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The Book of Daniel

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The Book of Daniel A CRITICAL COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF DANIEL DESIGNED ESP.ECIALL Y FOR · STUDENTS OF THE ENG LISH BIBLE BY J. DYNELEY PRINCE, PH. D. PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN THE NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LEIPZIG J.C. HINRICHS'SCHE BUCHHANDLUNG LONDON 1899 NEW YQRK WILLIAMS & NORGATE LEMCKE & BUECBNER CONTENTS. PREFACE •.• pp. V-VI. LIST 01'' ABBREVIATlONS pp. VII-VIIL GENERAL INTRODUCTioN . pp. 1-56. CRITICAL COMMENTARY . pp. 57-193. PHILOLOGICAL COMMENT ARY pp. 195-259. ADDITIONAL CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL NO"rES pp. 260-265. INDEX OF THE MOST IMPORTANT HEBREW, ARAMAIC AND ASSYRIAN WORDS pp. 266-269. CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA • . • • • • . • • p. 270. PREFACE. Since the final closing of the Old Testament Canon, which probably took place about 100 B. C., perhaps no work included therein has excited more interest than the much disputed Book of Daniel. Indeed, a mere list of all that has been written both in defence of and against the authenticity of this pro­ duction would fill a fair sized volume. It is oqviously im­ possible, therefore; for a critical treatment of Daniel t-o be exhaustive in the sense of embodying all the opinions ever advanced regarding the interpretation, authorship and origin of the work, nor, in view of the immense mass of valueless literature dating· from almost every Christian century which exists on the subject, would it be desirable to attempt such a task. The object of the following commentary is to present as concisely as possible, especially to the student of the English Bible, the consensus of critical opinion regarding the many problems arising from the study of the Book of Daniel and to add such new matter as has been suggested by a careful examination of the text and exegesis. With this aim in view, VI PREFACE. for the sake of greater clearness, the work is divided into three parts; viz., a General Introduction, pp. 1-56, a Critical Commentary, pp. 57-193, and a Philological Commentary, pp. 195-259, for which the discussion of all the purely technical points has been reserved. The writer has incorporated into the present work nearly all the material published in his Dissertation for the Doctorate "Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin'-', Baltimore, 1893. J. DYNELEY PRINCE. Hah ,of Languages University Heights, New York City. 1899. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. A. Aquila. Abh. Lagarde, Gesammelte Abhandlungen. AJP. American Journal of Philology. AL. Delitzsch, Assyrische Lesestiicke. 3 edition. Leipzig. 1885. Arm. Stud. Lagarde, Armenische Studien. ASKT. Haupt, Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte. Leipzig. 1881-2. Asurb. The Annals of AsurlJ/'inipal. KB. ii. pp. 152-237. Asurb. Sm. George Smith, The History of Asurbanipal. London. 1871. Asurn. The Annals of Asurnac;irpal. KB. i. pp. 48-128. A. V. The Authorized Version. AW. Fried. Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handworterbuch. Leipzig. 1896. BA. Beitrage zur Assyriologie. Behrmann. Behrmann, Das Buch Daniel. Gottingen. 1894. Bevan. Bevan, The Book of Daniel. Cambridge. 1892. Bezold, Lit. Bezold, Babylonisch-Assyrische Literatur. Leipzig, 1886. CJS. Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Del. Prol. Fried. Delitzsch, Prolegomena e. neuen hebrltisch- aramaischen Worterbuclis zum A. T. Leipzig. 1886. EIH. The East India House Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar. KB. iii. 2. pp. 10-31. Flemming, Nbk. Plemming, Die grosse Steinplatteninschrift Nebuchad- nezzars d. II. Gottingen. 1883. GGA. Gottingische gelehrte Auzeigen. Gee. Abh. See Abh. Gr. Ven. Graecus Venetus. HNE. Haupt, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos. Leipzig. 1884-1891. JA. Journal Asiatique. JBL. Journal of Biblical Literature. J. H. U. Circ. The Johns Hopkins University Circulars. Jhvh. Jehovah. JRAS. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kamphausen. Kamphausen, The Book of Daniel. Critical edition of the Heb. and Aram. Text. Leipzig. 1896. VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. KAT. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften nnd das Alte Testament. Giessen. 1883. English translation: 'fhe Cuneiform Inscriptions •and the Old Testament. London. 188:)---8. KB. Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek. Berlin. 1889-1892. Khora. The Khorsabad inscription of Sargon. KB. ii. pp. 52-81. Lib. Dan. Bar and Delitzsch, Libri Danielis, Ezrae et Nehemiae. Leipzig 1882. LXX. The Septuagint. Nabop. Inscription of Nahopolassar. KB. iii. pp. 2-9. NHWB. Levy, Neuhebraisches und Chaldaisches Worterbuch. Leipzig. 1876-1889. N. T. The New Testament. Ob. 'l'he Shalmaneser Obelisk. KB. i. pp. 128-150. Opp. Doc. Jur. Oppert, Documents Juridiques de l'Assyrie et de la Chaldee. Paris. 1877. 0. T. The Old 'festament. P. The Pcshifta. Paradies. Fried. Delitzsch. Wo lag das Paradiesl Leipzig. 1881. RE. Herzog's Realencyclopedie, Rm. Rammannirari III. KB. i. pp. 18'3-193. S. Symmachus. Barg. Cyl. The Sargon Cylinder. KB. ii. pp. 34-51. Schrader, Cun. Inscr. The English translation to KAT. Senn. The Taylor Cylinder of Sennacherib. KB. ii, pp. 80-113. Bfg. Haupt, Die Snmerischen Familiengesetzc. Leipzig. 