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1 Referencing This publication should be referred as: GOFC-GOLD (2017) A Sourcebook of Methods and Procedures for Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables in Tropical Forests with Remote Sensing. Eds: GOFC-GOLD & GEO BON. Report version UNCBD COP-13, GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. ISSN: 2542-6729. Core Editorial Team Mike Gill, Vice-Chair GEO BON / Polar Knowledge Canada Rob Jongman, JongmanEcology / Wageningen University Research Sandra Luque, National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture, France Brice Mora, GOFC-GOLD LC Office / Wageningen University Research Marc Paganini, European Space Agency - ESRIN Zoltan Szantoi, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy / Department of Geography and Environmental studies, Stellenbosch University Authors In addition to the core editors, a number of international experts in remote sensing, and biodiversity field measurement have contributed to the development of the Sourcebook and are thankfully acknowledged for their support. This Sourcebook is the result of a joint voluntary effort from more than 70 contributing authors from different institutions (that they may not necessarily represent). It is still an evolving document. The experts who contributed to the present version are listed under the section(s) to which they contributed and immediately below in alphabetical order: Maria P. Adamo, Jesús A. Anaya, Liana O. Anderson, Herizo Andrianandrasana, Pedro de Araujo Lima Constantino, Dusti Becker, Andrea Berardi, Palma Blonda, Richard Bodmer, Stephanie A. Bohlman, Robert G.H. Bunce, Kim Calders, Trevor Caughlin, Rene Colditz, Mark Chandler, Guangsheng Chen, Jenny Cousins, Theresa M. Crimmins, María Isabel Cruz López, Finn Danielsen, Ben DeVries, Lina Estupinan-Suarez, Deqin Fan, Jean-Baptiste Féret, Miguel A. Fernandez, Mike Gill, Ana Paula Giorgi, Scott Goetz, Sarah J. Graves, Matthew C. Hansen, Kate S. He, Uta Heiden, Mark Huxham, Daniel J. Hayes, Patrick Jantz, Nan Jiang, Rob H.G. Jongman, H. Andrew Lassiter, Olga León, Alison Leslie, Jed Long, Richard Lucas, Sandra Luque, Ronald E. McRoberts, Jayalaxshmi Mistry, Brice Mora, Ghislain Moussavou, Sander Mucher, Nagendra Harini, Mark Nelson, Madhura Niphadkar, Pontus Olofsson, Marc Paganini, Zisis I. Petrou, Michael K. Poulsen, Arun Pratihast, Johannes Reiche, Sami W. Rifai, Duccio Rocchini, Christophe Sannier, Carlos E. Sarmiento Pinzón, Roger Sayre, Linda See, Andrew Skidmore, Zoltan Szantoi, Cristina Tarantino, Ida Theilade, Thrity Vakil, Peter Vogt, Benjamin E. Wilkinson, John N. Williams, Haigen Xu, Wenquan Zhu. 2 Publishers GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, supported by the European Space Agency, and hosted by Wageningen University, The Netherlands © Global Observation of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) Available at: http://www.gofcgold.wur.nl/sites/gofcgold- geobon_biodiversitysourcebook.php Biodiversity Observation Network, Group on Earth Observations © Group on Earth Observations Available at: http://geobon.org/ 3 Acknowledgments The European Space Agency is acknowledged for its support of the GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office. We thank the GEO BON Secretariat for helping to coordinate the initiative. Authors were supported by their home institutions to contribute to this publication in their respective areas of expertise. We thank also Nadine Drigo for her editing work. Reviewers We acknowledge the following people for their valuable comments provided during the review process: Jesus Anaya, Tom Barry, Joy Burrough, Emilio Chuvieco, Rene Colditz, Isabel Cruz, Peter Dennis, Ben Devries, Ilse Geijzendorffer, Gary Geller, Uta Heiden, Reinhard Klenke, Sandra Luque, Rebecca Mant, Ron McRoberts, Brice Mora, Greg Newman, Vihervaara Petteri, Johannes Reiche, Andrew Skidmore, Zoltan Szantoi, Orlando Vargas, Alfried Vogler, Peter Vogt, Benjamin Wilkinson, Xiaoyang Zhang. 4 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 BACKGROUND, THE ROAD TO COORDINATED BIODIVERSITY MONITORING SYSTEMS ............................................................ 9 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE SOURCEBOOK ............................................................................................................. 17 1.3 FOREST DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.1 Key references for Section 1 ...................................................................................................... 20 2 MONITORING KEY EBVS WITH REMOTE SENSING ....................................................................................... 22 2.1 INTRODUCTION – ESSENTIAL BIODIVERSITY VARIABLES .............................................................................................. 22 2.1.1 What are Essential Biodiversity Variables? ............................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Tracking EBVs Using Remote Sensing ....................................................................................... 24 2.1.3 Key references for Section 2.1 ................................................................................................... 25 2.2 VEGETATION PHENOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Concepts of vegetation phenology ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Phenometrics ............................................................................................................................ 