Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Home , Collonia, Colloniidae, Collonista, Guildfordia, Homalopoma, Homalopoma amussitatum

Volume 19, Number 4 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda, Sorbeoconcha Gastropods III

2017

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment, Korea

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 4 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda, Sorbeoconcha Gastropods III

Jun-Sang Lee Kangwon National University Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 19, Number 4 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda, Sorbeoconcha Gastropods III

Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources.

ISBN : 978-89-6811-266-9 (96470) ISBN : 978-89-94555-00-3 (세트) Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1480592-001226-01

Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper

Publisher : Woonsuk Baek Author : Jun-Sang Lee Project Staff : Jin-Han Kim, Hyun Jong Kil, Eunjung Nam and Kwang-Soo Kim

Published on February 7, 2017

The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo. Chlorococcales: 1

Preface

The biological resources include all the composition of organisms and genetic resources which possess the practical and potential values essential to human live. Biological resources will be firmed competition of the nation because they will be used as fundamental sources to make highly valued products such as new lines or varieties of biological organisms, new material, and drugs. th As the Nagoya Protocol was adopted in 2010 and entered into force in the 12 Conference of Par- ties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2014, it is expected that the competition to get biological resources will be much intensive under the rapidly changed circumstance on the access and benefic sharing of the genetic resources (ABS). To cope with a new international para- digm on all kinds of issues related to biological resources, the Ministry of Environment of Korea enacted a new law called ‘An act on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources’ on January 17th, 2017. Each nation in the world is investigating and clearing information of native species within its ter- ritory in order to secure its sovereignty rights over biological resources. The National Institute of

Biological Resources (NIBR) of the Ministry of Environment has published the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ since 2006 to manage biological resources in comprehensive ways and to enhance national competitiveness by building up the foundation for the sovereignty over biological resources. Pro- fessional research groups consisting of professors and related experts of taxonomy examined sys- tematically a total of 13,478 species for the past eight years to publish 163 volumes in both Korean and English versions, and two volumes of World Monograph covering 216 species of invertebrates. This year, 11 volumes of the Flora and Fauna of Korea in both Korean and English versions including 858 species of invertebrates, insects, vascular plants, algae and fungi are additionally published. Flora and Fauna of Korea are the first professional records to describe all the species of the nation in a comprehensive way, and they would contribute to level up the taxonomic capacity. The NIBR will continue to publish flora and fauna of Korea that will contribute conservation and application of biological resources for successful implementation of the ABS protocol. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to authors who spared no effort to publish the Flora and Fauna of Korea.

Woonsuk Baek President of National Institute of Biological Resources

Chlorococcales: 1

Contents

List of Taxa 3 Introduction 6 Materials and Methods 8 Taxonomic Notes 9

1. Liotina (Liotinaria) semiclathratula (Schrenck) 10

2. Turbo (Batillus) cornutus Lightfoot 13

3. Turbo (Callopoma) excellens Sowerby 14

4. Turbo (Lunella) coronata coreensis (Récluz) 16

5. Astralium (Astralium) haematragum (Menke) 18

6. Bolma (Harisazaea) modesta (Reeve) 20

7. Guildfordia triumphans (Philippi) 21

8. Pomaulax japonicus (Dunker) 23

9. Littoraria (Littoraria) undulata (Gray) 26

10. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra (Linnaeus) 28

11. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia (Philippi) 30

12. Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata (Philippi) 31

13. Littorina (Littorina) brevicula (Philippi) 33

14. Littorina (Littorina) kasaka Reid, Zaslavskaya and Sergievsky 35

15. Nodilittorina exigua (Dunker) 37

16. Nodilittorina leucosticta biangulata (Martens) 39 17. Peasiella habei Reid and Mak 40

18. Epheria decorata (A. Adams) 42

19. Stenotis cariniferus (A. Adams) 44

20. Stenotis smithii (Pilsbry) 46 21. Stenotis uchidai Habe 47

22. Lacuna turrita (A. Adams) 49

23. Phasianella solida (Born) 52

24. Tricolia variabilis (Pease) 54

25. Homalopoma nocturnum (Gould) 57

26. Homalopoma amussitatum (Gould) 59

27. Homalopoma sangarense (Schrenck) 60 28. Homalopoma granuliferum Nomura and Hatai 62

29. Collonista glareosa (Gould) 63

30. Collonista amakusaensis (Habe) 65

31. Bothropoma pilula (Dunker) 67

32. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) figurata (Sowerby III) 70

33. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) ranzii (Kuroda) 72

34. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) russa (Gould) 73

35. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis Habe and Ito 75

36. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae Habe and Ito 76 2 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

37. Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostoma (Deshayes) 78

38. Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostomoides (Kuroda and Habe) 80 39. Natica gualtieriana Récluz 82

40. Naticarius alapapilionsis (Röding) 83

41. Naticarius concinnus (Dunker) 85

42. Glossaulax bicolor (Philippi) 88

43. Glossaulax didyma didyma (Röding) 89

44. Glossaulax didyma ampla (Philippi) 91

45. Glossaulax didyma hosoyai (Kira) 92

46. Glossaulax reiniana (Dunker) 94

47. Glossaulax vesicalis (Philippi) 95

48. Lunatia fortunei (Reeve) 97

49. Lunatia pila pila (Pilsbry) 99

50. Mammilla kurodai (Iw. Taki) 101

51. Mammilla simiae (Deshayes) 102

52. Mammilla sebae (Récluz) 104

53. Polinices peselephanti (Link) 105

54. Sinum javanicum (Gray) 107

55. Eunaticina papilla papilla (Gmelin) 109 Literature Cited 112 Plates 120 Index to Korean Names 132 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 134 Index to Scientific Names 136 Chlorococcales: 3

List of Taxa

Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758 Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Order Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980 Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Family Liotiidae Gray, 1850 Genus Liotina Muniex-Chalmes, 1885

Liotina (Liotinaria) semiclathratula (Schrenck, 1862) Family Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Turbo Linnaeus, 1758

Turbo (Batillus) cornutus Lightfoot, 1786

Turbo (Callopoma) excellens Sowerby, 1914

Turbo (Lunella) coronata coreensis (Récluz, 1853) Genus Astralium Link, 1807

Astralium (Astralium) haematragum (Menke, 1829) Genus Bolma Risso, 1826

Bolma (Harisazaea) modesta (Reeve, 1843) Genus Guildfordia Gray, 1850

Guildfordia triumphans (Philippi, 1841) Genus Pomaulax Gray, 1850

Pomaulax japonicus (Dunker, 1844) Superfamily Littorinoidea Children, 1834 Family Littorinidae Children, 1834 Subfamily Littorininae Children, 1834 Genus Littoraria Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834

Littoraria (Littoraria) undulata (Gray, 1839)

Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra (Linnaeus, 1758)

Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia (Philippi, 1846)

Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata (Philippi, 1846) Genus Littorina Férussac, 1822

Littorina (Littorina) brevicula (Philippi, 1844)

Littorina (Littorina) kasaka Reid, Zaslavskaya and Sergievsky, 1991 Genus Nodilittorina Martens, 1897

