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2 Distribution Pattern of Xylary Elements in Three Talle et al., Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci., September, 2019, Vol. 18 No.2, 58-64 Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 18, No2, 2019, ISSN: 0189-823X 2 All Rights Reserved DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF XYLARY ELEMENTS IN THREE SPECIES OF VERNONIA SCHREB. IN PARTS OF ZARIA, NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH *Talle, S., Iortsuun, D.N. and Kazir, A.M Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria *Author for correspondence: [email protected], +2348064959442 ABSTRACT Vernonia Schreber belongs to the tribe vernonieae of the family Asteraceae, which is the largest family of the flowering plant comprising 950 genera. The stem anatomy of three species that are commonly found in Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria are considered for this study. This study was aimed at providing additional information in the identification of these plants. The stem tissues were dehydrated in water-alcohol mixture series following this order 30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, and two changes of absolute alcohol, allowing it for two hours in each solution. The specimens (stems of Vernonia amygdalina, Vernonia pauciflora and Vernonia cinerea) were passed in solutions containing absolute alcohol to pure chloroforms in a volume to volume ratio of 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and then two changes of pure chloroforms. The specimens were placed in an oven at 60°C for 2 days to get rid of all the chloroform. The tissues were embedded in solid glass watch, the orientation for longitudinal sections were carefully determined during embedding process. Sectioning was done using a rotary microtome at 12 microns which was later stained with safranin and examined under microscope at x400. The xylary elements of Vernonia pauciflora and Vernonia cinerea were dominated by fiber cells; these fibers are thick-walled, slender and heavily lignified. The vessel type that was revealed in these plants was scalariform, slender, and were interspersed by fiber cells. This is noteworthy because it is contrary to the annular type that was obtained in Vernonia amygdalina. The central pith of Vernonia cinerea is filled with thin-walled axial parenchymatous cells, this was conspicuously absent in Vernonia pauciflora and Vernonia amygdalina. This study adds information on xylary anatomical variations in the identification of these three species of Vernonia. Key words: Scalariform vessels, Genus Vernonia, Xylary elements, Stem anatomy INTRODUCTION leaf in English, ewuro in Yoruba, etidot in Ibibio, and Onugbu in Igbo, ityuna in Tiv, Vernonia is a genus of about 1000 species in oriwo in Edo, Awonwono in Akan, labwori Asteraceae family and constitutes the central in Acholi and chusar-doki in Hausa core of the tribe Vernonieae Cass. It is languages. They are one of the most widely distributed widely in tropical and subtropical consumed vegetables in Nigeria. Vernonia regions of Asia, Africa and America (Jones, amygdalina being the most widely used 1977), having more than 350 species in member of this group in Northern Nigeria, it South America which mostly occur in south- is also used as medicinal plant with eastern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and numerous therapeutic properties against Bolivia (Robinson, 1999). Leaves of gastrointestinal disorders, fever, dysentery, Vernonia amygdalina are eaten as malaria, diabetics and constipation (Aliyu et vegetables. Common names include Bitter al., 2014; Akah and Ekweke, 1995). Other 58 species of the genus such as Vernonia anatomical variations that can be used in the ambigua, Vernonia oocephala and Vernonia identification of these plants. pupurea are among the commonly used herbal recipe in traditional medicine for the MATERIALS AND METHODS treatment of various human ailments Three species of Vernonia Schreb. were including malaria, cough and fever across considered for this study and these are Northern Nigeria (Kunle and Egharevba, Vernonia amygdalina, Vernonia cinerea and 2009; Aliyu et al., 2011). Vernonia cinerea Vernonia pauciflora. The plants were have been reported to contain a centrally collected from wild and transported in acting depressant agent primarily involve in polythene bag to the herbarium section of short term analgesia (Lakshmi, 2015). The Department of Botany, Faculty of Life seeds of Vernonia pauciflora contains oil Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria rich epoxy fatty acids used in plastics and for identification. The stem of each plant additives in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins were fixed in Formalin (5%), Acetic acid and also reduce pollutants (Anes, 2015). (5%) and Alcohol (90% of 70% ethanol) It has been noted that the genus Vernonia mixture (FAA) for 24 hours. These possess simple leaves with alternate to specimens were later used for anatomical opposite leaf arrangement. Among the studies using the method of Johansen species found in Northern Nigeria Vernonia (1940). The tissues were dehydrated in pauciflora and Vernonia cinerea form an water-alcohol mixture series