DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of the Antimycobacterial Properties of Plant Extracts From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of the Antimycobacterial Properties of Plant Extracts From Evaluation of the antimycobacterial properties of plant extracts from Vernonia adoensis Ruvimbo Vicki Tricia Mautsa R076753C DISSERTATION IN FULFILLMENT OF THE MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN BIOCHEMISTRY Department of Biochemistry University of Zimbabwe 2018 DECLARATION I, Ruvimbo Vicki Tricia Mautsa, a student of the Faculty of Science of University of Zimbabwe, declare that this thesis is the result of my own independent experimental work, carried out from August 2014 to July 2017 at University of Zimbabwe except where otherwise stated. Other sources used are acknowledged in the thesis by explicit references. This work has never been submitted elsewhere to meet the requirements for any other award. Signed by student……………………...…………………………………………………… Date………………………………………………………………………………………… i DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to the four lovely members of my family; my husband Ronald, my two daughters; Mukudzeishe and Matipaishe; and lastly but not least, my little boy, Kuitakwashe. There were times when I got tired and frustrated, thank you guys for being my pillars of strength, and thank you for being the supporters that never got tired of inspiring and cheering on me ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincerest gratitude towards my supervisor, Professor Stanley Mukanganyama, and my co-supervisor, Professor Dexter Tagwireyi, for their persistence, mentorship and support throughout the years as I carried out my research. My deepest gratitude, through the efforts of my supervisor, similarly go to the sponsors of this study; the International Foundation for Science (IFS) Stockholm, Sweden and IPICS-ZIM01 project from the International Program in the Chemical Sciences (IPICS), Uppsala University, Sweden. Many thanks go to group members of the Biomolecular Interactions Analyses (BIA) for the constructive criticism and sharing of knowledge and to the Biochemistry staff who played their corresponding roles to make this study achievable. Lastly but not least, I express gratitude towards my family for their staunch support all the way. iii ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB), is a mycobacterial infection resulting from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Two million individuals die annually due to TB and currently, treating this infection is a massive challenge owing to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and co-infection with HIV. Medicinal plants, having been used since time immemorial for the treatment of TB and TB-related ailments, are a possible lead for the discovery of novel phytocompounds that can be exploited for the invention of more efficacious antimycobacterial agents. Vernonia adoensis is a herbal medicine that is used as a natural therapy for TB. This study examined the antimycobacterial properties of V. adoensis against a model mycobacterial species Mycobacterium smegmatis and the plant’s mode of action. Crude extracts of V. adoensis were prepared from the flowers, leaves, root bark and roots of V. adoensis using solvents of varying polarity. The major biologically active class of phytochemicals were identified. The antimycobacterial activity of the prepared extracts was assessed using the broth microdilution assay with rifampicin as the reference drug. The plant extracts and phytochemicals were tested for their inhibitory and mycobactericidal activities against M. smegmatis. The consequence of the most powerful extract of V. adoensis on the transport of ciprofloxacin across the cell membrane was investigated. The extract's ability to damage membrane integrity resulting in protein and nucleic acid leakage in mycobacterial cells was determined and its ability to scavenge for free radicals was assessed using the DPPH method. In vitro determination of the effect of the plant extract on the survival of mycobacteria inside macrophages was conducted and the cytotoxic effects of the plant extract were investigated using sheep erythrocytes. The most potent extract from V. adoensis was the ethyl acetate leaf extract which had a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 63 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml respectively against M. smegmatis. The most active phytochemical class was the terpenoid fraction with an MIC of 250 µg/ml. Nucleic acid and protein leakage in M. smegmatis cells were observed after they were subjected to the leaf extract. The ethyl acetate leaf extract didn’t show neither free radical scavenging activity nor effect on drug transport in mycobacterial cells. The extract showed minimal cytotoxic effects towards the sheep erythrocytes and post-treating M. smegmatis-infected murine macrophages