Benthic Invertebrate Fauna in the Islets of Namuseom And

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55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 58 59 journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/journals/journal-of-asia-pacific- 60 biodiversity/2287-884x 61 62 63 Original article 64 65 1 Benthic invertebrate fauna in the islets of Namuseom 66 2 67 3 and Bukhyeongjeseom off Busan 68 4 69 a a b b a,* 5 Q5 Hosung Hwang , Jisoon Kang , In-Young Cho , Dong-Won Kang , Woon Kee Paek , 70 6 Seok Hyun Lee c,** 71 7 72 8 a Natural History Research Team, National Science Museum, Daejeon, Republic of Korea b fi 73 9 General Planning and Management Division, Planning Of ce for Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Republic of Korea 74 10 c Department of Biological Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Republic of Korea 75 11 76 12 77 13 article info abstract 78 14 79 15 Article history: This study was conducted to examine the benthic invertebrate fauna inhabiting in the subtidal zone in 80 16 Received 18 March 2014 and around the islets of Namuseom and Bukhyeongjeseom off the coast of Busan by SCUBA diving in 81 17 Received in revised form September 2013. As a consequence, it was confirmed that a total of 6 phyla, 14 classes, 20 orders, 46 82 25 March 2014 18 families, and 73 species of zoobenthos inhabit in and around those islets. The total number of species Accepted 31 March 2014 83 surveyed by taxon during the study is 22 species of Arthropoda (30%), 20 species of Mollusca (27%), 15 19 Available online xxx 84 20 species of Cnidaria (21%), 10 species of Echinodermata (14%), four species of Poridera (5%), and two 85 species of Chordata. 21 Keywords: 86 Copyright Ó 2014, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). 22 Invertebrate fauna 87 Production and hosting by ELSEVIER. All rights reserved. 23 Namuseom Islet 88 Bukhyeongjeseom Islet 24 89 25 90 26 91 27 Introduction Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystem and have been 92 28 properly managed, which are of high value in terms of research and 93 29 Busan is located in the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula science on subtropical fauna that increasingly go northwards. 94 30 bordering the sea in its south and includes 45 (un)inhabited islets The previous researches on the fauna in and around the unin- 95 31 (Busan, 2012). Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic habited islets off Busan were conducted by the Ministry of 96 32 Administration (2010) attributed about 0.2 C increased in water Environment (2003) and the Busan Regional Maritime Affairs and 97 33 temperature off Busan waters in the past decade to the rise in the Fisheries Office (2007), and most of them investigated those in 98 34 minimum water temperature during winter due to the increasingly the intertidal zones. Although the Ministry of Environment (2010) 99 35 stronger high-temperature and high-salt concentration Tsushima conducted a survey on Namuseom Islet, the survey was not accu- 100 36 current. In addition, the administration published that judging from rate because it did not analyze the previous data for accurate ex- 101 37 the increasing trend in the average water temperature in the amination and the Bukhyeongjeseom Islet was not investigated. 102 38 southern coast, the thermal front distinguishing the waters off the The purpose of this study is to compare the list of species found 103 39 south coast from Tsushima current becomes weaker making the during the survey on the subtidal zone of the islets of Namuseom 104 40 Busan waters already an optimal marine environment for warm-sea and Bukhyeongjeseom with the previous studies in order to iden- 105 41 fish and marine species. Such a climate change sees temperate and tify the subtropical organisms that have moved northwards from 106 42 subtropical species appearing; accordingly the islets of Namuseom their native habit, to identify species inhabit in the survey area as 107 43 and Namhyeongjeseom were designated as a marine sanctuary well as their compositional change. 