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Infatuated with Martyrdom Mohammad Abu Rumman Hassan Abu Hanieh Infatuated with Martyrdom Female Jihadism from Al-Qaeda to the ‘Islamic State’ Infatuated with Martyrdom: Female Jihadism from Al-Qaeda to the ‘Islamic State’ Mohammad Abu Rumman Hassan Abu Hanieh Translated by Banan Malkawi 1 The Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2017/10/5568) 278 AbuRumman, Mohammad Suliman Infatuated with Martyrdom: Female Jihadism From AlQaeda To The ‘Islamic State’ Mohammad Suliman Abu Rumman, Hassan Mahmoud AbuHanieh; Banan Malkawi. Amman: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2017 ترجـمة (460) p. Deposit No.: 2017/10/5568 Descriptors: /Holy War//Women//Political Condition/ يتحمل املؤلف كامل املسؤولية القانونية عن محتوى مصنفه وال ّيعب هذا املصنف عن رأي دائرة املكتبة الوطنية أو أي جهة حكومية أخرى. Published in 2017 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website:www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. Translation: Banan Malkawi Cover and Lay-out: Mua’th Al Saied Printing: Economic Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-75-0 2 Infatuated with Martyrdom: Female Jihadism from Al-Qaeda to the ‘Islamic State’ By: Mohammad Abu Rumman & Hassan Abu Hanieh 2017 3 The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original authors. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. 4 Dedication To all women and men who believe in freedom and deliverance from tyranny: Tyranny is the disease that breeds extremism and ter- rorism, creates the climate of frustration, despair, and sectarianism, hijacks the future of the generations of youth, the displaced, the mi- grants, the frightened, and the disoriented who seek none other than a dignified humane life, like all other human beings. To all women and men who believe in sound knowledge and disciplined research in analyzing human and social phenomena to reach objective solutions, away from the whims of ideology and the caprices of politics. To all people who empathize with the plight of millions of women, children, and vulnerable people in places of conflict and war; those suffering in harsh living conditions, stuck between the hammer of extremism and armed militias, and the anvil of authoritarian regimes and occupation. 5 6 Acknowledgements We extend our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the production of this book and provided the appropriate conditions for its completion. Our thanks extend foremost to Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung/Amman of- fice, particularly its Resident Director and dear friend, Anja Wehler-Schoeck, who has struggled with us, fought by our side, and at times even fought us in order to complete this study. Throughout her tenure in Amman, Ms. Wehler-Schoeck spearheaded FES’ publishing of our books, including The ‘Islamic State’ Organization: The Sunni Crisis and Struggle of Global Jihadism, I am A Salafi: A Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis, and The ‘Islamic Solution’ in Jordan: Islamists, the State, and Ventures of Democracy and Security, in addition to organizing numerous important regional conferences in analyzing the phenomenon of Islamism, published in a series of books and reports. She further exerted immeasurable efforts in conveying this knowl- edge content to English and German-speaking audiences by facilitating the translation of our books, including this one. Such efforts by FES compel us to truly appreciate the task they carry insofar as effort, time, and financial costs. Our gratitude also extends to Ms. Amal Abu Jries, the director of programs at FES, who has been front and center, diligently working with us in the projects we achieved with FES. At the research level, we would like to thank the Center for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan for providing the climate and research possibilities for the co-author Abu Rumman, and the Center’s researchers who worked diligently to acquire raw data and detailed information from a wide array of sources. They include the researchers and interns Ruba Tweis- si, Nour Dawud, and Armand Jhala, all of whom had an important role in our access to valuable information. 7 Acknowledgements Of course, our work would not bear fruit and this book would not see the light of day without the sacrifices of our families, who bore – as usual – our seclusion for months of grueling work. Our gratitude goes out to Abeer Jawan and Ghaith Abu Hanieh (Hassan Abu Hanieh’s family), and to Samah Bibars, Faris, and Sarah (Mohammad Abu Rumman’s family), for all their patience and perseverance during the past few years. Our accomplishments would not have been possible without your sacrifice and understanding. Finally, we are grateful to the editors who have played a role of no less importance or difficulty than that of the authors. Our special thanks go out to our friends Banan Malkawi (who translated the book into English), Osama Ghawji (who edited it in Arabic), and Günther Orth (who translated it into German). 