Nodilittorina exigua (Dunker, 1860)

Nodilittorina leucosticta biangulata (Martens, 1897) Genus Peasiella Nevill, 1885 Peasiella habei Reid and Mak, 1998 Subfamily Lacuninae, Gray, 1857 Genus Epheria Leach, 1847

Epheria decorata (A. Adams, 1861) Genus Stenotis A. Adams, 1863

Stenotis cariniferus (A. Adams, 1853) 4 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Stenotis smithii (Pilsbry, 1895) Stenotis uchidai Habe, 1953 Genus Lacuna Turton, 1827

Lacuna turrita (A. Adams, 1861) Superfamily Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840 Family Phasianellidae Swainson, 1840 Subfamily Phasianellinae Swainson, 1840 Genus Phasianella Lamarck, 1804

Phasianella solida (Born, 1778) Subfamily Tricoliinae Woodring, 1928 Genus Tricolia Risso, 1826

Tricolia variabilis (Pease, 1860) Family Colloniidae Cossmann, 1917 Genus Homalopoma Carpenter, 1864

Homalopoma nocturnum (Gould, 1861)

Homalopoma amussitatum (Gould, 1861)

Homalopoma sangarense (Schrenck, 1862) Homalopoma granuliferum Nomura and Hatai, 1940 Genus Collonista Iredale, 1918

Collonista glareosa (Gould, 1861) Collonista amakusaensis Habe, 1960 Genus Bothropoma Thiele, 1924

Bothropoma pilula (Dunker, 1860) Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder and Lindberg, 1997 Family Naticidae Guilding, 1834 Subfamily Naticinae Guilding, 1834 Genus Cryptonatica Dall, 1892 Subgenus Cryptonatica Dall, 1892

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) figurata (Sowerby III, 1914)

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) ranzii (Kuroda, 1961)

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) russa (Gould, 1859)

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis Habe and Ito, 1976

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae Habe and Ito, 1976 Subgenus Sulconatica Golikov and Kusakin, 1974

Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostoma (Deshayes, 1839)

Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostomoides (Kuroda and Habe, 1949) Genus Natica Scopoli, 1777 Natica gualtieriana Récluz, 1844 Genus Naticarius Duméril, 1806

Naticarius alapapilionsis (Röding, 1798)

Naticarius concinnus (Dunker, 1860) Subfamily Polinicinae Gray, 1847 Genus Glossaulax Pilsbry, 1929

Glossaulax bicolor (Philippi, 1849) List of Taxa 5

Glossaulax didyma didyma (Röding, 1798)

Glossaulax didyma ampla (Philippi, 1849)

Glossaulax didyma hosoyai (Kira, 1959)

Glossaulax reiniana (Dunker, 1877)

Glossaulax vesicalis (Philippi, 1849) Genus Lunatia Gray, 1847

Lunatia fortunei (Reeve, 1855)

Lunatia pila pila (Pilsbry, 1911) Genus Mammilla Schumacher, 1817

Mammilla kurodai (Iw. Taki, 1943)

Mammilla simiae (Deshayes, 1838)

Mammilla sebae (Récluz, 1844) Genus Polinices Montfort, 1810

Polinices peselephanti (Link, 1807) Subfamily Sininae Woodring, 1928 Genus Sinum Röding, 1798

Sinum javanicum (Gray, 1834) Genus Eunaticina Fischer, 1885

Eunaticina papilla papilla (Gmelin, 1791) 6 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Introduction

The gastropod families Liotiidae and Turbinidae belong to the subclass Vetigastropoda, superfamily Trochoidea. Traditionally, seven nominal families are included in this superfamily: Trochi- dae, Seguenziidae, Stomatellidae, Skeneidae, Cyclostrematidae, Turbinidae, and Phasianellidae.

Bouchet et al. (2005) revised the Trochoidea to contain nine families Trochidae, Calliostomatidae, Elasmonematidae, Eucochlidae, Microdomatidae, Proconulidae, Solariellidae, Tychobraheidae, and

Velainellidae. According to Williams (2012); Williams et al. (2008), the Trochoidea now consists of 14 families: Calliostomatidae, Liotiidae, Margaritidae, Skeneidae, Solariellidae, Tegulidae, Trochi- dae, Turbinidae, Elasmonematidae, Eucochlidae, Microdomatidae, Proconulidae, Tychobraheidae, and Velainellidae. Among the 14 families now included in Trochoidea, Elasmonematidae, Eucochl- idae, Microdomatidae, Proconulidae, Tychobraheidae, and Velainellidae are extinct families. Mem- bers of the families Trochidae and Turbinidae are noteworthy in diversity, size, and abundance. The Korean fauna includes all families, and this monograph describes only two families, Liotiidae and Turbinidae, in Korea. The liotiids are the most primitive subfamily of the Turbinidae (Beesley et al., 1998; Higo et al., 1999; Lee and Min, 2002; Lee and Lee, 2014). They are commonly associated with rocky or rubble substrata. Animals are active at night, and seek refuge under rocks by day

(Beesley et al., 1998). Species of Korean Liotiidae were first recorded by Kwon et al. (1993), then

Choe and Park (1997), Lee and Min (2002), Min et al. (2004), and Lee and Lee (2014) also included them in the Korea fauna. Members of the larger family, Turbinidae, are noteworthy for their diversity, size, and abundance. The Turbinidae has a worldwide distribution in warm temperate and tropical seas, and species feed on plant material, especially algae. These snails occur in most marine habitats and live on rocky platforms, predominantly on calcium carbonate substrata. In Korea, they are abundant or dominant members of some rocky intertidal communities. Species of Korean turbinids were catalogued by Siba (1934), two species in one genus, Lee (1956), three species in three genera, Kang et al. (1971), five species in five genera, Je (1989), 13 species in seven genera with four subfamilies, Choe and Park (1997) 12 species in 10 genera, and Lee and Min (2002), 17 species in 11 genera. Recently, Lee and Lee (2014) catalogued 19 species in 11 genera with four subfamilies in the Korean Turbinidae. The Littorinidea is a superfamily of both marine and terrestrial mollusks which have a gill and an operculum. The shell is more or less turbinate or high-conical, more or less high-spired, with rounded whorls, and small to medium in size, rarely greater than 40 mm in height or diameter. The surface is usually colored, and the sculpture is smooth or consists of spiral and axial elements, which are sometimes nodulose. The aperture generally is oval, and the peristome is mostly continuous. The columellar margin frequently has callus and sometimes folds. Traditionally, five families are included in this superfamily: Littorinidae, Pickworthiidae, Pomatiidae, Skeneopsidae, and

Zerotulidae (Bouchet et al., 2005). The Pomatiidae are aterrestrial family within this group. Species of Korean Littorinidae were catalogued by Siba (1934), two species in one genus, Lee (1956), three species in three genera, Kang et al. (1971), six species in three genera, Je (1989), seven species in two genera, Kwon et al. (1993), six species in six genera, Choe and Park (1997), seven species in five genera, Lee and Min (2002), 15 species in seven genera. Recently, Lee and Lee (2014) catalogued 18 species in seven genera with two subfamilies in the Korean Littorinidae.