108 44 in November 2013 pursuant to Article 25 of the Act on the 109 45 110 Methods 46 111 47 112 * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ82 (0) 42 601 7861. This study was conducted for two days from 27th and 28th 48 ** þ 113 Q1 Corresponding author. Tel.: 82 (0) 51 999 6932. September, 2013 in and around the islets of Namuseom and 49 E-mail addresses: [email protected] (W.K. Paek), [email protected] 114 Bukhyeongjeseom in Saha-gu, Busan (Figure 1), in a way to survey 50 (S.H. Lee). 115 benthic invertebrate fauna by SCUBA diving at each survey site the 51 Peer review under responsibility of National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and 116 Korea National Arboretum (KNA). deepest at 23 m below sea level. The individuals collected were 52 117 53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.03.009 118 54 2287-884X/Copyright Ó 2014, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Production and hosting by ELSEVIER. All rights reserved. 119

Please cite this article in press as: Hwang H, et al., Benthic invertebrate fauna in the islets of Namuseom and Bukhyeongjeseom off Busan, Journal of Asia-Paciﬁc Biodiversity (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.03.009 JAPB14_proof ■ 29 April 2014 ■ 2/7

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1 66 2 67 3 68 4 69 5 70 6 71 7 72 8 73 9 74 10 75 11 76 12 77 13 78 14 79 15 80 16 81 17 82 18 83 19 84 20 85 21 86 22 87 23 88 24 89 25 90 26 91 27 92 28 93 29 94 30 95 31 Figure 1. Study areas of Islets of Namuseom (A) and Bukhyeongjeseom (B). 96 32 97 33 subject to anesthesia for 4 to 5 hours depending on each taxon and Order Astrophoridae 98 34 then, if required, fixed in 70e100% ethyl alcohol or 5e10% formalin Family Stelletidae 99 35 before being carried to the specimen preparation lab for photog- Caminus awashimensis Tanita, 1969 100 36 raphy and immersion specimen. The identification and arrange- Order Poecilosclerida 101 37 ment of country name referred to: Rho (1977) for Poridera; Song Family Myxillidae 102 38 (2004) and Park (2010) for cnidarians; Shin and Rho (1996) and Myxilla sp. 103 39 Shin (2010) for Echinodermata; Paik (1989) for Annelida; Choi Phylum Cnidaria 104 40 (1992) for Mollusca; and Kim (1973) for Arthropoda while the Class Anthozoa 105 41 classification complied with the system set the forth in the Korean Order Alcyonacea 106 42 Society of Systematic Zoology (1997) and the World Register of Family Alcyonidae 107 43 Q2 Marine Species (WoRMS, 2014). Bellonella rubra Brudin, 1896 108 44 Dendronephthya sp. 109 45 Order Gorgonacea 110 46 Result Family Melithaeidae 111 47 Melithaea flabellifera flabellifera Kükenthal, 1909 112 48 List of the species in Islets of Namuseom and Bukhyeongjeseom Acabaria tenuis Kükenthal, 1908 113 49 Acabaria undulata Kükenthal, 1908 114 50 This survey found a total of 6 phyla, 14 classes, 26 orders, 48 Acabaria sp1. 115 51 families, and 73 species of zoobenthos. The total number of species Acabaria sp2. 116 52 surveyed by taxon during the study is: 22 species of Arthropoda Family Acanthogorniidae 117 53 (30%), 20 species of Mollusca (27%), 15 species of Cnidaria (21%), 10 Acalycigorgia inermis (Hedlund, 1890) 118 54 species of Echinodermata (14%), 4 species of Poridera (5%), and 2 Acalycigorgia radians Kükenthal & Gorzawsky, 1908 119 55 species of Chordata, indicating the largest appearance of Family Plexauridae 120 56 Arthropoda. Euplexaura recta (Nutting, 1910) * 121 57 Order Pennatulacea 122 58 Q3 Phylum Porifera Family Virgulariidae 123 59 Class Demospongiae Virgularia gustaviana (Herklots, 1863) 124 60 Order Haplosclerida Order Actiniaria 125 61 Family Callyspongiidae Family Actiniidae 126 62 Callyspongia confoederata (sensu Ridley, 1884) Actinia sp. 127 63 Order Hadromerida Aulactinia coccinea (Verrill, 1866) 128 64 Family Clionaidae Family Nemanthidae 129 65 Cliona celata Grant, 1826 Nemanthus nitidus Wassilieff, 1908 ** 130