following this interesting group to investigate because order 30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, and two these species are treated as herbaceous changes of absolute alcohol, allowing it for weed, this sometimes poses a problem in two hours in each solution. identification and delimination, hence the The specimens were placed for three (3) need to employ other techniques in the hours each of the following solutions identification of this group. Vernonia containing absolute alcohol to pure amygdalina on the other hand is usually chloroforms in a volume to volume ratio of treated as shrub. From the taxonomic point 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and then two changes of pure of view, the tribe Vernonieae has been chloroforms. The specimens were placed in considered to be one of the most complex an oven at 60°C for 2 days to get rid of all groups of the Asteraceae (Dematteis, 2002). the chloroform. The tissues were embedded The main dispute has been commonly in solid glass watch, the orientation for centered on the concept and delimitation of longitudinal sections were carefully the large genus Vernonia, which is still determined during embedding process. widely discussed to date (Keeley and Sectioning was done using a rotary Jansen, 1994; Robinson, 1999) as cited by microtome at 12 microns, the ribbons were Damatteis, 2002. The phylogenetic placed on clean slides smeared with a thin relationships within the genus are poorly film of Hauptis albumin. The slides were understood and the current infrageneric placed on hot plates at 40°C for 15 minutes division is mainly the one proposed by to allow the ribbons to expand and kept in Bentham (1873) as quoted by Damatteis, an oven at 30°C for 2 hours. The slides were 2002. However, some alternative immersed in pure xylene for 2-5 minutes classifications having been suggested and in a solution of xylene and absolute (Jones, 1979, 1981). This study will add alcohol with a 1:1 ratio (v/v) for few information on important areas of minutes. The slides were stained with methylene blue for 30 minutes. 59 The specimens were dehydrated in acid tracheid elements (Plate1). The xylem tissue alcohol. (1m1 of concentrated HCl to 99 ml occupy the large central column of the stem, of 70% alcohol). The sections were washed the fiber cells are thick walled and were in 70% alcohol and left in running water for found to flank the vessel element (Plate 1). about 10 minutes. Counter-staining was The distribution of axial parenchyma cells done with 50% safranin-O for two minutes, was few in most of the examined sections. then dehydrated in alcohol, xylene-absolute Two cylinders of xylary cells were found to alcohol solution and pure xylene at intervals flank the phloem tissue (which occupies the of few seconds and mounted in canada central cylinder of the stem of Verninia balsam. Photomicrographs were made from pauciflora) (Plate 2). The vessel members the permanent slides using a leitzhabolux- were scalariform in appearance (Fig. 2), 12- microscope fitted with wildmaps xylem fibers are the most abundant cell type camera. in the xylem tissue of Vernonia pauciflora. Tracheary cells interspaced the vessel RESULTS AND DISCUSSION members (Plate 2). The central pith of Vernonia cinerea is filled with thin-walled The longitudinal section of xylem tissues of axial parenchyma cells; the vessel member Vernonia amygdalina stem contained four is scalariform and was bordered on either main types of cells: the vessel members, side by thick walled fiber (Plate 3). fiber cells, axial parenchyma cells and Plate 1: A photomicrograph of longitudinal section of Vernonia amygdalina. F= Xylem fiber, Tr= Tracheid (Kinds of xylem cells). Mg: x400. 60 Considerable variability exists in the pattern concurrently, they also takes on much of the and distribution of xylary cells in the studied plant support task, relaxing this demand on taxa. The spatial distribution of xylem fiber vessel and tracheid strength (John et al. varied greatly. They are of frequent 2006). The scalariform vessel members of occurrence in Vernonia pauciflora and Vernonia pauciflora and Vernonia cinerea Vernonia cinerea. Being the most abundant are most primitive and however confirmed cell types in the xylem of these plants, this they are closely allied, the only major further informed of their being a major difference noted is the large central pith of element of structural support as reported in axial parenchymatous cells in Vernonia the literature. It is interesting to note that, cinerea compared to what was obtained in the fibers which interspaced the xylem Vernonia amygdalina. The scalariform vessels in Vernonia pauciflora correspond vessels are long, slender cells, the adjacent with the report of Charlse (2010) which member of each vessel have an extensively suggests that the two have evolved overlapping tapered ends. Fig. 1: Detailed xylary cells of Vernonia amygdalina stem. 1x= Vessel member, 2x= xylem parenchyma, 3x= Xylem fiber, 4x= Tracheary elements. Mg: x2 61 Plate 2: A photomicrograph of longitudinal section of Vernonia pauciflora. F= Xylem fiber, Tr= Tracheid, Vm= Vessel member (Kinds of xylem cells), Phloem fiber, Companion cell.
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