The Phasianelloidea was created as a new superfamily by Willams et al. (2008). This superfamily consists of two families, Phasianellidae and Colloniidae. One or two species of Korean Phasianelli- Introduction 7

dae were listed by Lee (1956), Kang et al. (1971), Je (1989), Choe (1992), Kwon et al. (1993), Choe and

Park (1997), Lee and Min (2002), Finally, Lee and Lee (2014) catalogued two species in two genera of Tricoliinae in the Korean Phasianellidae. In this monograph, the Phasianellidae has been divided into two subfamilies, Phasianellinae and Tricoliinae, according to Willams et al. (2008). The members of Korean Colloniidae were listed by Lee (1956), one species, Kang et al. (1971), two species in two genera, Je (1989), four species in two genera, Kwon et al. (1993), three species in two genera,

Choe and Park (1997), five species in three genera, Lee and Min (2002), seven species in three genera.

Recently, Lee and Lee (2014) catalogued seven species in three genera in the Korean Colloniinae. The Naticoidea is a group of carnivorous mollusks, best known for their shell-boring predation using an accessory boring organ on the proboscis, and for the production of egg collars impregnated with sand or a gelatinous substance. The Naticidae is the only family in the Naticoidea, and traditionally four subfamilies were recognized: (Ampullospirinae, Naticinae, Polinicinae, and Sininae).

Recently, this family was reorganized with four subfamilies (Naticinae, Globisininae, Polinicinae, and Sininae) (Bouchet et al., 2005). the The shell is spirally coiled, mostly ovate-conic to globose to subauriculate in shape, and less commonly elongate; the spire usually is usually low to moderately elevated. The shells are small to moderate in size, rarely greater than 100 mm in height. Species of

Korean Naticidae were listed by Siba (1934), seven species in three genera, Lee (1956), eight species in four genera, Kang et al. (1971), nine species in five genera, Je (1989), 12 species in three genera,

Kwon et al. (1993), 16 species in eight genera, Choe and Park (1997), 18 species in eight genera, Lee and Min (2002), 38 species in 11 genera. Recently, Lee and Lee (2014) catalogued 42 species in 11 genera with four subfamilies in the Korean Naticidae. Remarks concerning taxonomic changes will be made for relevant taxa, the main source for those changes being WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species, 2014). This monograph describes 55 species in six families, consisting of the Liotiidae, Turbinidae, Lit- torinidae, Phasianellidae, Colloniidae, and Naticidae. Almost all species listed in those families for Korea are treated here. 8 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Materials and Methods

For this monograph, specimens were collected from islands and along the coasts of the Korean Peninsula during the years 1994 to 2012. The specimens were collected from the intertidal zone at low tide or from nets in fishing ports, and are deposited in the Min Molluscan Research Institute and the Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Kangwon. These specimens were identified using mainly details of external morphology and, for more detailed observa- tion, stereo microscopes were used.

For identification purposes, Habe and Ito (1965), Okada (1967), Habe (1976), Kira (1977), Higo and

Goto (1999), Okutani et al. (2000), and Min et al. (2004) were referenced. The nomenclature used is based mainly on Higo et al. (1999) and Min et al. (2004). Because the traditional systematic classification is used here, it follows that of Higo and Goto (1999) and Lee and Min (2002). For photo- graphs a Nikon D80 digital camera was used. Specimens studied were either dry or preserved in 70% ethanol, and were deposited for storage in a cool, dry room. Distribution records for Korea are concisely shown by means of abbreviations for the country’s provinces. Following is a list of the provinces with their complete names and abbreviations. Chlorococcales: 9

Taxonomic Notes

Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758

Yeon-che-dong-mul-mun (연체동물문)

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797

Bog-jog-gang (복족강)

Order Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980

Go-bog-jog-sang-mok (고복족목)

Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Bam-go-dung-sang-gwa (밤고둥상과)

Family Liotiidae Gray, 1850

Dung-geun-ip-go-dung-gwa (둥근입고둥과)

The family Liotiidae belongs to the superfamily Turbinoidea (Bouchet et al., 2005). Recently Lio tiidae was moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea (Williams et al., 2008), and divides into three subfamilies: Liotiinae, Brochidiinae, and Dichostasiinae. Liotiine shells are diagnosed by the existence of a calcified periostracum on the shell, which is sculptured with distinctive scaly axial lamellae between the primary spiral and axial ribs. The thick peristome is continuous and shows a calloused varix. The operculum is horny, round, multispiral, and has a central nucleus. The shell is minute to small, usually less than 5 mm in length, and depressed-lenticular to rounded-turbinate, it is often rather transparent, mostly widely umbilicate, and porcelaneous. The shell surface shows a fine lamellar sculpture. The radula has a single strong median tooth and several delicate lateral teeth. Liotiidae is found in warm, shallow water, usually under rocks or around rocky or hard substrates.

The species of Korean Liotiidae was first recorded by Kwon et al. (1993), and then by Choe and

Park (1997), Lee and Min (2002), Min et al. (2004), and Lee and Lee (2014).

Genera 13 (1 in Korea), species 262 (1 in Korea). Distribution: From temperate to subtropical regions. 10 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Genus Liotina Muniex-Chalmes, 1885

Dung-geun-ip-go-dung-sok (둥근입고둥속)

Liotina belongs to the family Liotiidae. The shells are small to moderately large; with a well- developed outer lip varix and continuous peristome, and are spirally and radially ribbed, creating a cancellate sculpture; umbilicus spirally ridged within, bordered by a thick, rugose rib, pitted outside; operculum with a calcareous outer layer of granules, tessellated, edges bristly. At present, there are 17 living species in Homalopoma. One species has been reported from Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). This species occurs in the tropical Indo-West Pacific, Western Australia, East India, and Japan. Type species: Delphinula gervillei De France, 1818.

Species 17 (1 in Korea).

1. Liotina (Liotinaria) semiclathratula (Schrenck, 1862) (Fig. 1, Pl. 1)

Dung-geun-ip-go-dung (둥근입고둥)

Liotinaria semiclathratula Schrenck, 1861, p. 410; Schrenck, 1867, p. 370, pl. 16, figs. 16-25; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 63; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 45(E), (J), pl. 106, figs. 18, 19; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 52, 255; Okutani, 1991, p. 41; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 247; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 89, pl. 44, fig. 1. Liotina semiclathratula: Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91.

Liotina (Liotinaria) semiclathratula: Kira, 1977, p. 21, pl. 11, fig. 1; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 27; Higo et al., 1999, p. 44; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 96; Min et al., 2004, p. 91, fig. 76; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 12.

The size of the shell varies but mostly small, solid and thick, low-conical turbinate; width usually longer than length. Whorls about 4.5; convex or round-sided, increasing gradually in size; body whorl rather large, occupying about 87% of shell height. Channeled suture. Upper periphery of body whorl slightly angulate; lower periphery roundly connected to base of whorl. Base of whorl inflated with reticulated sculpture. Spire low and conical, less than 10% total height of shell. Shell with wide apical angle, about 105 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter; apex eroded, sometimes with narrow hole. Shell usually weak yellowish- white, ornamented with 7-9 wide spiral, and several axial, cords. Aperture rounded, thickened; outer lip grooved and crenulated; interior tinted with yellowish-white. Large, open umbilicus with bicarinate and crenulated margin. Multispiral operculum, hispid, corneous with soft, calcareous outer layer formed of pearly beads spirally arranged.