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1 Order Antipatharia Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860) 66 2 Family Antipathidae Family Galatheidae 67 3 Antipathes japonica Brook * Galathea orientalis Stimpson, 1858 68 4 Class Hydrozoa Family Porcellanidae 69 5 Order Thecatae Pisidia serratifrons (Stimpson, 1858) 70 6 Family Plumulariidae Family Diogenidae 71 7 Plumulariidae sp. Areopaguristes nigroapiculus (Komai, 2009) 72 8 Phylum Mollusca Paguristes ortmanni Miyake, 1978 73 9 Class Polyplacophora Family Paguridae 74 10 Order Neoloricata Pagurus japonicus (Stimpson, 1858) 75 11 Family Chitonidae Pagurus nigrivittatus Komai, 2003 76 12 Onithochiton hirasei Pilsbry, 1901 Pagurus proximus Komai, 2000 77 13 Class Gastropoda Pagurus rubrior Komai, 2003 78 14 Order Archaeogastropoda Family Pilumnidae 79 15 Family Haliotidae Harrovia japonica Balss, 1921 80 16 Nordotis discus (Reeve, 1846) Heteropilumnus ciliatus (stimpson, 1858) 81 17 Family Acmaeidae Pilumnus minutus De Haan, 1835 82 18 Acmaea (Niveotectura) pallida (Gould, 1859) Family Xanthidae 83 19 Family Trochidae Actaea semblatae Guinot, 1976 84 20 Omphalius rusticus (Gmelin, 1791) Cycloxanthops truncatus (De Haan, 1837) 85 21 Omphalius pfeifferi (Dunker, 1882) Microcassiope orientalis Takeda & Miyake, 1969 86 22 Calliostoma unicum (Dunker, 1860) Medaeops granulosus (haswell, 1882) 87 23 Stomatolina rubra (Lamarck, 1822) Family Portunidae 88 24 Family Turbinidae Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777) 89 25 Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786 Family Epialtidae 90 26 Order Mesogastropoda Hyastenus elongatus Ortmann, 1893 91 27 Family Vermetidae Phylum Echinodermata 92 28 Serpulorbis imbricatus (Dunker, 1860) Class Crinoidae 93 29 Family Calyptraeidae Order Comantulida 94 30 Crepidula onyx (Reeve, 1859) Family Comasteridae 95 31 Order Neogastropoda Comasteridae sp. ** 96 32 Family Muricidae Class Stelleroidea 97 33 Reishia bronni (Dunker, 1860) Order Phanerozonia 98 34 Ceratostoma burnetti (Adams & Reeve, 1848) Family Astropectinidae 99 35 Family Buccinidae Astropecten polyacanthus Müller et Troschel, 1842 100 36 Kelletia lischkei Kuroda, 1938 Family Linckiidae 101 37 Family Fasciolariidae Certonardoa semiregularis (Muller & Troschel 1842) 102 38 Fusinus perplexus (A. Adams, 1863) Order Spinulosida 103 39 Fusinus ferrugineus Kuroda & Habe, 1961 Family Asterinidae 104 40 Fusinus longicaudus (Lamarck, 1801) Asterina pectinifera Müller et Troschel, 1842 105 41 Family Conidae Order Perrier 106 42 Conus lischkeanus Weinkauff, 1875 Family Asteriidae 107 43 Class Bivalvia Coscinasterias acutispina (Stimpson, 1857) 108 44 Order Mytiloida Asterias amurensis Lütken, 1871 109 45 Family Mytilidae Order Myophiurida 110 46 Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 Family Ophiodermatidae 111 47 Mytilus coruscus Gould, 1861 Ophiactis savignyi Müller & Troschel 1842 112 48 Class Cephalopoda Class Echinoidea 113 49 Order Octopoda Order Echinoida 114 50 Family Octopodidae Family Temnopleuridae 115 51 Octopus doﬂeini (Wülker, 1910) Temnopleurus harwicki (Gray, 1855) 116 52 Phylum Arthropoda Family Strongylocentrotidae 117 53 Class Maxillopoda Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (A. Agassiz, 1863) 118 54 Order Thorcica Family Echinometridae 119 55 Family Balanidae Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz, 1863) 120 56 Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 Phylum Chordata 121 57 Megabalanus rosa (Pilsbry, 1916) Class Ascidiacea 122 58 Class Pycnogonida Order Stolidobranchia 123 59 Order Pantopoda Family Pyuridae 124 60 Family Ammotheidae Dohrn, 1881 Halocythia roretzi (Drasche, 1884) 125 61 Ammothridae sp. Family Styelidae 126 62 Class Malacostraca Styela sp. 127 63 Order Decapoda 128 64 Family Hippolytidae (*Threatened marine organism necessary of protection; ** sub- 129 65 Lebbeus comanthi Hayashi & Okuno, 1997 tropical organism) 130