with the leaf extract at a concentration of 126 µg/ml significantly reduced the viability of the mycobacteria. The result of the study supports the traditional use of V. adoensis leaves in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is suggested that cell membrane disruption resultant in protein and nucleic acid leakage could be the plant's mode of action. Since the plant extract was not cytotoxic, it is a potential candidate as a template for new antimycobacterials. Since a model non-pathogenic organism was used, further studies must be done using M. tuberculosis. Further studies may also include isolation of the active constituents of Vernonia adoensis, which may form a basis for discovering new compounds with better antimycobacterial activity than the drugs that are in use. Keywords: Vernonia adoensis, plant extracts, antimycobacterial, Mycobacterium smegmatis iv Table of Contents Declaration.................................................................................................................................................i Dedication…….........................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………….………………………………….iii Abstract…….............................................................................................................................................iv Table of contents…....................................................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................x List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................xii List of Figures.........................................................................................................................................xiii List of Appendices...................................................................................................................................xv Chapter One Introduction………………………………………………………………………..........1 1.1 Tuberculosis………….……………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Tuberculosis epidemiology in humans ….…………………………………...................................1 1.3. Clinical symptoms of tuberculosis ………………….………………….........................................3 1.4. Treatment options of tuberculosis …………………......................................................................4 1.5. How the current tuberculosis drugs work…………………………………...................................5 1.5.1 Rifampicin (RIF).……….………………………………………...........................................6 1.5.2 Pyrazinamide (PZA) (Pyrazinecarboxamide)…………………………….............................7 1.5.3 Isoniazid (INH) (Isonicotinic acid hydrazide) …………………….......................................8 1.5.4 Ethambutol (EMB) ((+) - ethambutol dihydrochloride) …………………………………….9 1.6 Drug resistance in tuberculosis….….…………………………………...………………………...10 1.6.1 Drug efflux pumps…………………………………………………….................................11 v 1.6.2 Efflux pump inhibitors………………………………….……………………..……………13 1.7 Mycobacteria.…………………………………………………......................................................14 1.7.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis……….......................................................................................17 1.7.2 Non-pathogenic mycobacteria…….…………………………………………..…………….18 1.7.3 Mycobacterium aurum…………………………………………............................................18 1.7.4 Mycobacterium smegmatis………………………………………………………………......19 1.7.5 Use of M. smegmatis as a model for M. tuberculosis……………….…………………….....21 1.8 Current challenges in treating tuberculosis.....................................................................................22 1.9 The use of traditional medicine as an alternative or complementary medicine…………………………………………………..............................................................24 1.10 Plant phytochemicals …………………………………………………………………..…….…...26 1.10.1 Classes of phytochemicals………………………………………………………..……...28 1.10.2 Alkaloids……………………………………………………………………………..…..28 1.10.3 Flavonoids …………………………………………………………………………….....29 1.10.4 Phenolics ……………………………………………………….......................................30 1.10.5 Saponins …………………………………………………………....................................31 1.10.6 Tannins ………………………………………………………………………………......32 1.10.7 Terpenoids …………………………………………………………………………….....33 1.11 Antioxidants ……………………………………………………………………………………....34 1.11.1 Antioxidants and their role in the treatment of tuberculosis..............................................38 1.12 Antimycobacterial susceptibility tests………………………………....……………………….....39 vi 1.12.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration determination using the broth microdilution method………………………………………….………………..........…..39 1.12.2 Determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antifeedant Activity of Vernonia Oocephala Against Stored Product
