DOCSLIB.ORG

Counting on Forests and Accounting for Forest Contributions in National

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Counting on Forests and Accounting for Forest Contributions in National OCCASIONAL PAPER Agouti on the wedding menu Bushmeat harvest, consumption and trade in a post-frontier region of the Ecuadorian Amazon Ian Cummins Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez Alexander Barnard Robert Nasi OCCASIONAL PAPER 138 Agouti on the wedding menu Bushmeat harvest, consumption and trade in a post-frontier region of the Ecuadorian Amazon Ian Cummins Runa Foundation Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability (EICES) Alexander Barnard University of California Robert Nasi Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Occasional Paper 138 © 2015 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-602-387-009-7 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/005730 Cummins I, Pinedo-Vasquez M, Barnard A and Nasi R. 2015. Agouti on the wedding menu: Bushmeat harvest, consumption and trade in a post-frontier region of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Occasional Paper 138. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Alonso Pérez Ojeda Del Arco Buying bushmeat for a wedding CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all donors who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a list of Fund donors please see: https://www.cgiarfund.org/FundDonors Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents Acknowledgments v Summary vi 1 Synthesis 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 Opposing views and controversies on the sustainability of bushmeat 3 2.2 Road and other infrastructure in the post-frontier Amazon 3 2.3 Advances in the biodiversity database 4 2.4 Bushmeat: The Ecuadorian legal framework and law enforcement 5 2.5 The bushmeat harvest in defaunated forests and landscapes 5 2.6 Bushmeat trade: A complex game in Ecuador 6 2.7 Regional trends in the Amazonian bushmeat trade 7 3 The Napo province: Site description 9 3.1 Biophysical characteristics 9 3.2 Napo as a post-frontier landscape 9 4 Surveys and interviews 14 5 Results 15 5.1 Two different hunting systems identified 15 5.2 The effect of catchment size and habitat availability on offtakes 19 6 Discussion 22 7 Recommendations 23 8 Works cited 24 List of figures and tables Figures 1 Napo and Sucumbios provinces have the highest population density and a large fraction of this population is constituted by Kichwa and other indigenous people. 10 2 Napo and Orellana provinces have the most extensive network of roads in the Ecuadorian Amazon. 12 3 Forested landscapes of the North and Central Amazon are increasingly changing to mosaic landscapes dominated by agriculture fields. 13 4 A managed forest fragment where several species of trees are managed as game attractors (left). A cassava field with palm trees that are used for trapping small rodents and birds (right). 15 5 A deadfall trap for hunting small game species. 16 Tables 1 Land cover and infrastructure by province. 13 2 List of 17 most common game attractor tree species planted, protected and managed using the chacra system. 17 3 Bushmeat prices by point of sale. 18 4 Large-game species on wedding menus (2013). 19 Acknowledgments We would like to thank Mercedes and Robin for comments and suggestions on the first draft of this their support and assistance in negotiating with manuscript. We are grateful to USAID and DFID for local communities and hunters, as well as for their providing the core funding for this case study. enthusiastic participation in data gathering. The study and preparation of this manuscript would This study was part of the Program on Forest, Tree not have been possible without the support and and Agroforestry (FTA) that is conducted by a encouragement of Eliot Logan-Hines. We would CGIAR consortium led by CIFOR composed of also like to thank the reviewers for their detailed CATIE, CIAT, ICRAF, Bioversity and CIRAD. Photo by Ian Cummins Summary Subsistence hunting has become one of the main that are enhancing or limiting the sustainability sources of employment and household income of subsistence bushmeat harvesting on: (1) prey for indigenous and non-indigenous people in the population dynamics in a multi-species prey Ecuadorian Amazon. As indigenous and non- community, (2) the diversity of management systems indigenous Amazonians are becoming urbanized and of habitat for game species in mosaic landscapes their communities connected by networks of roads dominated by smallholders’ land-use systems, and to cities and towns, chickens and canned meat are (3) the size and composition of prey populations in becoming their main source of protein, and bushmeat hunting landscapes that are connected by roads to is becoming an important source of household urban centers. income. Subsistence hunting frequently targets many prey species simultaneously, with urbanized low- We argue that sustainable bushmeat procurement income indigenous and non-indigenous residents in depends several interrelated factors such as local increasingly interconnected hunting landscapes. Yet capacity for maintaining and managing habitat our understanding is limited about the dynamics of diversity, access to diversify sources of household hunting in such multi-prey systems. income as well as on distinctive prey profiles at different intensities of hunting. Therefore, the risk Herein we discuss the impact of landscape of overexploitation depends on lost of (i) habitat, connectivity and urban expansion on subsistence (ii) sources of household income and species’ hunting