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1 Table 1 66 2 Benthic Organisms Appearing in and around Namuseom (Ⅰ), Bukhyeongjeseom (Ⅱ), and Namhyeongjeseom (Ⅲ) Islets. 67 3 taxon Scientific name This study (2013) Previous study (2010) 68 4 ⅠⅡⅠ Ⅲ69 5 70 þ 6 Porifera Callyspongia confoederata 71 Cliona celata þ 7 Caminus awashimensis þ 72 8 Myxilla sp. þ 73 9 Cnidaria Bellonella rubra þþ 74 10 Dendronephthya sp. þ 75 Dendronephthya castanea þ 11 76 Melithaea flabellifera þþ 12 Acabaria tenuis þ 77 13 Acabaria undulata þþ 78 14 Acabaria sp1. þ 79 þ 15 Acabaria sp2. 80 Acalycigorgia radians þ 16 Euplexaura recta þþ81 17 Virgularia gustaviana þ 82 18 Actinia sp. þ 83 19 Aulactinia coccinea þ 84 Nemanthus nitidus þ 20 85 Antipathes japonica þþ 21 Plumulariidae sp. þ 86 22 Annelida Anaitides sp. þ 87 23 Arabella iricola þþ88 þ 24 Chrysopetalum occidentale 89 Eunice antennata þþ 25 Halosydna brevisetosa þ 90 26 Halosydnopsis pilosa þ 91 27 Harmothoinae sp. þþ92 28 Hydroides ezoensis þ 93 Lepidonotus squamatus þ 29 94 Nereis multignatha þ 30 Nereis neoneanthes þ 95 31 Nereis pelagica þ 96 32 Platynereis bicanaliculata þþ97 þþ 33 Polyopthalmus pictus 98 Syllidae sp. þþ 34 Terebellidae sp. þ 99 35 Mollusca Anomia chinensis þ 100 36 Arca boucardi þ 101 37 Cardita leana þ 102 Chlamys squamata þ 38 103 Crassostrea nipponica þ 39 Irus irus þ 104 40 Kellia porculus þ 105 41 Lithophaga curta þþ106 þþ 42 Modiolus agripetus 107 Musculus cupreus þ 43 Musculus viridulus þ 108 44 Mytilus edulis þ 109 45 Mytilus coruscus þ 110 46 Onithochiton hirasei þ 111 Cryptoplax japonica þ 47 112 Mopalia retifera þ 48 Placiphorella stimpsoni þ 113 49 Rhyssoplax kurodai þ 114 50 Nordotis discus þ 115 þþ 51 Acmaea (Niveotectura) pallida 116 Anachis miser miser þ 52 Bedeva birileffi þ 117 53 Omphalius rusticus þþ118 54 Omphalius pfeifferi þþ119 55 Calliostoma unicum þþ þ120 þ 56 Cantharidus japonicus 121 Cantharidus jessoensis þþ 57 Stomatolina rubra þ 122 58 Turbo cornutus þþ123 59 Serpulorbis imbricatus þ 124 þþþ 60 Reishia bronni 125 Ceratostoma burnetti þþþ þ 61 Crepidula gravispinosus þ 126 62 Crepidula onyx þþþ þ127 63 Ergalatax contracta contracta þþ128 64 Charonia sauliae þþ129 þ 65 Hipponix conica 130

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1 Table 1 (continued ) 66

2 taxon Scientific name This study (2013) Previous study (2010) 67 3 68 ⅠⅡⅠ Ⅲ 4 69 5 Homalopoma amussitatum þ 70 þ 6 Homalopoma nocturnum 71 Homalopoma sangarense þ 7 Lirularia iridescens þ 72 8 Mitrella bicincta þþ73 9 Pleurotomitrella pleurotomoides þ 74 þ 10 Pyrene testudinaria tylerae 75 Tugali decussata þ 11 76 Tylotiella burnupi þ 12 Zafra mitriformis þ 77 13 Kelletia lischkei þ 78 14 Fusinus perplexus þ 79 þ 15 Fusinus ferrugineus 80 Fusinus longicaudus þ 16 Conus lischkeanus þ 81 17 Octopus dofleini þ 82 18 Arthropoda Amphipoda spp. þþ83 19 Caprella sp. þþ84 Balanus trigonus þþþ 20 85 Megabalanus rosa þ 21 Ammothridae sp. þþþ86 22 Lebbeus comanthi þ 87 23 Lysmata vittata þ 88 þ 24 Synalpheus tumidomanus 89 Galathea orientalis þ 25 Munida japonica þ 90 26 Pachycheles stevensii þ 91 27 Pisidia serratifrons þ þ 92 28 Areopaguristes nigroapiculus þ 93 Paguristes ortmanni þþ 29 94 Pagurus japonicus þ 30 Pagurus nigrivittatus þ 95 31 Pagurus proximus þþ96 32 Pagurus rubrior þ 97 þ þ 33 Actaea semblatae 98 Atergatis floridus þ 34 Cycloxanthops truncatus þ 99 35 Harrovia elegans þ 100 36 Harrovia japonica þ 101 37 Heteropilumnus ciliatus þ 102 Hyastenus elongatus þ 38 103 Liocarcinus corrugatus þ 39 Macromedaeus distinguendus þ 104 40 Medaeops granulosus þ 105 41 Microcassiope orientalis þ 106 þ þ 42 Pilumnus minutus 107 Pinnotheres pholadis þ 43 Pugettia quadridens þ 108 44 Cymodoce japonica þ 109 45 Dynoides dentisinus þþ110 46 Holotelson tuberculatus þþ111 Joeropsis lobata