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Vernonia Pupurea USED in NORTHERN NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Vitae, Vol Vitae ISSN: 0121-4004 [email protected] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia ALIYU, Abubakar Babando; OSHANIMI, Jimmy Ajibola; SULAIMAN, Muntaka Mohammed; GWARZO, Umar Sani; GARBA, Zaharaddeen Nasir; OYEWALE, Adebayo Ojo HEAVY METALS AND MINERAL ELEMENTS OF Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia oocephala AND Vernonia pupurea USED IN NORTHERN NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Vitae, vol. 22, núm. 1, 2015, pp. 27-32 Universidad de Antioquia Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169840731003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative VITAE, REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FARMACÉUTICAS Y ALIMENTARIAS ISSN 0121-4004 / ISSNe 2145-2660. Volumen 22 número 1, año 2015 Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. págs. 27-32. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v22n1a03 HEAVY METALS AND MINERAL ELEMENTS OF Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia oocephala AND Vernonia pupurea USED IN NORTHERN NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE METALES PESADOS Y ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia oocephala Y Vernonia pupurea USADOS EN LA MEDICINA TRADICIONAL DEL NORTE DE NIGERIA Abubakar Babando ALIYU1*, Jimmy Ajibola OSHANIMI2, Muntaka Mohammed SULAIMAN2, Umar Sani GWARZO3, Zaharaddeen Nasir GARBA1, Adebayo Ojo OYEWALE1 Recibido: Octubre 22 de 2014. Aceptado: Marzo 05 de 2015. ABSTRACT Background: Vernonia species are widely consumed as vegetables or medicinal herbs for the treatment of various human diseases in Nigeria. Nevertheless, there exists a growing concern for consumption safety of those herbal plants, due to increasing environmental pollution. This is because plants can accumulate some heavy metals that constitute a potential risk to human health. Nonetheless, also essential elements may be accumulated in plants, which provide nutrients for combating diseases and maintaining human health. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to analyze some heavy metals and mineral elements on Vernonia ambigua, V. oocephala and V. pupurea commonly used in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine. Methods: Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the major elements (calcium and magnesium), trace elements (iron and manganese) and heavy metals (copper, cobalt, chromium, cadmium, lead and zinc). Results: We found a high Ca and Fe content in V. ambigua, Mg and Co in V. oocephala, and Cu and Cr in V. pupurea; in contrast, the last specie, showed low accumulation of Pb and Cd among all studied species. Conclusion: This study revealed that toxic elements concentrations are lower than the allowed dietary intake (ADI) in all the three Vernonia species. The quantitative estima- tion of these elements is important to understanding the pharmacological and/or toxicological actions of medicinal plants for safe use. Keywords: Vernonia species, heavy metals, mineral elements, AAS, Northern Nigeria RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las especies de Vernonia son ampliamente consumidas como verduras o hierbas medicinales, para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades humanas en Nigeria. Sin embargo, existe una creciente preocupación por la seguridad en el consumo de dichas plantas, debido al incremento en la contaminación. Esto es debido a que las plantas pueden acumular algunos metales pesados que cons- tituyen un riesgo potencial para la salud humana. Sin embargo, algunos elementos esenciales también pueden acumularse en las plantas proporcionando nutrientes para combatir las enfermedades y mantener una buena salud. Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar algunos metales pesados y minerales en 1 Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University. Zaria, Nigeria 2 Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria, Nigeria 3 Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education. Kano, Nigeria * Corresponding author: [email protected] 28 VITAE A.B. Aliyu et al. Vernonia ambigua, V. oocephala y V. Pupurea, comúnmente utilizadas en la medicina tradicional del norte de Nigeria. Métodos: La espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (AAS) se utilizó para determinar ele- mentos mayores (calcio y magnesio), elementos trazas (hierro, manganeso) y elementos pesados (cobre, cobalto, cromo, cadmio, plomo y zinc). Resultados: se encontraron altos contenidos de Ca y Fe en V. ambigua, y de Mg y Co en V. oocephala. La cantidad de Cu y Cr fueron altas en V. Pupurea; en contraste, esta última reportó las cantidades más bajas de Pb (0.01200 mg/100g) y Cd (0.00670 mg / 100g) entre las tres especies de Vernonia estudiadas. Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que las concentraciones de elementos tóxicos como Pb, Cd y Co detectadas, son inferiores a la ingesta dietética permitido (ADI) en las tres especies de Vernonia. Las estimaciones cuantitativas de elementos pesados, son importantes para la comprensión de las acciones farmacológicas y/o toxicológicas de plantas medicinales para su uso seguro. Palabras clave: Especies de Vernonia, elementos pesados, elementos minerales, AAS, Norte de Nigeria INTRODUCTION Vernonia species and their implications to traditional medicine is rarely known or established. Some trace Plants are continually being utilized as therapeu- elements are essential and may have both curative tic agents in traditional medicine across Nigeria and and preventive roles in combating diseases, as they other parts of Africa. About 80% of people living in promote good human health. On the other hand, rural Africa rely on traditional medicine for their heavy metals such as lead and cadmium are non- primary health care needs (1). This involves the use essential and at elevated levels can be dangerous or of fresh plants, prepared formulations or as dried toxic to the human system (11-12). This study was commodity being sold in the markets. There is a designed to evaluate the heavy metals and mineral growing concern on the safety of the herbal plants elements on the leaves of V. ambigua, V. oocephala and being consumed in our communities in Northern V. pupurea with a view to assess their therapeutic Nigeria. This is due to increasing environmental potentials or safety in relation to their uses. pollution rendering plants vulnerable to contamina- tion by metals accumulation (2). The World Health MATERIALS AND METHODS Organization emphasized the need to ensure the quality control of plant products by using modern techniques and applying suitable standards (3). Plant materials It is therefore of major interest to investigate the Fresh plant samples of V. ambigua, V. oocephala concentration of some mineral elements in herbal and V. pupurea were purchased from medicinal plants. This is important to our understanding of plants market at Zaria city, Kaduna state, in Fe- the potential risk or benefit of the continued use bruary, 2012.The samples were identified by Umar of these herbs as medicines. Plants of the genus Shehu Gallah of the Herbarium Unit, Department Vernonia are widely used as medicinal herbs or ve- of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, getable foods across Africa. Vernonia amygdalina for Zaria, and voucher specimens numbers (870, 1334 instance is one of the most widely used medicinal and 1556 respectively) were deposited. herbs across Nigeria with tremendous therapeutic properties against gastrointestinal disorders, fever, Sample Preparation dysentery, malaria, diabetics and constipation. (4- The leaves of the fresh plants were washed with 7). Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia oocephala and Vernonia double deionized water and were air-dried in the pupurea are among the commonly used herbal recipe laboratory for two weeks. The samples were pul- in traditional medicine for the treatment of various verized with mortar and pestle and made to pass human ailments including malaria, cough and fever through 1.0 mm mesh sieve size, and finally stored across Northern Nigeria (8-9). in airtight bottles. Chemical investigation on most Vernonia species around the world has led to isolation and characte- Chemical analysis rization of numerous bioactive organic secondary The major elements comprising calcium and metabolites (10). However, very little information is magnesium; trace elements (iron, manganese) and available on the inorganic elements constituents of heavy metals (copper, cobalt, chromium, cadmium, HEAVY METALS AND MINERAL ELEMENTS OF Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia oocephala AND Vernonia pupurea... 29 lead and zinc) were determined according to pre- Statistical analysis vious method with slight modification (13). The All determinations were replicated three times ground samples were sieved with a 2 mm rubber and results were reported as mean values ± stan- sieve and 2 g of each of the plant samples were dard deviation. Student’s t-test was used for com- subjected to dry ashing in a well-cleaned porcelain parison between the two means. A difference was crucible at 550°C in a muffle furnace. The resultant considered statistically significant when p<0.05. ash was dissolved in 5 ml of HNO3 /H2O2 (1:1) and heated gently on hot plate until brown fumes RESULTS disappeared. To the remaining material in each crucible, 5 ml of deionized water was added and The concentrations of major elements such as heated until a colourless solution was obtained. The calcium ranged from 68.7087-89.0474 mg/100g mineral solution in each crucible was transferred and magnesium from 8.4777-10.0475 mg/100g into
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