Size: Height 3.5 mm, width 5 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Rock and gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 100 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GN, JJ. Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Turbo 11

A B

C D

Fig. 1. Liotina (Liotinaria) semiclathratula. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1.5 mm.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Deokpo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 27.iii.2001); 2 specimens

(Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010); 1 specimen (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010).

Family Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815

So-ra-gwa (소라과)

The Turbinidae belongs to the superfamily Turbinoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gas- tropoda by Bouchet et al. (2005). However recently the Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008), and divided into 5 subfamilies (Turbininae, Skeneinae, Margaritinae, Tegulinae, and Prisogasterinae). The shell is medium to large, up to more than 200 mm in width, solid, strong, and spirally coiled. The shell has both well-developed radial and spiral sculpture, is rarely smooth, and is usually umbilicate. The aperture is nacreous within. The peristome is entire and variously rounded; the columella is smooth, arched, and without folds. The operculum is thickened externally with a cal- 12 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III careous deposit, multispiral, with a central or eccentric nucleus. The head bears a pair of long tentacles. The Turbinidae has a worldwide distribution in tropical, temperate, and arctic waters, but most species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters. They are usually abundant on solid, suitable substrata, such as rocky shores and reefs. The Turbinidae are dioecious, and fertilization occurs externally by the release of eggs and sperm. This family of snails consists of herbivores, grazing with their radulae on rocky surfaces, feeding on algae and vegetable detritus and, more rarely, by filter-feeding, as observed in the genus Umbonium.

Korean turbinids have been catalogued by Siba (1934), two species in one genus, Lee (1956), three species in three genera, Kang et al. (1971), five species in five genera, Je (1989), 13 species in seven genera of four subfamilies, Choe and Park (1997) 12 species in 10 genera, and Lee and Min (2002),

17 species in 11 genera. Recently Lee and Lee (2014) catalogued 19 species in 11 genera with four subfamilies in Korean Turbinidae.

Genera 58 (11 in Korea), species 731 (19 in Korea). Distribution: The family has a wide distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters.

Key to the genera of family Turbinidae

1. Periphery of whorls not sharply angulated ··················································································· Turbo - Periphery of whorls sharply angulated ·································································································· 2 2. Periphery of whorls with series of flattened spines ·············································································· 3 - Periphery of whorls without series of flattened spine ·························································· Astralium 3. Periphery of whorls bicarinate ········································································································· Bolma - Periphery of whorls non-carinate ············································································································ 4 4. Spire relatively short; with long flattened spines ································································· Guildfordia - Spire relatively long; with short flattened spines ···································································· Pomaulax

Genus Turbo Linnaeus, 1758

So-ra-sok (소라속)

Turbo shells are turbinate to conical, often heavy, about 20-200 mm in height; early whorls bicarinate, last whorl large often with strong spiral sculpture, nodules, or spines; base convex, with or without umbilicus. Species in this genus have a round aperture and a solid, dome-shaped calcareous operculum. At present, there are 71 living species in Turbo, including subspecies (Alf et al.,

2003). Four species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 71 (4 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Turbo

1. Spiral ribs strongly sculptured ················································································································· 2 Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Turbo 13

- Spiral ribs weakly sculptured ··································································· T. (Lunella) coronata coreensis

2. Shell large, covered with greenish brown periostracum ····································· T. (Batillus) cornutus

- Shell small, covered with reddish brown periostracum ································· T. (Callopoma) excellens

2. Turbo (Batillus) cornutus Lightfoot, 1786 (Fig. 2, Pl. 2)

So-ra (소라)

Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786, p. 147; Lischke, 1869, p. 87; Lischke, 1871, p. 81; Lischke, 1874, p. 62; Okada and Fujita, 1933, p. 108, figs. 1, 6, 9; Shiba, 1934, p. 18; Hong et al., 2006, p. 148. Batillus cornutus: Okada et al., 1967, p. 37; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 46(E), 70(J), pl. 13, figs. 1, 2, pl. 15, fig. 8; Higo, 1973, p. 38; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 56, 211; Yoo, 1976, p. 38, pl. 2, figs. 1-4; Inaba, 1982, p. 80; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 164, pl. 8, fig. 4, pl. 20, figs. 4, 5; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 73; Choe, 1992, p. 270; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 248; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92.

Turbo (Batillus) cornutus: Kanehara, 1931, p. 21; Hirase, 1941, p. 41, pl. 73, fig. 3; Kuroda, 1941, p. 77; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 10, pl. 5, figs. 41, 42; Lee, 1956, p. 67; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 5, pls. 1, 2, figs. 5-7; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Oyama, 1973, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 25; Kira, 1977, p. 19, pl. 9, fig. 5; Habe, 1983, p. 418, pl. 1, fig. 2; Je, 1989, p. 13; Okutani, 1991, p. 57; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 48; Higo et al., 1999, p. 48; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 95, pl. 47, fig. 27; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 85; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 13.

Shell large, thin but solid, high-conical and turbinate in shape; width longer than height. Spire low, about 20% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 70 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Colour usually dull greenish-brown or dark brown. Sculp- ture very coarse with fine lamellate growth lines, spiral cords, and tubular spines on cords. Some populations without spines. Whorls about 4.5, generally convex with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 78% of shell height. Up- per and lower periphery angulate with two spiral cords and tubular spines. Base of shell weakly inflated with -2 3 spiral cords. Aperture ovate-rounded; outer lip sharp and crenulated by spiral cords. Columella rounded, covered with thin white callous, and curved anteriorly. Umbilicus absent. Operculum calcareous, circular, with coiled spiral cords and nearly central nucleus. Surface of operculum with many spinous nodules.

Size: Height 100 mm, width 80 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Rocky substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 40 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 5 specimens (Jeongja-dong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.xii.2012); 9 specimens (Cheonbu, Ulreung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.vi.2014); 4 specimens (Mizo, Namhae- gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 7 specimens (Namhae, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do:

18.iv.2005); 2 specimens (Haegumgang, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 26.v.2012); 5 specimens

(Jongdal-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 2.ii.2007); 7 specimens (Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 28.vi.2010); 4 specimens (Seong- san, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 24.vi.2004). 14 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 2. Turbo (Batillus) cornutus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 25 mm.

3. Turbo (Callopoma) excellens Sowerby, 1914 (Fig. 3, Pl. 3)

Ye-ppeun-nun-al-go-dung (예쁜눈알고둥)

Turbo excellens Sowerby, 1914, pp. 33, 34.