þ 47 112 Janira sp. þ 48 Gonodactylus chiragra þ 113 49 Anatanais normani þ 114 50 Echinodermata Comasteridae sp. þ 115 þ 51 Astropecten polyacanthus 116 Certonardoa semiregularis þ 52 Asterina pectinifera þþ117 53 Coscinasterias acutispina þ 118 54 Asterias amurensis þ 119 55 Ophiactis savignyi þþ þ120 Temnopleurus harwicki þ 56 121 Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus þþ 57 Strongylocentrotus nudus þ 122 58 Anthocidaris crassispina þ 123 59 Nemertina Lineus fuscoviridis þ 124 þþ 60 Sipunculida Phascolosoma scolops 125 Chordata Halocythia roretzi þþ 61 Styela sp. þþ 126 62 127 63 128 64 129 65 130

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1 List of the species by region Discussion 66 2 67 3 Understanding the species appearing at each survey point and This study surveyed the benthic fauna in and around the islets of 68 4 their changes compared to the past species required comparatively Namuseom and Bukhyeongjeseom in Busan by SCUBA diving in 69 5 analyzing the appearing species described in the 2010 Baseline September 2013, which was conducted before the designation of 70 6 Survey on Marine Ecosystem (Eastern Part of the South Sea) by the those regions as a marine sanctuary in November 2013 in accor- 71 7 Ministry of Environment with those in this study; and also dance with Article 25 of the Act on the Conservation and Man- 72 8 comparatively analyzing those found in Namhyeongjeseom Islet agement of Marine Ecosystem and in a way to survey within the 73 9 with a similar environment due to no previous studies on the fauna areas with higher benthic fauna informed by a local guide to the 74 10 in the subtidal zone of Bukhyeongjeseom Islet. The trend of the extent not to cause habitat disturbance to the threatened marine 75 11 species appearing in each region showed that 48 species (66%) species (Figure 2). 76 12 surveyed on Namuseom Islet, among which Arthropoda amounted This survey additionally observed a variety of subtropical spe- 77 13 to 19 species (40%) indicating the greatest appearance while 35 cies including Poridera and Cnidaria that had yet to be found in the 78 14 species (48%) were surveyed on Bukhyeongjeseom Islet, among 2010 Baseline Survey on Marine Ecosystem (Eastern Part of the 79 15 which Cnidaria amounted to 13 species (37%) indicating the highest South Sea) conducted by the Ministry of Environment, and partic- 80 16 appearance. 8 species (10%) of zoobenthos commonly appeared on ularly conﬁrmed that much more sponges and cnidarians inhabit 81 17 both survey islets. The list of fauna in the subtidal zone reported in on Bukhyeongjeseom Islet located at the southerly latitude. The 82 18 the 2010 Baseline Survey on Marine Ecosystem (Eastern Part of the islets of Namuseom and Bukhyeongjeseom off coast of Busan 83 19 South Sea) conducted by the Ministry of Environment did not are under a subtropical climate (Korea Hydrographic and 84 20 include Cnidaria and Poridera, only mentioning such threatened Oceanographic Administration, 2010; Ministry of Land, Transport 85 21 species in the sector of landscape as Antipathes japonica, Euplexaura and Maritime Affairs, 2011) and of higher biological importance; 86

22 ,4 recta, Dendronephthya castanea, and Charonia sauliae (Table 1). though, there has been no survey and/or research on the entire or a 87 23 This survey conﬁrmed that those threatened marine organisms variety of taxon as well as a lack of the comprehensive surveys 88 24 inhabit in the subtidal zone of Bukhyeongjeseom Islet such as including Bukhyeongjeseom Islet, this survey is expected to pave 89 25 Antipathes japonica and Euplexaura recta. the way for the future studies. In particular, subtropical sponges 90 26 91 27 92 28 93 29 94 30 95 31 96 32 97 33 98 34 99 35 100 36 101 37 102 38 103 39 104 40 105 41 106 42 107 43 108 44 109 45 110 46 111 47 112 48 113 49 114 50 115 51 116 52 117 53 118 54 119 55 120 56 121 57 122 58 123 59 124 60 125 61 126 62 127 63 128 64 129 65 Figure 2. Macro benthic invertebrates in and around the islets of Namuseom and Bukhyeongjeseom. 130