27 2.2.3 Methods for monitoring vegetation phenology ........................................................................ 28 2.2.4 Opportunities for using remote sensing to monitor vegetation phenology .............................. 32 2.2.5 Issues and Challenges ............................................................................................................... 39 2.2.6 Potentials and applications of phenology studies in tropical forests ........................................ 41 2.2.7 Activities of phenology monitoring in tropical forests .............................................................. 42 2.2.8 Key References for section 2.2 .................................................................................................. 45 2.3 NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ................................................................................................................................. 51 2.3.1 Definition and relevance ........................................................................................................... 51 2.3.2 Field measurements of net primary productivity ...................................................................... 51 2.3.3 Remote sensing for estimating NPP .......................................................................................... 53 2.3.4 Key References for section 2.3 .................................................................................................. 57 2.4 ECOSYSTEM EXTENT AND FRAGMENTATION.............................................................................................................. 60 2.4.1 Ecosystems vs. Ecosystem Occurrences .................................................................................... 60 2.4.2 Ecosystems as Distinct Physical Environments and Associated Biota ....................................... 61 2.4.3 Land Cover as a Proxy for Ecosystems ...................................................................................... 63 2.4.4 Land Cover Change – A Proxy Approach for Assessing Change in Ecosystem Extent ............... 63 2.4.5 Unspecified Change and Ecosystem Basemaps – A Proxy-Free Approach ................................ 63 2.4.6 Ecosystem Fragmentation ........................................................................................................ 64 2.4.7 Forest Cover Change Monitoring with Global Forest Watch Products ..................................... 64 2.4.8 Ecosystem Extent and Fragmentation – Summary of Issues..................................................... 65 2.4.9 Key references for section 2.4 ................................................................................................... 66 2.5 ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................... 67 2.5.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 67 2.5.2 Passive sensor technology ........................................................................................................ 68 2.5.3 RADAR technology .................................................................................................................... 69 2.5.4 LiDAR technology ...................................................................................................................... 70 2.5.5 LiDAR applications supporting EBV ecosystem structure .......................................................... 72 2.5.6 Status and outlook .................................................................................................................... 76 2.5.7 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................
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  • Biogeography and Ecology in a Pantropical Family, the Meliaceae

    Biogeography and Ecology in a Pantropical Family, the Meliaceae

    Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 71(Suppl. 2):335-461. 2019 335 doi: 10.26492/gbs71(suppl. 2).2019-22 Biogeography and ecology in a pantropical family, the Meliaceae M. Heads Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY 14211-1293, USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT. This paper reviews the biogeography and ecology of the family Meliaceae and maps many of the clades. Recently published molecular phylogenies are used as a framework to interpret distributional and ecological data. The sections on distribution concentrate on allopatry, on areas of overlap among clades, and on centres of diversity. The sections on ecology focus on populations of the family that are not in typical, dry-ground, lowland rain forest, for example, in and around mangrove forest, in peat swamp and other kinds of freshwater swamp forest, on limestone, and in open vegetation such as savanna woodland. Information on the altitudinal range of the genera is presented, and brief notes on architecture are also given. The paper considers the relationship between the distribution and ecology of the taxa, and the interpretation of the fossil record of the family, along with its significance for biogeographic studies. Finally, the paper discusses whether the evolution of Meliaceae can be attributed to ‘radiations’ from restricted centres of origin into new morphological, geographical and ecological space, or whether it is better explained by phases of vicariance in widespread ancestors, alternating with phases of range expansion. Keywords. Altitude, limestone, mangrove, rain forest, savanna, swamp forest, tropics, vicariance Introduction The family Meliaceae is well known for its high-quality timbers, especially mahogany (Swietenia Jacq.).