Turbo (Callopoma) excellens: Higo et al., 1999, p. 47; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 97, fig. 31; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 83; Lee and Lee, 2013, pp. 385-387; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 13.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, high-conical and turbinate in shape; width longer than height. Spire generally high and about 20% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 70 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color variable, with scattered blotches of white, light brown, and greenish-brown on reddish brown background. Sculpture of strong, unequal spiral cords and numerous beaded axial threads, with deep and wide spiral Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Turbo 15

A B

C D

Fig. 3. Turbo (Callopoma) excellens. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 8 mm.

grooves. Whorls about 6, generally convex with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated, rather large, occupying about 74% of shell height. Upper periphery obliquely angulated with four spiral cords. Base of shell weakly inflated with -4 5 spiral cords and compact axial threads. Aperture rounded; outer lip thickened and crenulated by spiral cords; interior whitish or yellowish-white. Columella rounded, covered with thin white callous, and curved anteriorly. Um- bilicus absent. Exterior of operculum convex, circular, with coiled spiral cords and nearly central nucleus.

Size: Height 25 mm, width 20 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Rocky substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 30 m. 16 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 16.viii.2003); 1 specimen (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 11.vii.2008).

4. Turbo (Lunella) coronata coreensis (Récluz, 1853) (Fig. 4, Pl. 4)

Nun-al-go-dung (눈알고둥)

Turbo coreensis Récluz, 1853, p. 245. Lunella coronata coreensis: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 10; Lee, 1956, p. 67; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 47(E), 71(J), pl. 15, figs. 1, 2; Higo, 1973, p. 39; Oyama, 1973, p. 17, pl. 3, figs. 10, 12, 13; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 54, 221; Yoo, 1976, p. 39, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9; Kira, 1977, p. 23, pl. 11, fig. 9; Inaba, 1982, p. 80; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 165, pl. 8, fig. 5, pl. 20, fig. 6, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2; Qi et al., 1989, p. 27, pl. 4, fig. 6; Okutani, 1991, p. 57; Choe, 1992, p. 271; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 250; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 48; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Hong et al., 2006, p. 148. Turbo coronatus coreensis: Okada and Fujita, 1933, p. 110, fig. 3; Kamita and Sato, 1941, p. 2.

Turbo (Lunella) coronatus coreensis: Hirase, 1941, p. 41, pl. 74, fig. 1; Higo et al., 1999, p. 48; Higo et al., 1999, p. 48; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 97, pl. 48, fig. 32.

Turbo (Lunella) coronata coreensis: Je, 1989, p. 13; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 97, fig. 32; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 85; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 13.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, low-conical and turbinate in shape; with width longer than height. Spire generally high and about 18% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 90 degrees. Protoconch less than 2 mm in diameter and flat but eroded in old shells. Color variable; blotches of yellowish-brown or greenish brown distributed on eroded white areas. Outer sculpture with numerous nodes, making a lattice patterns by spiral and axial threads. Whorls about 5, generally convex with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl well inflated and rather large, occupying about 80% of shell height. Upper periphery obliquely angulated and lower peri phery weakly angulated or rounded with nodular spiral cords. Base of shell weakly inflated crossed by several spiral cords and irregular growth threads. Aperture rounded; interior whitish with yellowish-white; outer lip thin and densely crenulated by spiral cords. Columella curved, covered with thin white callus, and reflected anteriorly. Umbilicus absent. Exterior of operculum convex, circular, and white with greenish rim; inner layer corneous, with spiral coiling and a subterminal.

Size: Height 30 mm, width 29 mm. Type locality: Korea. Habitat: Rock and rubble substrate in intertidal zone. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: GN, JN, JJ, CN.

Specimens examined: 16 specimens (Songchung-ri, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005);

21 specimens (Goheung, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do: 25.v.2004); 11 specimens (Anryang, Jang- heung-gun, Jeollanam-do: 25.v.2004); 34 specimens (Jongdal-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 2.ii.2007); 24 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 24.vi.2004); 12 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Astralium 17

A B

C D

Fig. 4. Turbo (Lunella) coronata coreensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 9 mm.

2010.6.29); 22 specimens (Dumunpo, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 2009.8.15); 18 specimens (Hado-ri, Seo gwipo-si, Jeju-do: 2011.7.21); 41 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.vi.2005);

28 specimens (Seoktaedo, Boryeong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 23.v.2011).

Genus Astralium Link, 1807

Ba-keui-go-dung-sok (바퀴고둥속)

Astralium shells are low to high-spired, often solid, with sculpture of radial folds or ribs sometimes produced into short spines; basal callus usually narrow and separated from the columella; umbilicus closed; operculum smooth and flat. At present, there are 41 living species in Astralium.

Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). 18 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Type species: Turbo calcar Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 41 (2 in Korea).

5. Astralium (Astralium) haematragum (Menke, 1829) (Fig. 5, Pl. 5)

Ba-keui-go-dung (바퀴고둥)

Trochus haematragum Menke, 1829, p. 18; Dunker, 1861, p. 20. Astralium haematragum: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 11; Okada et al., 1967, p. 38; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 47(E), 72(J), pl. 15. fig. 3; Oyama, 1973, p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 10; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 57, 174; Yoo, 1976, p. 47, pl. 5, fig. 6; Kira, 1977, p. 19, pl. 10, fig. 1; Inaba, 1982, p. 80; Kira, 1977, p. 19, pl. 10, fig. 1; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 166, pl. 8, fig. 6, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4; Je, 1989, p. 13; Okuta- ni, 1991, p. 58; Choe, 1992, p. 272: Kwon et al., 1993, p. 251; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 48; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 97, pl. 48, fig. 35; Hong et al., 2006, p. 146; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 12.

Astraea (Calcar) haematraga: Hirase, 1941, p. 41, pl. 74, fig. 4.

Astralium (Astralium) haematragum: Higo, 1973, p. 39; Higo et al., 1999, p. 49; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 87. Astraea haematraga: Lai, 1986, p. 25, pl. 12, fig. 2. Calcar haematragum: Kuroda, 1941, p. 77.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, high-conical and turbinate; length, width, and height similar. Spire generally high and about 35% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 70 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color grayish-white or grayish-brown; base of whorl tinted with reddish brown. Sculpture with about 12 triangular spiny nodules at the periphery, with dense, short axial cords above the periphery. Whorls about 7, not inflated, increasing gradually in size; sutures invisible. Body whorl not inflated and rather large, occupying about 60% of shell height. Area above periphery obliquely stepped and below periphery obliquely flattened. Periphery of body whorl acutely angulated by spiny spiral cords. Base flattened, with about 10 nodular spiral cords. Aperture oval; outer lip thickened and crenulated by spiral cords; interior reddish brown and pearly white. Columella short and rounded, covered with pearly white callous. Umbilicus absent. Exterior of operculum convex, circular, and white with greenish rim.

Size: Height 35 mm, width 32 mm. Type locality: Northern Australia. Habitat: Rocky substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Indo-Western Pacific. Korea: GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 7 specimens (Jangseungpo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 15.viii.2009,

25.vi.2010); 6 specimens (Bukchon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001, 20.i.2011, 20.xii.2011); 51 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 19.viii.1999, 26.vi.2004, 26.vi.2010). Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Bolma 19

A B

C D

Fig. 5. Astralium (Astralium) haematragum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 10 mm.