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1 and cnidarians were observed during this survey that have been no References 30 2 appearance in the past and known to inhabit in and around Jejudo 31 3 Island, definitely indicating the change in fauna and the northward Busan. 2012. Busan Municipal White Paper. 32 Busan Regional Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Office. 2007. 2007 Research on the 4 movement of subtropical organisms attributable to the increasingly Actual Condition of Uninhabited Islets off Busan Metropolitan City: Research 33 5 higher sea surface temperature and hopefully useful in examining report. 34 6 the northward movement of such subtropical organisms up to the Choi BL. 1992, . Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea: Mollusca II, vol. 33. 35 7 Seoul: Ministry of Education. 36 East Sea including the islets of Dokdo and Ulleungdo in line with Kim HS. 1973, . Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea. Anomura∙Brachyura, 8 the subsequent continuation of monitoring. The Ministry of vol. 14. Seoul: Ministry of Education. 37 9 Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration. 2010. Water Temperature 38 Environment (2010) surveyed 1,846 species appearing in the 10 eastern part of the South Sea, among which 54 species in Namu- in the South Sea Rises by Max. 1.7 C in the Past Decade: Research report 39 Korean Society of Systemic Zoology. 1997. List of animals in Korea (excluding insects). 11 seom Islet and 61 species in Namhyeongjeseom Islet while this Seoul: Academy Press. 40 12 survey found out a total of 73 species at both survey sites: which Ministry of Environment. 2003. (2002) Natural Environment Survey on the Unin- 41 13 was attributed to the listing of a total of 144 species, the list of habited Islets Nationwide: Busan Metropolitan City. 42 Ministry of Environment. 2010. Baseline Survey on Marine Ecosystem (eastern part 14 which is expected to be useful in understanding the subsequent of the South Sea). 43 15 continuation of surveys in and around those two survey sites and Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. 2011. 1,846 Marine Organisms 44 16 further the change in marine fauna as well as the community Inhabiting in the Eastern waters of the South Sea, becoming increasingly sub- 45 tropical: Research report. 17 structure in the subtropical areas in Busan. Furthermore, since this Paik EI. 1989. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea. Polychaeta, vol. 31. 46 18 survey found a variety of fauna including the threatened marine Seoul: Ministry of Education. 47 19 species that inhabit in and around the islets of Namuseom and Park JH. 2010. Invertebrate fauna of Korea vol. 4, No. 1 Thecates. Incheon: National 48 Institute of Biological Resources. 20 Bukhyeongjeseom, it is implied and suggested that the continuous Rho BJ. 1977. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea. Porifera, Hydrozoa & 49 21 observation and protection be needed in the waters including those Ascidiaxea, vol. 20. Seoul: Ministry of Education. 50 22 islets in Busan. Shin S. 2010. Invertebrate fauna of Korea vol. 32, No. 1 sea stars. Incheon: National 51 23 Institute of Biological Resources. 52 Shin S, Rho BJ. 1996. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea. Echinodermata, 24 Acknowledgments vol. 36. Seoul: Ministry of Education. 53 25 Song JI. 2004. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea. Anthozoa, vol. 39. 54 26 This work was supported by the National Research Foundation Seoul: Ministry of Education. 55 WoRMS Editorial Board. 2014. World Register of Marine Species. Available at: 27 of Korea (NRF) grant funded by Ministry of Science, ICT & Future http://www.marinespecies.org [accessed 3 March 2014]. 56 28 Planning (MSIP) (2013M3A9A5047052). 57 29 58