    Available online at www.banglajol.info Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(4), 243-248, 2014 Materials and methods presence of triterpenes while blue or blue-green indicates hydroxide. The appearance of orange colour indicated the Results and discussion and Hassanali, 2006) have demonstrated the repellent ability Aliyu AB, Musa AM, Abdullahi MS, Ibrahim H, Oyewale Khanam LAM, Talukder D and Khan AR (1990), Insecticidal Tando M, Shukla YN, Tripathi AK and Singh SC (1998), steroids. presence of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) (Sliva et al., 1998). of V. amygdalina essential oil containing 1, 8-cineole, AO (2011), Phytochemical screening and antibacterial property of some indigenous plants against Tribolium Insect Antifeedant principles from Vernonia cinerea. Collection and preparation of plant material The results of phytochemical screening indicate the presence β-pinene, and myrtenal against maize weevil. This indicates activities of Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia blumeoides contusum Duval, (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Phytother. Res. 12:195-199. Test for flavonoids (NaOH test): To the extract aqueous Insect culture of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids and tannins in Antifeedant activity of against stored product pest that V. oocephala might contain some of these terpenoid and Vernonia oocephala (Asteraceae). Acta Pol. Bangladesh J. Zool. 18(2): 253-256. Vernonia oocephala Tribolium The plant V. oocephala was collected from a local area of solution (5 ml) in a test tube, three drops of aqueous NaOH ethanol crude extract. The chloroform fraction gave a positive chemo-types with repellent ability that presumably enhanced Pharm. 68(1): 67-73. Anomymous, USDA Report (2004), Agricultural chemical casteneum (Herbst) Zaria, Kaduna state, on 13th August, 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
    Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341
    [Show full text]
  • Species Accounts
    Species accounts The list of species that follows is a synthesis of all the botanical knowledge currently available on the Nyika Plateau flora. It does not claim to be the final word in taxonomic opinion for every plant group, but will provide a sound basis for future work by botanists, phytogeographers, and reserve managers. It should also serve as a comprehensive plant guide for interested visitors to the two Nyika National Parks. By far the largest body of information was obtained from the following nine publications: • Flora zambesiaca (current ed. G. Pope, 1960 to present) • Flora of Tropical East Africa (current ed. H. Beentje, 1952 to present) • Plants collected by the Vernay Nyasaland Expedition of 1946 (Brenan & collaborators 1953, 1954) • Wye College 1972 Malawi Project Final Report (Brummitt 1973) • Resource inventory and management plan for the Nyika National Park (Mill 1979) • The forest vegetation of the Nyika Plateau: ecological and phenological studies (Dowsett-Lemaire 1985) • Biosearch Nyika Expedition 1997 report (Patel 1999) • Biosearch Nyika Expedition 2001 report (Patel & Overton 2002) • Evergreen forest flora of Malawi (White, Dowsett-Lemaire & Chapman 2001) We also consulted numerous papers dealing with specific families or genera and, finally, included the collections made during the SABONET Nyika Expedition. In addition, botanists from K and PRE provided valuable input in particular plant groups. Much of the descriptive material is taken directly from one or more of the works listed above, including information regarding habitat and distribution. A single illustration accompanies each genus; two illustrations are sometimes included in large genera with a wide morphological variance (for example, Lobelia).
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Mine Near Robertson, Western Cape Province
    SAND MINE NEAR ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE BOTANICAL STUDY AND ASSESSMENT Version: 1.0 Date: 06 April 2020 Authors: Gerhard Botha & Dr. Jan -Hendrik Keet PROPOSED EXPANSION OF THE SAND MINE AREA ON PORTION4 OF THE FARM ZANDBERG FONTEIN 97, SOUTH OF ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE Report Title: Botanical Study and Assessment Authors: Mr. Gerhard Botha and Dr. Jan-Hendrik Keet Project Name: Proposed expansion of the sand mine area on Portion 4 of the far Zandberg Fontein 97 south of Robertson, Western Cape Province Status of report: Version 1.0 Date: 6th April 2020 Prepared for: Greenmined Environmental Postnet Suite 62, Private Bag X15 Somerset West 7129 Cell: 082 734 5113 Email: [email protected] Prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity 3 Jock Meiring Street Park West Bloemfontein 9301 Cell: 083 412 1705 Email: gabotha11@gmail com Suggested report citation Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity, 2020. Section 102 Application (Expansion of mining footprint) and Final Basic Assessment & Environmental Management Plan for the proposed expansion of the sand mine on Portion 4 of the Farm Zandberg Fontein 97, Western Cape Province. Botanical Study and Assessment Report. Unpublished report prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity for GreenMined Environmental. Version 1.0, 6 April 2020. Proposed expansion of the zandberg sand mine April 2020 botanical STUDY AND ASSESSMENT I. DECLARATION OF CONSULTANTS INDEPENDENCE » act/ed as the independent specialist in this application; » regard the information contained in this