Genus Bolma Risso, 1826

Jan-ppul-so-ra-sok (잔뿔소라속)

Bolma shells are turbinate, with one or two angulate peripheral areas on body whorl, upper area usually bearing nodules or spines; columellar callus simple, spreading over the base. Base convex; operculum oval or circular, markedly convex with an excentric nucleus. At present, there are 48 living species in Bolma. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Turbo rugosus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 48 (1 in Korea). 20 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

6. Bolma (Harisazaea) modesta (Reeve, 1843) (Fig. 6, Pl. 6)

Jan-ppul-so-ra (잔뿔소라)

Trochus modestus Reeve, 1843, p. 185. Astralium modestum: Pilsbry, 1888, p. 229, pl. 55, figs. 63, 64. Bolma modesta: Je, 1989, p. 13; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 99, pl. 49, fig. 44; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 13.

Bolma (Harisazaea) modesta: Higo et al., 1999, p. 49; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 88. Calcar modestus: Lischke, 1871, p. 82. Galeoastraea modesta: Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 57, 252; Choe, 1992, p. 273; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92.

Galeoastraea (Harisazaea) modesta: Okada et al., 1967, p. 39; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 49(E), 74(J), pl. 14, fig. 2; Higo, 1973, p. 40; Yoo, 1976, p. 39, pl. 2. fig.7; Kira, 1977, p. 20, pl. 10, fig. 5; Inaba, 1982, p. 80; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 166, pl. 9, fig. 1, pl. 21, fig. 5; Okutani, 1991, p.

A B

C D

Fig. 6. Bolma (Harisazaea) modesta. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 20 mm. Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Guildfordia 21

59; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 249; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 49.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, generally high-conical and turbinate in shape, width slightly longer than height. Spire generally high and about 30% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color reddish-brown or grayish-brown, base tinted with same color. Sculpture with triangular spiny nodules at the peri phery and many irregular nodulated radial ribs. Whorls about 7-8, slightly convex with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Stepped body whorl inflated and rather large and bicarinate, occupying about 70% of shell height. Upper peripheral area obliquely angulated and lower area angulated by spiny radial ribs. Base of shell flat, with 8-9 short, spiny spiral cords and reddish- brown callous at central region. Aperture rounded; outer lip thin and coarsely crenulated by spiral cords. Columella curved and covered with thin white callous. Exterior of operculum weakly convex, white, and without sculpture. Inner layer flat and spirally coiled with subterminal.

Size: Height 50 mm, width 60 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Rocky substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20-100 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Sinyang, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iii.1998).

Genus Guildfordia Gray, 1850

Nap-jak-ppul-so-ra-sok (납작뿔소라속)

Shells subdiscoidal, with low spire, and peripheral long slender radiating spines or nodules; upper surface granulose; base smooth, with callus pad, the pad with a central depression; operculum flat and rather thin. At present, there are 18 living species in Guildfordia. One species is listed for

Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Trochus triumphans Philippi, 1841.

Species 18 (1 in Korea).

7. Guildfordia triumphans (Philippi, 1841) (Fig. 7, Pl. 7)

Wol-gye-gwan-nap-jak-so-ra (월계관납작소라)

Trochus triumphans Philippi, 1841, p. 8.

Astraea (Guildfordia) triumphans: Hirase, 1941, p. 42, pl. 74, fig. 9.

Astralium (Guildfordia) triumphans: Pilsbry, 1888, p. 228, pl. 58, figs. 67, 68; Kanehara, 1931, p. 21. Guildfordia triumphans: Dunker, 1882, p. 129; Kuroda, 1941, p. 77; Okada et al., 1967, p. 39; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 49(E), 75(J), pl. 14, fig. 5; Higo, 1973, p. 40; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 58, 286; 22 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 7. Guildfordia triumphans. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 15 mm.

Kira, 1977, p. 20, pl. 10, fig. 9; Lai, 1986, p. 25, pl. 12, fig. 3; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 166, pl. 9, fig. 2; Je, 1989, p. 13; Choe, 1992, p. 274; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 252; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 50; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Higo et al., 1999, p. 50; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 101, pl. 50, fig. 50; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 89; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 13.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, low-conical and turbinate in shape; with width longer than height. Spire generally high and about 14% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 110 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color reddish- brown; base of whorls tinted with yellowish white. Sculpture with about 5-8 fine granular spiral rows on each whorl. Whorls about 7, increasing gradually in size, not inflated, and sloping gently anteriorly. Sutures shallow. Body whorl not inflated and rather large, occupying about 85% of shell height. Area above periphery obliquely sloped; periphery with about 8 long extended spines. Base of shell weakly inflated, whitish, with 4-5 granular concentric cords. Aperture oval; upper portion sinuous. Umbilical region covered with heavy callus, more or less stained with pink, somewhat excavated at center and obsoletely spirally-ridged. Outer lip thin; aperture pearly white. Columella short and rounded, covered with silver white callous. Exterior of Operculum convex, ovate, and white. Inner layer flat and brown.

Size: Height 28 mm, width 45 mm. Type locality: Indonesia. Habitat: Coarse sand and gravel or shell substrate from subtidal zone to depth of 300 m. Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Pomaulax 23

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, Western Pacific. Korea: GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 7.i.2012).

Genus Pomaulax Gray, 1850

Nap-jak-so-ra-sok (납작소라속)

Shells conic, large, solid, without umbilicus. Periphery of whorls with flattened, triangular spines or nodules. Base of shell flattened; umbilical area shows strong spiral cords. Operculum ovate with terminal nucleus; exterior with four strong granulose ribs radiating from nucleus. At present, there are four living species in Pomaulax. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Trochus japonicus Dunker, 1844.

Species 4 (1 in Korea).

8. Pomaulax japonicus (Dunker, 1844) (Fig. 8, Pl. 8)

Nap-jak-so-ra (납작소라)

Trochus japonicus Dunker, 1844, p. 187. Astralium japonicum: Pilsbry, 1888, p. 243, pl. 58, figs. 63, 64. Calcar japonicus: Lischke, 1871, p. 82. Pomaulax japonicus: Dunker, 1882, p. 130; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 11; Lee, 1958, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 7; Okada et al., 1967, p. 39; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 50(E), 76(J), pl. 14, fig. 1; Higo, 1973, p. 40; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 58, 258; Yoo, 1976, p. 38, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 167, pl. 9, fig. 3, pl. 21, fig. 6, pl. 22, fig. 1; Je, 1989, p. 13; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 73; Choe, 1992, p. 275; Okutani, 1991, p. 59; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 249; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 50; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Higo et al., 1999, p. 50; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 101, pl. 50, fig. 52; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 90; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 13.

Shell large, thick and solid, relatively high-conical and turbinate in shape; with width longer than height. Spire generally high and about 30% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 85 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color yellowish-brown or reddish- brown and dull. Sculpture with radiating triangular spines and nodules below each whorl. Whorls about 8, increasing gradually in size, not inflated and sloping anteriorly. Sutures shallow. Body whorl not inflated and rather large, occupying about 68% of shell height; with about 15 tubular spines below suture. Periphery of last whorl angulate. Aperture oval; upper portion sinuous. Base of shell flat with many concentric cords. Umbilical region covered with callus, more or less stained with pink. Outer lip thick, crenulated by sculpture of spiral cords. Columella short and rounded, covered with white callous. Exterior of operculum convex, ovate, and white. Inner layer flat and brown. 24 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 8. Pomaulax japonicus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 45 mm.

