Aix-Marseille Universite Faculte De Médecine De Marseille Ecole Doctorale Des Sciences De La Vie Et De La Sante

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Aix-Marseille Universite Faculte De Médecine De Marseille Ecole Doctorale Des Sciences De La Vie Et De La Sante AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE FACULTE DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE T H È S E Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 12 Octobre 2015 Par Mr Cédric ABAT Né le 27 Octobre 1989 à Périgueux DÉVELOPPEMENT DE NOUVEAUX OUTILS INFORMATIQUES DE SURVEILLANCE EN TEMPS RÉEL DES PHÉNOMÈNES ANORMAUX BASÉS SUR LES DONNÉES DE MICROBIOLOGIE CLINIQUE DU LABORATOIRE DE LA TIMONE Pour obtenir le grade de Doctorat d’Aix-Marseille Université Spécialité Pathologie Humaine : Maladies infectieuses Membres du jury de Thèse M le Professeur Pierre-Edouard FOURNIER Président du jury M le Professeur Raymond RUIMY Rapporteur Mme la Docteur Marie KEMPF Rapporteur M le Professeur Jean-Marc ROLAIN Directeur de thèse Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales et Emergentes UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Faculté de Médecine, Marseille. Directeur : Professeur Didier Raoult 1 AVANT PROPOS : Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe et qui permet un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation a paru plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui bénéficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Professeur Didier RAOULT 2 REMERCIEMENTS : Je remercie les Professeurs Jean-Marc ROLAIN et Philippe COLSON, ainsi que le Docteur Hervé CHAUDET pour avoir accepté de m’encadrer au cours de cette thèse. Je les remercie pour leur patience, leur disponibilité et leur aide dans la réalisation de ce travail. J’exprime également mes sincères remerciements au Professeur Didier Raoult qui m’a accepté dans son laboratoire et qui a participé activement à mon encadrement tout au long de ma thèse, ainsi qu’à l’Assistance Public Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM) qui a accepté de financer cette thèse. Je remercie également les Professeurs Raymond Ruimy et Pierre-Edouard Fournier ainsi que le Docteur Marie Kempf pour avoir accepté de participer à mon jury de thèse. Je tiens à remercier ma femme, mes parents, ma sœur et ma belle famille qui m’ont accompagné lors de ces trois années au cours desquelles ils m’ont apporté leur soutiens tant sur le plan matériel qu’affectif et moral. Je tiens enfin à remercier chaleureusement Huart Michael, Gouba Nina, Ngounga Tatsiana, Olaitan Abiola, Dodji Kodjovi, Garcia Vincent, Diene Seydina, la famille Loucif, et tant d’autre, incluant mes frères et sœurs de l’Eglise de la Rose pour leurs encouragements, leur amitié et leur soutien, ainsi que tous les externes de pharmacie incluant Dubarry Julien, Desboves Guillaume, Ricault Coralie, Vignot 3 Nelly, Moussaoui Jordan, Desriac Margaux et Almeida Marc avec lesquels j’ai partagé tant de grands moments! 4 SOMMAIRE RESUME 8 ERREUR ! S ABSTRACT 10 ERREUR ! S INTRODUCTION 12 ERREUR ! S PARTIE I: SURVEILLANCE SPECIFIQUE ET SYNDROMIQUE DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DES PATHOGENES. 19 ERREUR ! S ARTICLE 1: REVIEW. TRADITIONAL AND SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PATHOGENS. 21, IF*: 3.294 CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES DE LA PARTIE I. 103103 PARTIE II: DEVELOPPEMENT DE NOUVEAUX OUTILS INFORMATIQUES POUR LA SURVEILLANCE EN TEMPS REEL DE PHENOMENES ANORMAUX BASES SUR LES DONNEES DE MICROBIOLOGIE CLINIQUE DU LABORATOIRE DE LA TIMONE. 106 ERREUR ! S ARTICLE 2: EPIMIC: A SIMPLE HOMEMADE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR REAL- TIME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND ALERT BASED ON MICROBIOLOGICAL DATA. 109, IF: 3.234 ARTICLE 3: IDENTIFICATION OF RARE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN A CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY: IMPACT OF MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION-TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY. 153, IF: 3.993 ARTICLE 4: A REAL-TIME MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED FOR THE DETECTION OF ABNORMAL EVENTS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS, MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 167, IF:6.751 5 * IF : Impact factor of the journal in which the article is submitted/under review, published ARTICLE 5: DESCRIPTION OF THE SPOROLACTOBACILLUS LAEVOLACTICUS HUMAN INFECTION, MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 177, IF: 6.751 ARTICLE 6: REPORT OF THE FIRST VAGOCOCCUS LUTRAE HUMAN INFECTION, MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 188, IF: 6.751 CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES DE LA PARTIE II. 198198 PARTIE III: DESCRIPTION D’EVENEMENTS EPIDEMIOLOGIQUES IDENTIFIES PAR LES DIFFERENTS SYSTEMES DE SURVEILLANCE DEVELOPPES AU SEIN DE L’INSTITUT HOSPITALO-UNIVERSITAIRE MEDITERRANEE INFECTION. 