in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We analyze the vulnerabilities to hunting pressures due to access inter-dependence of a set of variables that includes: to roads and means of transportation to cities and (1) supply and demand of bushmeat with resp ect towns. We propose field-based analytical frameworks to regional urban markets, (2) catch per unit effort, that can help indigenous and non-indigenous (3) frequency of hunting expeditions, (4) access communities, as well as local authorities, increase to hunting grounds and (5) hunter behaviors and their capacity to establish monitoring systems at the collective practices. We discuss the multiple factors village, district and regional level. Photo by Pablo Puertas 1 Synthesis Over the last three decades, the Ecuadorian bushmeat harvesting patterns, as well as to promote Amazon has undergone large-scale socio-economic, sustainable practices. In most post-frontier regions, demographic and biophysical transformations the populations of large-game species (e.g. white- that have greatly shaped local patterns of land and lipped peccary) are experiencing accelerated resource use with major repercussions on local declines (Franzen 2006; Sierra et al. 2008), while livelihoods, environments and biodiversity. This the population of small-game species (e.g. rodents) paper aims to characterize transitions in patterns of remains relatively robust and has become the main bushmeat harvesting, marketing and consumption source of food and income of low-income urban and brought about by these changes, with an emphasis rural households (Browder 2002; Chacon 2012). on the impact of road building, the movement of isolated communities and the connectivity of forests Since the law banning the sale and consumption to urban centers. We use the literature and field of bushmeat in cities and towns has started to be data collected in the provinces of Napo and Pastaza enforced, official reports and published articles to explore (a) whether current levels of bushmeat suggest the availability of bushmeat in open or consumption, trade and associated extraction rates legal markets has declined significantly, while the are sustainable, and (b) whether these ongoing underground market has likely increased. Although processes likely enhance or limit the sustainable it is difficult to estimate the volume of bushmeat management of game species, habitat diversity, the consumed and sold in underground markets, law conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable enforcement is leading to a robust clandestine livelihood of local populations. market. Efforts to enforce conservation laws have increasingly driven the bushmeat trade underground In response to the Convention on Biological Diversity and created localized trading networks operating in in 1992, the Government of Ecuador has established diverse and complex supplier-consumer networks. legal, political and economic incentives to confront the Consequently, changes in consumer preference national and global biodiversity crisis. Conservation and increasing urban purchasing power have led initiatives and incentives have greatly increased the to a transition of bushmeat from being essentially institutional and technical capacity of governmental a sustenance item to a source of income for low- and nongovernmental institutions to manage forests income rural and urban families. and landscapes for the conservation and protection of biodiversity. In Ecuador, while subsistence hunting We found that bushmeat in Ecuador is characterized is legal, commercial hunting and sale are not. by one of two primary hunting systems. The first is However, since commercial hunting is almost non- garden hunting, which primarily focuses on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Volunteer Tourism in Napo Province
    NATIONAL TOURISM GUIDE TOURISM OF VOLUNTEERISM IN NAPO PROVINCE BY NATALY GABRIELA ALBAN PINO QUITO – ECUADOR NOVEMBER 2014 VOLUNTEER TOURISM IN NAPO PROVINCE BY: NATALY GABRIELA ALBAN PINO CHECKED BY: Firma:____________________ Firma:____________________ Professional Guide Tutor Firma:____________________ Firma:___________________ English Teacher Carrere Coordinator GRATITUDE First of all I would like to thank God for allowing me to overcome my fears to complete this professional achievement, I thank my parents Patricia and Fernando who have been my example and my support in my development as a person, I thank the UCT University and my teachers for all the knowledge imparted. And I thank my boyfriend Cristopher Valencia who motivates me every day to be better and to overcome any obstacles that comes in my life. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the most important people in my life, my parents, my sisters, my nephew and the loves of my life My son Julian and my boyfriend Cristopher, I share this achievement with them. INDEX i. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 ii. INTRODUCTION 3 iii. TOPIC DEFINITION AND JUSTIFICATION 4 iv. OBJECTIVES 4 v. METHODS 5 vi. ROUTES 6 vii. WEIGHTING ROUTE 7 viii. OPERATING ITINERARY 8 ix. OPERATING ITINERARY BUDGET 10 x. ATTRACTIONSRESEARCH 12 xi. WEIGHTING ATRACTION SAN CARLOS COMMUNITY 16 xii. WEIGHTING ATRACTION OPERATIVE TOUR 17 xiii. BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 TOURISM OF VOLUNTEERISMIN THE NAPO PROVINCE, ECUATORIAN RAIN FOREST xiv. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nowadays, the tourism of volunteerism is a reality. Many people around the world have changed their opinion about trips. Many years ago, tourists preferred traveling with other purposes but now things are changing.