    [Show full text]
  • Microbacterium Flavum Sp. Nov. and Microbacterium Lacus Sp. Nov
    Actinomycetologica (2007) 21:53–58 Copyright Ó 2007 The Society for Actinomycetes Japan VOL. 21, NO. 2 Microbacterium flavum sp. nov. and Microbacterium lacus sp. nov., isolated from marine environments. Akiko Kageyama1, Yoko Takahashi1Ã, Yoshihide Matsuo2, Kyoko Adachi2, Hiroaki Kasai2, Yoshikazu Shizuri2 and Satoshi O¯ mura1;3 1Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan. 2Marine Biotechnology Institute, 3-75-1 Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan. 3The Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan. (Received Feb. 21, 2007 / Accepted Jul. 9, 2007 / Published Sep. 10, 2007) Strains YM18-098T and A5E-52T were both Gram-positive, aerobic, irregular rod-shaped bacteria, with lysine and ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acids of their peptidoglycans, respectively. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan in both cases was N-glycolyl. The major menaquinones were MK-11, -12 and -13. Mycolic acids were not detected. The G+C content of the DNA was 69–70 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA studies revealed that the isolates belonged to the genus Microbacterium, that YM18-098T was closely related to the species Microbacterium lacticum and Microbacterium schleiferi, and that A5E-52T was closely related to the species Microbacterium aurum, Microbacterium aoyamense, Microbacterium deminutum and Microbacterium pumilum. DNA-DNA relatedness analysis showed that the isolated strains represented two separate genomic species. Based on both phenotypic and genotypic data, the following new species of the genus Microbacterium are proposed: Microbacterium flavum sp. nov. and Microbacterium lacus sp. nov., with the type strains YM18-098T (= MBIC08278T, DSM 18909T) and A5E-52T (= MBIC08279T, DSM 18910T), respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter Sp
    Complete genome sequence of Arthrobacter sp. PAMC25564 and comparative genome analysis for elucidating the role of CAZymes in cold adaptation So-Ra Han Sun Moon University Byeollee Kim Sun Moon University Jong Hwa Jang Dankook University Hyun Park Korea University Tae-Jin Oh ( [email protected] ) Sun Moon University Research Article Keywords: Arthrobacter species, CAZyme, cold-adapted bacteria, genetic patterns, glycogen metabolism, trehalose pathway Posted Date: December 16th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-118769/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/17 Abstract Background: The Arthrobacter group is a known isolate from cold areas, the species of which are highly likely to play diverse roles in low temperatures. However, their role and survival mechanisms in cold regions such as Antarctica are not yet fully understood. In this study, we compared the genomes of sixteen strains within the Arthrobacter group, including strain PAMC25564, to identify genomic features that adapt and survive life in the cold environment. Results: The genome of Arthrobacter sp. PAMC25564 comprised 4,170,970 bp with 66.74 % GC content, a predicted genomic island, and 3,829 genes. This study provides an insight into the redundancy of CAZymes for potential cold adaptation and suggests that the isolate has glycogen, trehalose, and maltodextrin pathways associated to CAZyme genes. This strain can utilize polysaccharide or carbohydrate degradation as a source of energy. Moreover, this study provides a foundation on which to understand how the Arthrobacter strain produces energy in an extreme environment, and the genetic pattern analysis of CAZymes in cold-adapted bacteria can help to determine how bacteria adapt and survive in such environments.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MAFINGA MOUNTAINS, ZAMBIA: Report of a Reconnaissance Trip, March 2018