1819. Shalm. Mon. The Shalmaneser Monolith. KB. i. pp. ln0-175. Bt. 0. Theologische Studien und Skizzen ans Ostprenssen. Btr. Strassmaier. @ Theodotion. Tig. The prism inscription of 'J'iglathpileser I. KB. i. pp. 14-47. UAG. Hugo Winckler, Uutcrsuchungen zur altorientalischen Geschichte Leipzig. 1889. V. 'I'he Vulgate. Vers. Mass. The Marseilles Version. Vog. De Vogue, La Syrie Centrale. Paris. 1868-1877. ZA. Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie. ZATW. Stade's Zeitschrift fiir alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, ZB. Zimmcru, Bahylouische Busspsalmeu. Leipzig. 1885. ZDMG. Zeitschrift der deutschcn morgeulandischeu Gesellschaft. ZK. Zeitschrift fiir Keilschrift.forschung. 1P Psalm. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER FIRST. THE BOOK AND ITS CONTENTS. The Book of Daniel stands between Ezra and Esther in the · third great divisjon of the Hebrew Bible known as the Hagiographa, in which are classed all works which were not regarded as being part of the Law or the Prophets. Ancient Translations. There were five ancient translations of Daniel, parts of all of which are still extant: I. The Septuagint. This is thought to antedate the Christian era by more than a century and differs in so many details from the present Masoretic text as to make it appear evident that the early Greek translators had an original text before them which varied in many particulars from the one now in use. 2. Theodotion's Greek Version. This is merely a later revision of the LXX., probably pre-. pared in the second Christian century. The translations of. Theodotion and the LXX. were subsequently confused with each other, interpolations from the LXX. having been intro­ duced into Theodotion and vice versa. 3. Aquila and Symmachus;. Only fragments of the work of these translators exist. Prince, Daniel. 1 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 4. The Peshitta. " The Syriac version 1s almost identical with the present accepted Masoretic text. 6. The Coptic translation. This is based on Theodotion and has a long supplementary chapter generally supposed to have been composed as late as 1000 A.D.1 Later additions. In addition to these translations, there are certain later apocryphal variations of and additions to the Book, e. g. first, the three early productions found in the Apocrypha; viz., the Story of Susannah, the Song of the Three Children, and Bel and the Dragon; secondly, a Jewish apocalypse preserved in Persian which dates from the ninth century A. D. 2, and finally a similar Christian book which originated in the eleventh century A. D. Divisions of the Book. The Book of Daniel presents the unusual peculiarity of being written in two languages, Cc. i.-ii., 4 and viii.-xii. being in Hebrew, while the wxt of Cc. ii. 4-vii. is in the Palestinian dialect of Aramaic. The subject matter, however, falls naturally into two divisions, not co-terminous with the linguistic sections, e. g. Cc. i.-vi. and vii.-xii., incl. The first of these sense divisions treats primarily of the adventures at the Babylonian court of the Hebrew hero Daniel and secon­ darily, of those of his three companions Shadrach, Mesech and Abednego 3, the scene being laid in the reigns ofNebuchad­ nezzar the great king of Babylon (604-561 B. C.), of Belshazzar who appears in the narra~ive as the son of Nebuchadnezzar, and of Darius the Mede who is represented as the conqueror of Belshazzar and the successful invader of Babylon. 1 For a description of these translations, se(l Bevan, Dan. pp. 1-3; 43 ff., and Behrmann, Dan. pp. xxviii. ff. • See Zotenberg, Archiv fiir Erforschung d. A. T. Bd. i. 1869. 3 Called Hananiah, Miiael and Azariah in i., 6. These names were changed. by the. Chief Eunuch to Shadracb, Mesech and Abednego. CHAPTER FIRST. 3 Daniel and his friends at court. The Book opens with an introductory account, C. i., ex­ plaining the presence ~f Daniel and his three friends at the court of Nebuchadnezzar. In consequence of a royal command to the Chief Eunuch, who then as now acted as Master of Ceremonies at oriental courts, this official chose certain children of royal and noble birth to serve as attendants in the palace and learn the wisdom and language of the Chaldreans. Among these -were the four Jewish youths just mentioned who, in spite of their refusal for religious reasons to defile themselves with the king's food and wine, throve so marvellously both physically and mentally that they excelled their fellow servants in all matters of wisdom and understanding, especially in the much prized arts of astrology and divination, and were accord­ ingly assured permanent positions at the court. The Dream of the Composite Image. The narrative then passes on abruptly in C. ii. to a special episode in the life of Nebuchadnezzar, e. g. his unintelligible dream regarding the great composite image, to interpret which he calls in vain on all the native astrologers and diviners. When these have failed and the king in great wrath has issued a sweeping command that every member of the college of magi­ cians shall be slain, which is understood to include Daniel and his three friends, the secret of the dream is miraculously revealed to Daniel who is forthwith hurried before the king, to whom he announces the interpretation.
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