    [Show full text]
  • Matses Indian Rainforest Habitat Classification and Mammalian Diversity in Amazonian Peru
    Journal of Ethnobiology 20(1): 1-36 Summer 2000 MATSES INDIAN RAINFOREST HABITAT CLASSIFICATION AND MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY IN AMAZONIAN PERU DAVID W. FLECK! Department ofEveilltioll, Ecology, alld Organismal Biology Tile Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1293 JOHN D. HARDER Oepartmeut ofEvolution, Ecology, and Organismnl Biology Tile Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1293 ABSTRACT.- The Matses Indians of northeastern Peru recognize 47 named rainforest habitat types within the G61vez River drainage basin. By combining named vegetative and geomorphological habitat designations, the Matses can distinguish 178 rainforest habitat types. The biological basis of their habitat classification system was evaluated by documenting vegetative ch<lracteristics and mammalian species composition by plot sampling, trapping, and hunting in habitats near the Matses village of Nuevo San Juan. Highly significant (p<:O.OOI) differences in measured vegetation structure parameters were found among 16 sampled Matses-recognized habitat types. Homogeneity of the distribution of palm species (n=20) over the 16 sampled habitat types was rejected. Captures of small mammals in 10 Matses-rc<:ognized habitats revealed a non-random distribution in species of marsupials (n=6) and small rodents (n=13). Mammal sighlings and signs recorded while hunting with the Matses suggest that some species of mammals have a sufficiently strong preference for certain habitat types so as to make hunting more efficient by concentrating search effort for these species in specific habitat types. Differences in vegetation structure, palm species composition, and occurrence of small mammals demonstrate the ecological relevance of Matses-rccognized habitat types. Key words: Amazonia, habitat classification, mammals, Matses, rainforest. RESUMEN.- Los nalivos Matslis del nordeste del Peru reconacen 47 tipos de habitats de bosque lluvioso dentro de la cuenca del rio Galvez.
    [Show full text]
  • ECUADOR EARTHQUAKES I Lq NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES Volume Five
    PB93-186419 <> REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 I, f J, J~ ITI mLt THE MARCH 5, 1987, ECUADOR EARTHQUAKES I lQ NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES Volume Five THE MARCH 5, 1987, ECUADOR EARTHQUAKES MASS WASTING AND SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS Study Team: Thomas O'Rourke, School of Civil and Envi­ ronmental Engineering, Cornell University, Robert L. Schuster (Team Leader and Tech­ Ithaca, New York nical Editor), Branch of Geologic Risk As­ sessment, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Contributing Authors: Colorado Jose Egred, Instituto Geoffsico, Escuela Patricia A. Bolton, Battelle Institute, Seattle, Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador Washington Alvaro F. Espinosa, Branch of Geologic Risk Louise K. Comfort, Graduate School of Pub­ Assessment, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, lic and International Affairs, University of Pitts­ Colorado burgh, Pennsylvania Manuel Garda-Lopez, Departamento de Esteban Crespo, School of Civil and Environ­ Ingenierfa Civil, Universidad Nacional de mental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, Colombia, Bogota New York Minard L. Hall, Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Alberto Nieto, Department of Geology, Uni­ Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador versity of Illinois, Urbana Galo Plaza-Nieto, Departamento de Geotecnica, Kenneth J. Nyman, School of Civil and Envi­ Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador ronmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Hugo Yepes, Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador For: Committee on Natural Disasters Division of Natural Hazard Mitigation Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1991 id NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Bats of the Tropical Lowlands of Western Ecuador
    Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University Number 57 25 May 2010 Bats of the Tropical Lowlands of Western Ecuador Juan P. Carrera, Sergio Solari, Peter A. Larsen, Diego F. Alvarado, Adam D. Brown, Carlos Carrión B., J. Sebastián Tello, and Robert J. Baker Editorial comment. One extension of this collaborative project included the training of local students who should be able to continue with this collaboration and other projects involving Ecuadorian mammals. Ecuador- ian students who have received or are currently pursuing graduate degrees subsequent to the Sowell Expeditions include: Juan Pablo Carrera (completed M.A. degree in Museum Science at Texas Tech University (TTU) in 2007; currently pursuing a Ph.D. with Jorge Salazar-Bravo at TTU); Tamara Enríquez (completed M.A. degree in Museum Science at TTU in 2007, Robert J. Baker (RJB), major advisor); René M. Fonseca (received a post- humous M.S. degree from TTU in 2004, directed by RJB); Raquel Marchán-Rivandeneira (M.S. degree in 2008 under the supervision of RJB; currently pursuing a Ph.D. at TTU directed by Richard Strauss and RJB); Miguel Pinto (M.S. degree at TTU in 2009; currently pursuing a Ph.D. at the Department of Mammalogy and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History, City University of New York); Juan Sebastián Tello (completed a Licenciatura at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) in 2005 with Santiago Burneo; currently pursuing a Ph.D. at Louisiana State University directed by Richard Stevens); Diego F. Alvarado (pursuing a Ph.D. at University of Michigan with L.
    [Show full text]
  • Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia – Inpa Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia
    INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA USO DE HABITAT E OCORRÊNCIA DE ROEDORES CAVIOMORFOS NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, BRASIL FERNANDA DE ALMEIDA MEIRELLES Manaus, Amazonas Novembro, 2012 1 FERNANDA DE ALMEIDA MEIRELLES USO DE HABITAT E OCORRÊNCIA DE ROEDORES CAVIOMORFOS NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, BRASIL ORIENTADOR: Dr. EDUARDO MARTINS VENTICINQUE Co-orientador: Dr. Torbjørn Haugaasen Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia (Ecologia). Manaus, Amazonas Novembro, 2012 ii Banca examinadora não-presencial: Dra. Camila Righetto Cassano – Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Parecer: Aprovada com correções Dra. Maria Luisa da Silva Pinto Jorge – Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho Parecer: Aprovada com correções Dr. José Manuel Vieria Fragoso – Universidade de Standfor, Califórnia (EUA) Parecer: Aprovada Banca examinadora presencial em 26 de novembro de 2012: Dr. Marcelo Gordo – Universidade Federal do Amazonas Parecer: Aprovada Dr. Paulo Estefano Dineli Bobrowiec – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Parecer: Aprovada Dr. Pedro Ivo Simões – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Parecer: Aprovada iii Sinopse: Estudei o uso de habitat e o efeito da distribuição de castanhais sobre a ocorrência de pacas, cotias e cutiaras na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu - Purus. Para isso distribuímos 107 câmeras-trap em locais com e sem exploração de castanha- do-Brasil. As variáveis ambientais, utilizadas como preditoras da ocorrência das espécies, foram medidas em campo ou extraídas de bases geográficas digitais. Os resultados indicam que as três espécies de roedores ocorrem preferencialmente em áreas com alta densidade de drenagem e distantes de comunidades humanas.
    [Show full text]
  • CRL-Rodent Genetics and Genetic Quality Control for Inbred and F1 Hybrid Strains, Part II
    CRL-Rodent Genetics and Genetic Quality Control for Inbred and F1 Hybrid Strains, Part II ASK CHARLES RIVER FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON-LINE LITERATURE WHAT'S NEW Previous | Index | Next WINTER 1992 Rodent Genetics and Genetic Quality Control for Inbred and F1 Hybrid Strains, Part II Genetically defined rodent strains with stable, identifiable phenotypes have played a central role in the advances made in biomedical research. Such strains have been developed by selection and inbreeding, as was discussed in the fall 1991 document (Part I of this two-part series). That Bulletin also defined basic genetic terms, introduced the concept of genetic quality control, and reviewed the role of colony management in detection and prevention of subline divergence. This document addresses the important role of genetic monitoring, especially the monitoring of qualitative biochemical and immunological markers. Routine genetic monitoring is necessary to detect genetic contamination, the most important cause of subline divergence. Ideal markers for monitoring display simple Mendelian inheritance. They have a phenotype that is not altered by environmental factors but corresponds to the genotype. Markers should be monitored on chromosomes or linkage groups found throughout the genome. Alleles should be codominant so homozygotes and heterozygotes can be distinguished. Skin Grafting Skin grafting is a classical and still essential technique for characterizing inbred strains. It was developed in the 1950s by Billingham and others to detect histocompatibility differences. As histocompatibility (H) is determined by several hundred H genes found on virtually every chromosome, skin grafting reveals subline divergence due to mutation as well as to genetic contamination. Acceptance of reciprocal skin grafts, or isohistogenicity, indicates that animals are isogeneic.