Size: Height 90 mm, width 140 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Rocky substrate from subtidal zone to depth of 100 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 5 specimens (Dodong, Ulreung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 20.v.2005, 20.v.

2010); 1 specimen (Jeongja-dong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.xii.2012); 2 specimens (Jongdal-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011). Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Littoraria 25

Superfamily Littorinoidea Children, 1834

Chong-al-go-dung-sang-gwa (총알고둥상과)

Family Littorinidae Children, 1834

Chong-al-go-dung-gwa (총알고둥과)

The Littorinidae belongs to the superfamily Littorinoidea, commonly known as “winkles” or “periwinkles” and are found worldwide. The family Littorinidae contains 64 genera and about 288 species, grouped in three subfamilies, Lacuninae, Laevilitorininae, and Littorininae (Bouchet et al., 2005). The shell is small to medium size, rarely greater than 40 mm in height, turbinate to ovate-conical, with a flattened or pointed spire, thickened and often heavy. There are usually few whorls. The aperture is rounded to oval, and the peristome is mainly continuous; the columella margin is usually thickened; the outer lip is simple, and usually sharp and thin. Generally the shell is nonumbilicate, with the umbilicus covered by a callus. Sculpture is nearly smooth to nodulous, often with spiral or axial striae. The operculum is thin, corneous, paucispiral to multispiral, and, usually with an acentric lateral nucleus. The radula is sometimes very long, narrow, and spirally rolled. The shells of many Litrtorinids show marked sexual dimorphism, females being significantly larger, than males.

Species of Korean littorinids were catalogued by Siba (1934), two species in one genus, Lee (1956), three species in three genera, Kang et al. (1971), six species in three genera, Je (1989), seven species in two genera, Kwon et al. (1993), six species in six genera, Choe and Park (1997), seven species in five genera, Lee and Min (2002), 15 species in seven genera. Lee and Lee (2014) reported 18 species in seven genera in two subfamilies.

Genera 64 (6 in Korea), species 288 (18 in Korea). Distribution: They range widely from the tropics to the cold coasts of the high latitudes. Some species live in tidal marshes or mangroves.

Key to the subfamilies of family Littorinidae

1. Outer surface with regulated sculpture, body whorl rounded, aperture ovate ············ Littorininae - Outer surface smooth, body whorl angulated, aperture ovate-trigonal ··························· Lacuninae

Subfamily Littorininae Children, 1834

Chong-al-go-dung-a-gwa (총알고둥아과)

Shells ovate-conical, usually without an umbilicus. Operculum horny, thin, paucispiral, and yellowish brown to brown. 26 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Genus Littoraria Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834

Eol-ruk-chong-al-go-dung-sok (얼룩총알고둥속)

There are more than fifty species in this genus of which more than 20 species are believed to be synonyms of Littorina scabra, a very variable species. Shell sculpture of spiral ribs and grooves, nodules lacking. Color pattern usually of short spiral dashes aligned to form axial stripes; operculum thin, with few whorls.

At present, there are 39 living species in Littoraria. Eight species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Many of the species in this genus occur in the Indo-West Pacific region and in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, where they are found in large numbers on the trunks and prop roots of tropical mangrove forests, a few meters above high tide level. Type species: Littorina pulchra Sowerby, 1832.

Species 39 (8 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Littoraria

1. Spire high ··································································································································· L. undulata - Spire low ······················································································································································ 2 2. Whorls inflated and rounded ································································································· L. articulata - Periphery of whorls rounded or slightly angulated ············································································· 3 3. Periphery of whorls strongly rounded, with dark color ························································· L. scabra - Periphery of whorls weakly rounded, with brown pigment in columella ···················· L. intermedia

9. Littoraria (Littoraria) undulata (Gray, 1839) (Fig. 9, Pl. 9)

Al-rak-su-su-gol-bang-i (알락수수골뱅이)

Littorina undulata Gray, 1839, p. 140. Littorina tenuis Philipp, 1846, p. 141. Littorina columna Philipp, 1847, p. 224. Littorina undulata sucatula Nevill, 1885, p. 114. Littorina conica subintermedia Nevill, 1885, 150. Littoraria undulata: Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 65, 267; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 40.

Littoraria (Littoraria) undulata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 91; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 139, pl. 69, fig. 12; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 237.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, high-conical and turbinate; with height longer than width. Spire whorls convex, generally high, about 25% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 55 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color variable; with discontinuous zigzag lines scattered on yellowish brown background; weakly glossy. Sculpture of dense spiral cords and grooves. Whorls about 7, weakly inflated with deep sutures, increasing Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Littoraria 27

A B

C D

Fig. 9. Littoraria (Littoraria) undulata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 3 mm.

gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 75% of shell height. Peri phery of body whorl rounded. Base of shell inflated, with dense spiral grooves. Aperture oval; outer lip thin, smooth, rounded, and white; interior covered with transparent callus. Columella yellowish-brown, obliquely rounded, with shallow groove. Umbilicus absent. Operculum thin, ovate, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus. 28 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Size: Height 15.5 mm, width 9 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Rock and driftwoods in upper intertidal zone. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indo-West Pacific. Korea: JN.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Chilgok-ri, Younggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.i.2002); 2 spe cimens (Annak-ri, Hampyeong-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.i.2002).

10. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 10, Pl. 10)

Du-deu-reok-chong-al-go-dung (두드럭총알고둥)

Helix scabrauus Linnaeus, 1758, p. 768. Litorina cingulate Philippi, 1846, p. 142. Litorina sulcuosa Philippi, 1846, p. 142. Litorina scabra flammulata Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra articulate Menke, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra punctate Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra suturalis Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra lutea Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra rubra Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra ventricosa Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra flammea Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra sinensis Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Litorina scabra erronea Nevill, 1885, p. 148. Litorina filosa subcingulata Nevill, 1885, p. 149. Litorina conica delicatula Nevill, 1885, p. 149. Littoraria scabra: Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 40.

Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra: Higo et al., 1999, p. 91; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 139, pl. 69, fig. 15; Lee amd Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 238.

Shell small, medium-sized, thin but solid, high-conical and turbinate in shape; height longer than width. Spire whorls convex, high, and about 28% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 53 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color of surface whitish to pale brown, with dense pattern of dark brown and black dashes, mostly on spiral cords. Sculpture of incised spiral lines. Whorls about 7, weakly inflated with deep sutures, and low and flattened spiral cords. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 70% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl gently angulated. Base of shell weakly inflated, with dense spiral grooves. Aper- ture oval; pale yellow to whitish with exterior dark pattern showing through. Columella white, sometimes stained with brown or purple. Umbilicus absent. Operculum thin, ovate, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 24 mm, width 15 mm. Type locality: Australia. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Littoraria 29

A B

C D

Fig. 10. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 5 mm.