    THE MAFINGA MOUNTAINS, ZAMBIA: Report of a reconnaissance trip, March 2018 October 2018 Jonathan Timberlake, Paul Smith, Lari Merrett, Mike Merrett, William Van Niekirk, Mpande Sichamba, Gift Mwandila & Kaj Vollesen Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 24 Mafinga Mountains, Zambia: a preliminary account, page 2 of 41 SUMMARY A brief trip was made in May 2018 to the high-altitude grasslands (2000–2300 m) on the Zambian side of the Mafinga Mountains in NE Zambia. The major objective was to look at plants, although other taxonomic groups were also investigated. This report gives an outline of the area's physical features and previous work done there, especially on vegetation, as well as an account of our findings. It was done at the request of and with support from the Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia under a grant from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Over 200 plant collections were made representing over 100 species. Based on these collections, along with earlier, unconfirmed records from Fanshawe's 1973 vegetation study, a preliminary checklist of 430 taxa is given. Species of particular interest are highlighted, including four known endemic species and five near-endemics that are shared with the Nyika Plateau in Malawi. There were eight new Zambian records. Based on earlier studies a bird checklist is presented, followed by a brief discussion on mammals and herps. More detailed accounts are given on Orthoptera and some other arthropod groups. A discussion on the ecology and range of habitats is presented, with particular focus on the quartzite areas that are rather similar to those on the Chimanimani Mountains in Zimbabwe/ Mozambique.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitigating Biofouling on Reverse Osmosis Membranes Via Greener Preservatives
    Mitigating biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes via greener preservatives by Anna Curtin Biology (BSc), Le Moyne College, 2017 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria © Anna Curtin, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This Thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisory Committee Mitigating biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes via greener preservatives by Anna Curtin Biology (BSc), Le Moyne College, 2017 Supervisory Committee Heather Buckley, Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor Caetano Dorea, Department of Civil Engineering, Civil Engineering Departmental Member ii Abstract Water scarcity is an issue faced across the globe that is only expected to worsen in the coming years. We are therefore in need of methods for treating non-traditional sources of water. One promising method is desalination of brackish and seawater via reverse osmosis (RO). RO, however, is limited by biofouling, which is the buildup of organisms at the water-membrane interface. Biofouling causes the RO membrane to clog over time, which increases the energy requirement of the system. Eventually, the RO membrane must be treated, which tends to damage the membrane, reducing its lifespan. Additionally, antifoulant chemicals have the potential to create antimicrobial resistance, especially if they remain undegraded in the concentrate water. Finally, the hazard of chemicals used to treat biofouling must be acknowledged because although unlikely, smaller molecules run the risk of passing through the membrane and negatively impacting humans and the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiangiogenesis and Anticancer Activity of Leaf and Leaf Callus Extracts from Baccharoides Anthelmintica (L.) Moench (Asteraceae)
    British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 13(5): 1-9, 2016, Article no.BJPR.28758 ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Antiangiogenesis and Anticancer Activity of Leaf and Leaf Callus Extracts from Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench (Asteraceae) V. Chinnadurai 1, K. Kalimuthu 1* , R. Prabakaran 2 and Y. Sharmila Juliet 1 1Plant Tissue Culture Division, PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641018, Tamil Nadu, India. 2PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore- 641014 , Tamil Nadu, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author KK designed the study, wrote the protocol, and corrected the manuscript. Author VC managed the literature searches, analyses of the study performed the antiangiogensis and anticancer stidies. Author RP wrote the first draft of the manuscript and author YSJ collected the literature, helped in the manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJPR/2016/28758 Editor(s): (1) Dongdong Wang, Department of Pharmacogonosy, West China College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China. Reviewers: (1) Sahdeo Prasad, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas, USA. (2) Anonymous, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. (3) A. Ukwubile Cletus, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Nigeria Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/16639 Received 3rd August 2016 rd Original Research Article Accepted 3 October 2016 Published 22 nd October 2016 ABSTRACT Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench . is an annual herb distributed throughout India, this plant has high trade value because of its many medicinal properties such as inflammatory swelling, stomachache, diuretic properties, cough, fever, diuretic, leprosy, piles, dropsy, enzyme, ringworm herpes, elephantiasis, incontinence of urine, stomach ache and rheumatism, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2016/092376 Al 16 June 2016 (16.06.2016) W P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/092376 Al 16 June 2016 (16.06.