    [Show full text]
  • Hystrx It. J. Mamm. (Ns) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy
    Hystrx It. J. Mamm . (n.s.) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS 51 Hystrx It. J. Mamm . (n.s.) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy 52 Hystrx It. J. Mamm . (n.s.) Supp. (2007) V European Congress of Mammalogy A COMPARATIVE GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF NON-GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN TWO SPECIES OF MURID RODENTS, AETHOMYS INEPTUS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS FROM SUDAN EITIMAD H. ABDEL-RAHMAN 1, CHRISTIAN T. CHIMIMBA, PETER J. TAYLOR, GIANCARLO CONTRAFATTO, JENNIFER M. LAMB 1 Sudan Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum P. O. Box 321 Khartoum, Sudan Non-geographic morphometric variation particularly at the level of sexual dimorphism and age variation has been extensively documented in many organisms including rodents, and is useful for establishing whether to analyse sexes separately or together and for selecting adult specimens to consider for subsequent data recording and analysis. However, such studies have largely been based on linear measurement-based traditional morphometric analyses that mainly focus on the partitioning of overall size- rather than shape-related morphological variation. Nevertheless, recent advances in unit-free, landmark/outline-based geometric morphometric analyses offer a new tool to assess shape-related morphological variation. In the present study, we used geometric morphometric analysis to comparatively evaluate non-geographic variation in two geographically disparate murid rodent species, Aethmoys ineptus from South Africa and Arvicanthis niloticus from Sudan , the results of which are also compared with previously published results based on traditional morphometric data. Our results show that while the results of the traditional morphometric analyses of both species were congruent, they were not sensitive enough to detect some signals of non-geographic morphological variation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Purus Project Implementation Report a Tropical Forest Conservation Project in Acre, Brazil
    The Purus Project Implementation Report A Tropical Forest Conservation Project in Acre, Brazil Prepared by Brian McFarland from: 3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 700 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 (240) 247-0630 With significant contributions from: James Eaton, TerraCarbon Normando Sales and Wanderley Rosa, Moura & Rosa Pedro Freitas, Carbon Securities D E D I C A T Ó R I A "A voz é a única arma que atinge a alma." (Chico Mendes) Ao iniciar sua luta mostrando ao mundo uma nova forma de impedir a devastação da floresta, com seus "empates", surgia um novo líder, questionado e combatido por muitos, compreendido por poucos. Passados trinta anos, verifica-se que aqueles empates não foram em vão. Hoje estamos cientes da necessidade de preservarmos mais e melhor, valorizando os Povos da Floresta, verdadeiros guardiões da mata e sua biodiversidade, estes, verdadeiros tesouros passíveis de remuneração e compensação, em busca de um mundo melhor para enfrentar a necessidade de conter o aquecimento global. Parabéns Chico, você não era um visionário: o Projeto Purus é a materialização deste sonho. Page 2 of 143 A Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard Project Implementation Report TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………….………………………………..…………… Page 3 COVER PAGE ................................................................................................................................. Page 6 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….…………………….. Page 7 G1. ORIGINAL CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA 1. General Information ………………………………………….…………….……………………... Page 9 2. Climate Information …………………………………………..…..………….……..…………… Page 11 3. Community Information ……………………………………..………………..…..……………... Page 12 4. Biodiversity Information ………………………………………..…………….…………………. Page 17 G2. BASELINE PROJECTIONS 1. Land Use without Project …………………………………….……………….…………………. Page 25 2. Carbon Stock Exchanges without Project …………………………………….…..……………... Page 26 3. Local Communities without Project …………………………………………..……………….… Page 27 4. Biodiversity without Project ………………………………………………….….…………….… Page 28 G3.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Ecuador in 2016