8 Table of Contents Dedication Acknowledgements Preface Part I Female Jihadism: Historical Transformations and Ideological Forma- tions Introduction Chapter One: Historical Formations of Female Jihadism 1. The Role of Women in Wahhabi Salafism 2. From the Ikhwan Sister to the Qutbian Jihadist Advocate 3. The Role of Women in Local Jihadism 4. Women in the Afghan Jihad Chapter Two: Women of Al-Qaeda and the ‘Islamic State’ 1. Women of Al-Qaeda: From Domestic to Logistical Jihad 2. Women of the Islamic State of Iraq: From Logistical to Combatant Jihad Chapter Three: Women of the Caliphate 1. Propaganda and Religious Advocacy (Da`wa) 2. Al-Khansaa Brigade: The Hisba Women Chapter Four: For Love of Martyrdom: Female Suicide Jihadism 1. On the Evolution and Logic of the Phenomenon 2. Suicide Warfare in the Arab and Islamic Context 9 Table of Contents 3. Suicide Martyrdom in Jihadist Debates 4. The Female Suicide Jihadist 5. The Caliphate’s Impassioned Martyrs Concluding Remarks Part II Muhajirat: On Becoming Female Migrant Jihadists Introduction Chapter One: Arab Models of Female Jihadism 1. The Affluent Sudanese Medical Students 2. Fatiha el-Mejjati: An Exceptional Case Chapter Two: Saudi Female Jihadism 1. Fawzia al-`Aufi: The Traditional Model 2. Wafaa al-Yahya: Al-Nafir al-Sirri (Secret Mobilization for Jihad) 3. Haila al-Qusayr: The Icon of Female Jihadism 4. Wafaa al-Shihri: The First Public Nafir 5. Demolishing Walls: Nada al-Qahtani, Arwa Baghdadi, Hanan Samkari, Naj- laa al-Rumi, and Bint Najd 6. The Women of Buraydah: Rima al-Jraish, May al-Talaq, and Amina al-Rashid 7. The Complex Family Network: Haifaa al-Ahmadi and Najwa al-Sa`idi 8. The Neo-Female Jihadists: From Al-Qaeda to the ‘Islamic State’ Remarks: The Evolution of Saudi Female Jihadism: Conditions and Factors Chapter Three: Female Jihadi Ideologues: The Case of Iman al-Bugha 10 Table of Contents 1. Family and Social Upbringing 2. Turning Point or Evolution? 3. In Dreamland Remarks: Ideological and Self-Positioning Chapter Four: Female Jihadists of Europe 1. British Muhajirat to the Utopian Caliphate 2. Francophone Female Jihadists of Belgium and France Chapter Five: American Daeshites: The Terrorism of Social Media 1. Tashfeen Malik: The Mystery Woman 2. Ariel Bradley: In Search of Identity 3. Hoda Mohammed Muthana: The Road Paved, Half-Way 4. Shannon (Halima) Conley: The Internet Recruit 5. Jaelyn Young: The All-American Girl Conclusion: Results and Indicators Glossary Bibliography 11 12 Preface Preface It is difficult to find an epistemic and objective analysis of the phenom- enon of female jihadism that is not laden with ideological agendas, political and media propaganda, abstract or even mythical and imaginative percep- tions, particularly with the emergence of the so-called ‘Islamic State’ or- ganization (IS),1 and the increased role played by females within the global jihadist movement. Headlines like “brides of jihad,” “sexual jihad,” and “the mistresses of al-Baghdadi” and other flashy media titles divert the discourse on female ji- hadism away from real, accurate and unprejudiced grounds. This has created a state of obscurity that hinders efforts to study the phenomenon objectively, analyze its reality, magnitude, causes, and the practical conditions that drive hundreds of women and girls to travel, or attempt to travel, for the sake of jihad. This obscure scene has incited us to explore this thorny and complex issue, and to attempt to make objective and factual distinctions of the polit- ical, ideological, and media agendas that are coated with stereotypical ide- as and pre-fabricated conceptualizations of this phenomenon. After taking our first steps into this research journey – thinking that we would address 1 Material written about this organization, whether in the media, political statements, academia, or elsewhere has used various names and titles to refer to the ‘Islamic State,’ a group that currently refers to itself as the Islamic Caliphate State (Dawlat al-Khilafa al-Islamiya). Common names include the ‘Islamic State,’ (IS) (Al-Dawla al-Islamiya), or use of the title previously held by the organization ‘The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant’ (ISIL), with the Levant denoting the area of Greater Syria (Al-Sham) in (Al-Dawla al-Islamiya fi al-‘Iraq wa al-Sham), denoted by the acronym (ISIS), established in April 2014, as will be discussed in later chapters. The organization came to be dubbed ‘Da‘esh’ in Arab media and popular mediums, referring to its acronyms in Arabic.
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