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, A61K 36/18 (2006.01) A61K 31/465 (2006.01) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, A23L 33/105 (2016.01) A61K 36/81 (2006.01) MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, A61K 31/05 (2006.01) BO 11/02 (2006.01) PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, A61K 31/352 (2006.01) SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (21) International Application Number: PCT/IB20 15/002491 (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (22) International Filing Date: GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, 14 December 2015 (14. 12.2015) TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (25) Filing Language: English TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (26) Publication Language: English LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, (30) Priority Data: SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, 62/09 1,452 12 December 201 4 ( 12.12.20 14) US GW, KM, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Antimicrobial Potential of Species of the Genus Vernonia (Asteraceae)
    Vol. 9(31), pp. 838-850, 17 August, 2015 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2015.5868 Article Number: 3AC6F7C54895 ISSN 1996-0875 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Review A review on antimicrobial potential of species of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae) Antonio Carlos Nogueira Sobrinho 1*, Elnatan Bezerra de Souza 2 and Raquel Oliveira dos Santos Fontenelle 2 1Academic Master in Natural Resources, Center for Science and Technology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60740-903 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. 2Course of Biological Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Biological Sciences, State University Vale do Acaraú, Campus da Betânia, 62040-370 Sobral-CE, Brazil. Received 13 June, 2015; Accepted 4 August, 2015 Natural products are sources of various biologically active chemicals. Therefore, ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical studies are essential to discover new substances for the treatment of diseases. In this context, many studies have been conducted of the Asteraceae family demonstrating medicinal properties of its representatives, such as species of the genus Vernonia , which are rich in bioactive substances like sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, tannins and steroids. This review presents an overview of Vernonia species with antimicrobial potential, their main phytochemical characteristics and ethnomedicinal uses. Key words: Compositae, Vernonieae, phytochemistry, biological activity, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal. INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • Erlangeinae, Vernonieae, Asteraceae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 39: 49–64Two (2014) new genera, Hoffmannanthus and Jeffreycia, mostly from East Africa... 49 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.39.7624 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Two new genera, Hoffmannanthus and Jeffreycia, mostly from East Africa (Erlangeinae, Vernonieae, Asteraceae) Harold Robinson1, Sterling C. Keeley2, John J. Skvarla3,†, Raymund Chan1 1 Department of Botany, MRC 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC., 20013-7012, USA 2 Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 3190 Maile aWay, #101, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822-2279, USA 3 Department of Botany and Microbiology, and Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73018-6131, USA, deceased 2 March 2014 Corresponding author: Harold Robinson ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Sennikov | Received 1 April 2014 | Accepted 8 July 2014 | Published 18 July 2014 Citation: Robinson H, Keeley SC, Skvarla JJ, Chan R (2014) Two new genera, Hoffmannanthus and Jeffreycia, mostly from East Africa (Erlangeinae, Vernonieae, Asteraceae). PhytoKeys 39: 49–64. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.39.7624 Abstract Two genera of Vernonieae subtribe Erlangeinae with Type A pollen, 5-ribbed achenes, and blunt-tipped sweeping hairs on the styles are described as new, Hoffmannanthus with one species and with Vernonia brachycalyx O. Hoffm. as type, and Jeffreycia with five known species, with Vernonia zanzibarensis Less. as type. Vernonia abbotiana O. Hoffm. is neotypified and is an older name for V. brachycalyx. Keywords Africa, Compositae, Erlangeinae, Hoffmannanthus, Jeffreycia, new genera, Vernonieae Introduction The dismantling of the overly broad concept of Vernonia Schreb.
    [Show full text]