    2016 Minerals Yearbook ECUADOR [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior January 2020 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Ecuador By Jesse J. Inestroza In 2016, the economy of Ecuador was based largely on the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area production of crude petroleum, feldspar, gold, iron and steel, Reports—International—Latin America and Canada, which are natural gas, silica, and silver (Agencia de Regulación y Control available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/south-america. Minero, 2017). The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Ecuador is provided by law No. 45/2009. Data on mineral Reference Cited production are in table 1. Table 2 is a list of major mineral Agencia de Regulación y Control Minero, 2017, Estadística minera 2016 industry facilities. More-extensive coverage of the mineral [2016 mineral statistics]: Agencia de Regulación y Control Minero. industry of Ecuador can be found in previous editions of the (Accessed December 20, 2017, at http://www.arcom.gob.ec/.) TABLE 1 ECUADOR: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1 (Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified) Commodity2, 3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 METALS Copper, mine output, Cu contente thousand metric tons -- 190 r 120 r 1 r 40 Gold, mine production, Au content kilograms 5,319 8,676 7,322 7,723 6,761 Iron and steel, raw steel 425,000 r 570,000 r 667,000 720,000 r 576,000 Silver, mine production, Ag content kilograms 2,934 1,198 577 2,521 r 934 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Cement, hydraulic thousand metric tons 6,025 6,670 r 6,600 5,900 r 5,600 e Clay and shale: Kaolin 42,564 100,195 40,236 63,829 55,000 e Other thousand metric tons 1,950 1,413 776 539 r 966 Feldspar 152,590 210,142 183,259 292,564 r 132,363 Pumice and related materials, pumice thousand metric tons 951 1,735 1,729 1,008 832 Stone, sand, and gravel: Sand and gravel, construction do.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL ACTION PLAN on the Use of Mercury in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Ecuador, in Accordance with the Minamata Convention on Mercury
    NATIONAL ACTION PLAN on the use of Mercury in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Ecuador, in accordance with the Minamata Convention on Mercury May 2020 National Action Plan on the use of Mercury in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Ecuador, in accordance with the Minamata Convention on Mercury Photos: Cover page. Clockwise: AGC; AGC; Goran Šafarek; AGC; Morley Read p. 15: Goran Šafarek; p.16: Morley Read; p.50: Kseniya Ragozina. All other photos: AGC Note on Translation This version of the National Action Plan on the use of Mercury in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Ecuador, In accordance with the Minamata Convention on Mercury has been translated from the original version in Spanish. All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the trans- lation, however for any discrepancies, the original Spanish should be referred to. The National Action Plan was developed with the support of the following partners and institutions. PREFACE he Government of Ecuador is firmly committed to addressing environmental pollution that results from inadequate industrial development, unrestrained use of resources, or lack of Tknowledge in the management and use of chemical substances, as well as hazardous waste, through the design and implementation of policies and regulations that address the issue from a national perspective and under international guidelines such as the ratification of global environ- mental conventions. Ecuador is a hugely diverse country in which several ecosystems coexist, divisible into four main regions: the marine coast, the Andean highlands, the eastern Amazon and the Galapagos Islands. It is throughout this diversity present in various places of the national territory, where mineral resources have been used by groups of people through generations who have dedicated themselves to the exploitation and use of these resources.
    [Show full text]
  • ECUADORIAN AMAZON REGION LANDSCAPE STRATEGY Sacha
    ECUADORIAN AMAZON REGION LANDSCAPE STRATEGY COMDEKS Country Programme Landscape Strategy (CPLS-COMDEKS) COUNTRY: ECUADOR Sacha Causai Foundation Tena, February 2014 1 Original document in Spanish created by Sacha Causai Foundation This document was translated with the aid of Amanda Moody as translator and Judith Mcinally who performed the document review, two volunteers mobilized in line through www.onlinevolunteering.org 2 Index Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................................4 1. PRIORITY AREA ..............................................................................................................................................5 2. SITUATION ANALYSIS: OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS ............................................................................ 10 3. LANDSCAPE STRATEGY .............................................................................................................................. 14 4. TYPES OF COMMUNITY PROJECT .............................................................................................................. 17 5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN .................................................................................................... 20 6. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................................................................... 23 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]