINES 77 6.6.3 PRODUCTION OF H2 BY STEAM REFORMED ................................ 78 6.6.4 ADAPTATION RESERCH OF THE HYDROGEN CHARGE INSTALLATION.................................................................................................... 78 6.6.4.1 STUDY OF THE NEEDS OF MAINTENANCE.................................... 79 6.6.4.2 STUDY FOR ITS RUNNING............................................................... 80 6.6.4.3 Budget................................................................................................ 82 6.7 PRICE OF THE FUEL....................................................................................... 84 7 EVOLUTION OF THE ENGINES............................................................................. 85 7.1 PETROL ENGINE............................................................................................. 85 7.1.1 Parts of the engine:.................................................................................... 85 7.2 diesel engine .................................................................................................... 87 7.3 hybrid systems.................................................................................................. 88 7.3.1 Hybrid Vehicle designs .............................................................................. 90 7.3.2 Hybrid Components................................................................................... 92 7.3.2.1 Prime Movers ..................................................................................... 92 7.3.2.2 Electric Machines ............................................................................... 94 7.3.2.3 Energy Storage (Batteries) ................................................................. 95 7.3.3 WORKING................................................................................................101 8 CRITERIA OF SELECTION OF ENERGETICALLY MORE EFFICIENT FUELS....103 8.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................103 8.2 ANÁLISIS
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