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Xerox University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document hBve been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques it provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on die film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. 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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48100 ■ 76-24,666 PHAGAN, Carl James, 1936* i, A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FLAKES IN I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES: A PERUVIAN EXAMPLE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 I Anthropology, archaeology I Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn Arbor, Michigan 48106 Copyright by Carl James Fhagan 1976 A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FLAKES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES: A PERUVIAN EXAMPLE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Carl James Fhagan, B.S., M.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Dr. William S. Dancey Dr. John Fried1 Dr. W. M. Sumner Adviser Department of Anthropology I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i | Gtaduate studies, especially dissertations, are impossible without the assistance and encouragement of many people. My special thanks to Drs. Bernard Walles and Major McCollough, who got me started, and to the faculty of the Anthropology Department of the Oliio State University, who kept me going. I am especially grateful to the Department Chairpersons at Ohio State during my study there, Drs. T. R. Williams and Erika Bourguignon, who encouraged and sup­ ported my largely independent program of study. Many individuals contributed to my understanding of lithlc studies in archaeology, and 1 thank them all. Most important among tliese is Mr. Don Crabtree, Idaho State University Museum Associate, Pocatello, Idaho. Not only is he an inspiration personally, but his skills and understandings have been generously shared with many students, and I consider myself fortunate to be among them. The research on which this dissertation is based was made possible by Dr. R. S. MacNeish of the Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Andover, Mass., and director of the Ayacucho Archaeological-Botanical Project. Funding for that project was provided chiefly by the National Science Foundation. Dr.. R. K. Vierro, Northwestern University, Ayacucho Project statistician, was extremely helpful in organizing and processing the basic data. The assistance of my reading committee, Drs. John Friedl, William S. Dancey, and especially my adviser, Dr. W. M. Sumner is gratefully acknowledged. Their patience and encouragement were indispcnsible. ii VITA June 25, 1936 ......... Born - Stillwater, Oklahoma 1958... ................ B.S., Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1961... ................ M.S., Abilene Christian College Abilene, Texas 1 9 7 1 ................... M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1971-1976' '............. Teaching Assistant and Lecturer Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Review of "A Medlclne-man's Implements and Plants In a Tihuanacold Tomb in Highland Bolivia," S. Henry Wasscn, Ed. American Anthropologist, 76:2:472, June 1974. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology. New World Archaeology Early Man in America The Andean Culture Area Lithic Technology ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................. H VITA ............. ..'............................. iil LIST OF TABLES ............ vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................... vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ....................... 1 II. PROCESS OF LITHIC FRACTURE ................. 6 Overview ........................ 6 Controllable Variables .................. 9 Core Variables .................... 10 Lithic M a t e r i a l ........... 10 Platform surface ............... 11 PFA Location.................. 13 PFA size .................... 14 Core G e o m e t r y ................. 16 Force Variables .................. 17 A n g l e ........................ 18 Amount ...................... 24 Duration .................... 27 Interaction Variables ............. 28 Relative Masses ......... 28 Relative H a r d n e s s e s 30 . III. FLAKE ANALYSIS....................... 3*3 IV. FLAKE ATTRIBUTES ...................... 37 Entire Flake . ...................... 37 Proximal End .......................... 44 Distal E n d .............................. 51 Ventral Surface .............. 51 Dorsal Surface ........................ 53 iv Page V. ANALYTIC PROCEDURES ...................... 57 The Ayacucho Archaeological-Botanical Project............................. 57 The Ayacucho V a l l e y .................... 57 The Archaeological B a s e ................ 60 Sampling Procedures .................... 61 Selection of Example Components ....... 63 VI. DATA .................................... 72 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................... 104 * Summary of Interpretations ............. 104 Conclusions............................ 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................... H I v LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Ayacucho Culture Phases .... ................. 61 ■ 2. Analyzed Components, Flake Analysis .............. 64 . 3. Sample Information from Test Components.......... 68 4. Raw Material ............................. 74 5. Flake Length .......... ............... 75 6. Flake Width ....*.......................... 76 7. Length X Width Index ................... 78 8. Length / Width I n d e x ........................... 79 9. Maximum Width Location ......................... 80 10. Flake Thickness , • • 81 11. Maximum Thickness Location . .................. 82 12. Flake Index .................................. 83 13. Longitudinal Cross-Section....................... 84 14. Transverse Cross-Section.... .................... 85 15. Plan Outline ....................... 86 16. Platform Remnant Depth ......................... 88 17. Platform Remnant Width ..... .................... 89 18. Platform Remnant Shape ......................... 90 19. Platform Remnant Surface.... .................... 91 20. Platform A n g l e ................................ 92 21. Platform Preparation Scars....................... 93 22. Ventral L i p .................................... 94 23. Platform Destruction ................... 95 24. Flake Termination.......... .................... 96 25. Bulb of Force . ............................. 97 26. Bulb of Force: C o m b i n a t i o n.............. .' . 98 27. Ripple Marks . .............................. 98 28. C o r t e x ................................... * * 99 29. Scar Number . ..................................... 100 30. Scar Size ............................. 101 31. Scar Arrangement ............................... 102 32. Scar Hinging .................................. 103 vi LIST OF FIGURES ige 1. Platform Preparation: Blade Core . ......... a 2. Special Flake Configurations .................. 15 3. Loading Angles: Blade Core .................. 19 4. Loading Angles: Bifacial C o r e ........... .. 21 5. Step and Hinge Fracture Terminations ........... 23 6. Measurement of Flake Characteristics ........... 39 7. Platform Angle ............................... 48 8. Map of Peru with Ayacucho Valley Indicated . 58 9. Ecologic Zones and Sites of the Ayacucho Valley . 59 10. Puente Site, Acl58; Floor Plan ............... 69 11. Puente Site Stratigraphy .................... 70 v vii I. INTRODUCTION At least two million years ago people first learned that by applying force to a piece of stone in certain ways they could pre- , diet the fracture of the stone and produce a sharp edge or point which was more useful than the stone In Its natural condition. Gradually through trial and error and through fortuitous accident they learned to control the variables involved in this fracture process until, by the end of the Paleolithic, they were able to make a wide range of varied and complex flaked stone Implements. Indications of the production
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