202ERREUR ! S ARTICLE 7: INCREASING BURDEN OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS DUE TO INTRINSIC COLISTIN-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN HOSPITALS IN MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 209, IF: 4.296 ARTICLE 8: INCREASING TREND OF INVASIVE GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS, MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 218,218, IF: IF 8.886:8.886 ARTICLE 9: DRAMATIC DECREASE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN MARSEILLE, 2009-2014. 221, IF: 2.668 ARTICLE 10: ENTEROCOCCUS CECORUM HUMAN INFECTION, FRANCE. 229,229, IF: IF :NA ARTICLE 11: CITROBACTER AMALONATICUS URINARY-TRACT HUMAN INFECTIONS, MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 232, IF: 2.33 ARTICLE 12: WORLDWIDE DECREASE IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: DO WE UNDERSTAND SOMETHING? 249, IF: 5.997 6 ARTICLE 13: LOW LEVEL OF RESISTANCE IN ENTEROCOCCI STRAINS ISOLATED IN FOUR FRENCH HOSPITALS, MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 253,253, IF: IF 2.490 :2.490 CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES DE LA PARTIE III. 271271 CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES 273273 ANNEXES 280ERREUR ! S ARTICLE 14: CORRELATION BETWEEN SPUTUM AND BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID CULTURES. 282, IF: 3.993 ARTICLE 15: EMERGENCE OF CLUSTERS OF CRF02_AG AND B HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRAL STRAINS AMONG MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN EXHIBITING HIV PRIMARY INFECTION IN SOUTHEASTERN FRANCE. 293, IF: 2.347 ARTICLE 16: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEROTYPES, GENOTYPES, AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES OF STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE CLINICAL ISOLATES FROM GUELMA, ALGERIA, AND MARSEILLE, FRANCE. 301, IF: 2.668 REFERENCES 327ERREUR ! S 7 RESUME Bien que considérées comme étant sous contrôle durant la seconde partie du 20ième siècle avec la découverte des antimicrobiens, les maladies infectieuses demeurent une menace bien réelle pour l’humanité. En effet, qu’il s’agisse d’agents infectieux connus depuis de nombreuses années, de nouveaux agents pathogènes ou de pathogènes ré-émergents, leur impact sur le plan démographique et économique est considérable, avec notamment près de 15 millions de décès humains leur étant imputables chaque année (estimation 2004 de l’OMS). Quelque soit l’état de connaissance que nous avons sur ces maladies, toutes demeurent imprédictibles. Afin de lutter contre ce phénomène, de nombreuses stratégies de surveillance ont été développées amenant à la mise en place de divers outils informatiques de surveillance épidémiologique visant à détecter et identifier, le plus précocement possible, des événements anormaux incluant des phénomènes épidémiques, l’objectif ultime de cette approche étant l’information rapide des principales institutions de santé publiques pour prendre des mesures appropriées à la situation observée à l’échelle nationale et internationale. L’objectif initial de notre travail a consisté à mettre en place, au sein de l’Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU) et à partir du logiciel Microsoft Excel, deux nouveaux outils informatiques de surveillance épidémiologique visant à identifier, de façon hebdomadaire et automatisée, des 8 événements anormaux sur la base des données de microbiologie clinique issues du laboratoire du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone à l’Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM). Une fois cette étape achevée, nous avons par la suite travaillé au développement d’une structure de surveillance complète intégrant l’investigation et la validation des alarmes émises par les systèmes de surveillance créés, l’émission d’alertes à l’Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) de la région Provence-Alpes Côte d’Azur (PACA), la valorisation des cas d’événements anormaux confirmés par des publications scientifiques, ainsi que la mise en place de rétro-informations et de bulletins épidémiologiques hebdomadaires visant à informer les acteurs locaux de la surveillance épidémiologique des maladies infectieuses. Le développement de l’activité de surveillance initiée au cours de ce travail se poursuit et a d’ores et déjà donné lieu au développement d’une plateforme informatique regroupant toute l’activité de surveillance développée au sein de l’IHU, ainsi qu’au développement d’un réseau de surveillance de laboratoires privés et publics de microbiologie clinique dans la région PACA. Mots clés: maladies infectieuses, surveillance épidémiologique, données de microbiologie clinique, épidémie, information. 9 ABSTRACT Although considered under control in the second half of the 20th century with the discovery of antimicrobials, infectious diseases remain
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