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variation has been inconsistently handled. Improvement of the typological system is Wilson (1969), for example, distinguishes only a means to enhance communication among between types of Alameda Brown Ware on the different archeologists working on differ­ basis of the relative percentages of ent research problems within the study different mineral inclusions. This area. The case for more detailed analysis approach is unwieldy for the level of is already made. Despite the generally analysis envisioned in this discussion. On negative attitude toward the pioneering the other hand, there are apparently undif­ studies of stylistic variation done by ferentiated sherd and sand tempered varie­ Longacre and Hill, the principle on which ties of the Alma series. their work most fundamentally rests is now established; at virutally every level of 6. Corrugated: The same technological spatial detail, patterning can and should problems that characterize current descrip­ be sought. Hantman and Lightfoot (1978) tions of plainwares occur in the case of have made the same case for temporal pat­ corrugated types. These need to be re­ terning. It is dubious that the detail solved. Stylistic descriptions have been required for any of these analyses, nor for based on the pattern of surface coils, containing the variation that is demon­ bands, and indentations. Brunson's statis­ strated by petrographic studies, should tical analysis has demonstrated so much become a part of a typological system as overlap that relatively few categories will that system would rapidly become too com­ suffice, such as obliteration, partial plex and costly to use. However, the obliteration, indentation, banding, and useful information that can be obtained patterning (including scoring, punching, from these more detailed studies is now etc.). Yet, her analysis is for only a well understood. portion of the study area and more detail may be required. The problem with the approach taken by Hill and Longacre is the overly simple inter­ 7. Painted Corrugated: Neither stylistic pretation that was placed on the results. nor technological variation is well des­ Spatial, temporal, and functional pattern­ cribed. For example, our collection in­ ing were not clearly distinguished. As S. cludes white-on-red, white-on-orange, Plog has shown, and subsequent analyses black-on-red, black-on-orange, red-on- have confirmed, one must clearly distin­ orange and virtually all of the possible guish between the three. Nevertheless, polychrome-on-orange combinations. Whether Plog's and subsequent analyses have found this is a local manifestation that does not attributes of ceramic variation that can be require resolution at the regional level, used for more detailed inferences when or if a regional resolution is required, is these overall dimensions are adequately unclear at present. treated. 90 CHIPPED AND GROUND STONE INTRODUCTION TYPOLOGY Chipped stone artifacts have received far A first major area of investigation is less attention in efforts to interpret the typology. While an adequate typology for prehistory of the unit than have ceramic the study area clearly does not exist, a ones. As late as 1964, one major site number of studies on which such a typology report (Martin et al., 1964) grouped might be based have been done in recent chipped stone artifacts into the following years. categories: projectile points, drills, saws, gravers, knives, scrapers, choppers, The first departure from the use of intui­ and scraper planes. No discussion of the tive typologies in analyzing chipped stone reasoning behind the typology, nor why they is Longacre's study of materials from used an abbreviated version of a previously Broken K Pueblo (1967). He used metric far more complex one, was presented. The measurements of flake lengths and widths to results of the classification were not argue for selectivity in the use of flakes incorporated into the interpretation of the of different sizes for the manufacture of site in question. This approach is by no different tool types. He also analyzed, means unique; it is an accurate reflection using a rudimentary typology, the different of the manner in which chipped stone had categories of chipping degree and found been handled for decades. differences between some room blocks at the site. Perhaps most importantly, he found Within the last 15 years, this situation that habitation rooms and storage rooms has changed drastically. Chipped stone has with features had many times more chipping become a major focus of analysis as arche- debris than storage rooms without floor ologists sought to identify "tool kits" or features. to describe the variation in the techniques used to manufacture particular artifacts or Decker (1976) studied roughly 1400 chipped particular chipped stone assemblages. A stone tools from the Chevelon drainage in bewildering array of attributes are now an effort to identify classes within the used in the study of most assemblages. In general category of scrapers and knives. one recent effort these included: raw Of a large set of attributes studied, he material; flake condition; length; width; concluded that edge angle, edge length, and thickness; length, width, and thickness of edge contour were the significant variables the platform; residual striking platform; for defining the classes. He identified platform preparation; number of dorsal two problems in the use of any such system, scars and type of scar; of cortex; flake however. First, the approach cannot be termination; eraillure; lipping; force applied to whole artifacts but to each lines; bulb of percussion; symmetry; utili­ worked edge and potentially to independent zation; and edge angle. An even longer use episodes on each edge. Second, even list of only partially overlapping vari­ using the variables he mentioned, computer ables could be described for recent analysis is necessary to group the arti­ analyses of projectile points alone. facts in question. On balance, these results suggest a very casual pattern of At the same time, chipped stone has been artifact use in potentially quite different seen more and more as a source of important activities. information concerning behavior and cul­ ture. Exchange and site function are two Perhaps the best attempt to rethink the of the most common patterns that are inves­ issue of chipped stone typology is that of tigated using this material. At present, DeGarmo (1975). His analysis of the assem­ there has been no effort to integrate the blage from Coyote Creek Pueblo included a results of these diverse studies into a clear description of each of the categories single overarching typology. The necessity into which artifacts were sorted. While of such an effort is debatable although it the effort included only minimal results of may prove useful. At present, it is statistical analyses of artifact types, it possible only to describe the diverse did provide historical background con­ courses that investigations have taken. cerning other references to the type, 91 hypotheses concerning the function that Coulam and Hutira 1979). Li attempted to each type served, and a discussion of some generate a usable system using a modifica­ experimental results that DeGarmo used in tion of WhalIon's (1972) technique for attempting to establish function. The generating a hierarchical classification distribution of different artifact types in system. While a usable typology was devel­ rooms and room blocks at the site was also oped, it proved to have minimal chronologi­ described. These data, in combination with cal value. Rafferty's effort was based others, suggest both variation in the use upon Li's and yielded the same conclusion. of different parts of the site and special­ Five attributes were used in these two ization in the production of at least some studies: basal width/blade width, primary items. flake type, basal curvature, length, and width. Sexton employed a greatly expanded set of attributes: distal shoulder angle, MANUFACTURING PROCESSES proximal shoulder angle, basal indentation ratio, length-width ratio, notch opening, A number of studies have attempted to maximum width position both distal and define patterns of change in the manufac­ proximal, basal width/maximum width, ture of projectile points and other bifaces length/width, longitudinal cross section within the overview unit. Traugott (1968, and transverse cross section. see also Plog 1974) studied the relation­ ship between heat treating and flake form Rafferty's analysis resulted in the identi­ in the case of projectile points from sites fication of four basic projectile point in Hay Hollow Valley. His study contri­ types: unstemmed with basal indentation, buted to understanding the manner in which unstemmed without basal indentation, projectile points are manufactured. stemmed side-notched, and stemmed corner Specifically, projectile points made using notched. Before about AD 1100, unstemmed primary flaking to thin the flake tend to points with no basal notch and stemmed, be heat treated. Projectile points made side notched points predominate. After simply by trimming the edge of the flake about AD 1100 basal indentation on stemless (secondary retouch) are generally not heat points and corner notching on points with treated. Generally the secondary retouch stems are characteristic. While he inter­ is used to produce triangular forms on prets the data in spatial terms, an evalua­ flakes removed from cores so that they are tion of Sexton's results also suggest that already sufficiently thin. The flakes prior to AD 1100, points are thicker. This produced by the second process are far more is consistent with Traugott's argument con­ standardized than those produced by the cerning a shift in the manufacturing first. The first process is the earlier process. In my experience, the later and is superseded by the second at about AD points are also far more standardized in 800. Early and later points are shown in size and shape. Figures 21 and 22. Coulam and Hutira (1979) used a combination The complicating factor is the apparent of cluster and discriminant function analy­ widespread reuse at later sites of flakes sis in an effort to identify temporally made by the older process.

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