Habitat: On mangroves and on rocks in intertidal zone. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indo-Western Pacific. Korea: CN, JN.

Specimens examined: 17 specimens (Sambong, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 2.v.2002, 15.vii.

2006); 12 specimens (Sumunpo, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do: 3.iii.1995, 27.v.2012); 22 specimens

(Yeoulpo, Boseong-gun, Jeollanam-do: 28.v.2012, 27.v.2012); 26 specimens (Songkong-ri, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do: 27.vi.2010). 30 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

11. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia (Philippi, 1846) (Fig. 11, Pl. 11)

Eol-ruk-chong-al-go-dung (얼룩총알고둥)

Littorina intermedia Philippi, 1846, p. 141. Littorina intermedia var. punctate Philippi, 1847, p. 222. Littoraria intermedia: Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 40.

Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia: Higo et al., 1999, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 139, pl. 69, fig. 17; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 239.

Shell small, medium-sized, thin but solid, high-conical and turbinate in shape; height longer than

A B

C D

Fig. 11. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 4 mm. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Littoraria 31 width. Spire whorls convex, high and about 28% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 54 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color whitish to pale brown, with dense pattern of dark brown and black dots mostly on spiral cords. Sculpture Sculpture of weakly-incised spiral lines. Whorls about 7, slightly inflated with deep sutures, and low and flattened spiral cords. Each whorl with deep spiral groove below suture. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 72% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl rounded. Base of shell weakly inflated, with dense spiral grooves. Aperture oval; pale yellow to whitish with exterior dark pattern showing through. Columella obliquely rounded, smooth, reddish brown, without umbilicus. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 19 mm, width 11.5 mm. Type locality: Tahiti. Habitat: Intertidal zone among rubble and gravel. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Indo-Pacific, Australia, Tahiti. Korea: JN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 9 specimens (Chilgok-ri, Younggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.i.2002); 7 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 7.i.2012).

12. Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata (Philippi, 1846) (Fig. 12, Pl. 12)

Dung-geun-eol-ruk-chong-al-go-dung (둥근얼룩총알고둥)

Littorina intermedia var. articulata Philippi, 1846, p. 141. Litorina strigata Lischke, 1871a, pp. 148, 149; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 62; Higo, 1973, p. 46; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 65, 272; Habe, 1977, p. 20, pl. 9, fig. 31; Choe and Kwon, 1982, p. 256; Kim and Kim, 1986, p. 320; Choe and Kim, 1989, p. 251; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 256. Littoraria scabra strigata: Higo and Gotto, 1993, p. 74. Littorinopsis strigata: Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 64; Littorina sinensis Pilsbry, 1895, p. 62. Littoraria articulata: Choe, 1992, p. 289, pl. 54, fig. 81a, b; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 40.

Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata: Reid, 1986, pp. 200-209, fig. 90; Higo et al., 1999, p. 92; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p, 135, fig. 240. Littorina adonis Yokoyama, 1927, p. 451, pl. 11, fig. 8; Higo and Goto., 1993, p. 74. Melaraphe blanfordi Dunker, 1871, p. 150.

Shell small-and medium-sized, thin but solid, high-conical and turbinate in shape; with height longer than width. Spire whorls convex, high, and about 23% total shell height. Shell with apical angle, about 23 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color whitish to pale brown with dense dark brown pattern, mainly on spiral cords. Sulpture with incised spiral grooves somewhat deeper than in other species. Whorls about 7, inflated, with deep sutures, and low and flattened spiral cords. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 77% of shell height. Body whorl periphery rounded. Base of shell weakly inflated, with dense spiral grooves. Aperture oval; pale yellow to whitish with exterior pattern showing through. Columella obliquely rounded, smooth, reddish brown, without umbilicus. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, with a few 32 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 12. Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 3 mm.

spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 18 mm, width 10 mm. Type locality: Western Australia. Habitat: Upper intertidal in bay, on rock and mangroves. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Southwest Asia, Australia. Korea: GG, JN.

Specimens examined: 29 specimens (Chilgok-ri, Younggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.i.2002); 43 specimens (Annak-ri, Hampyeong-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.i.2002); 58 specimens (Jebu-ri, Hwaseong- si, Gyeonggi-do: 22.vii.2009). Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Littorina 33

Genus Littorina Férussac, 1822

Chong-al-go-dung-sok (총알고둥속)

Shells are small, thick, turbinate, with few whorls, usually without an umbilicus. Aperture rounded; outer lip acute; columella rather flattened and imperforate. Operculum paucispiral. These periwinkles inhabit the littoral sublittoral zones in all parts of the world. At present, there are 18 living species in Littorina. Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Turbo littoreus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 18 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Littorina

1. Outer surface with spiral rows of nodules ············································································ L. brevicula - Outer surface smooth ·················································································································· L. kasatka

13. Littorina (Littorina) brevicula (Philippi, 1844) (Fig. 13, Pl. 13)

Chong-al-go-dung (총알고둥)

Turbo (Litorina) breviculus Philippi, 1844, p. 166. Litorina brevicula: Troschel, 1845, p. 317; Dunker, 1861, p. 12; Lischke, 1869, p. 77; Smith, 1875, p. 104; Dunker, 1882, p. 111; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 255. Littorivaga brevicula: Habe, 1951, p. 88, pl. 14, figs. 15, 17, 18. Littorina brevicula: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 14, pl. 3, figs. 16, 32, 33; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 25, pl. 7, fig. 7; Kira, 1977, p. 25, pl. 11, fig. 27; Habe and Ito, 1977, p. 25, pl. 7, fig. 7; Okada et al., 1967, p. 49; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 57(E), 88(J), pl. 16, figs. 29-31; Higo, 1973, p. 46; Yoo, 1976, p. 56, pl. 7, figs. 16, 17; Kim et al., 1979, p. 108; Choe and Kwon, 1982, p. 256; Kim and Kwon, 1982, p. 196; Kim and Kwon, 1983, p. 321; Kim and Kim, 1985, p. 194; Kim and Shin, 1986, p. 34; Kim and Kim, 1986, p. 320; Kim and Kwon, 1987, p. 296; Kim and Choe, 1988, p. 369; Choe and Kim, 1989, p. 251; Choe, 1992, p. 287, pl. 54, fig. 80a, b; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 41;

Littorina (Littorina) brevicula: Qi et al., 1989, p. 28, textfig. 27; Higo et al., 1997, p. 90; Okutani et al., 1999, p. 143, pl. 71, fig. 28; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 133, fig. 233; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 57, pl. 27E. Litorina brevicula forma elatior Schrenck, 1867. Litorina brevicula forma depressior Schrenck, 1867. Litorina brevicula forma costulata Schrenck, 1867. Littorina balteata Reeve, 1857, Littorina, sp. 71. Littorina souverbiana Crosse, 1862, 10, p. 53, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. Litorina mandschurica Schrenck, 1862, p. 333, pl. 14, fig. 20; Dunker, 1882, p. 111; Kang et al., 1971, p. 56. Littorina mandschurica: Habe, 1951, p. 89, pl. 14, fig. 8, textfig. 2; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 25, pl. 7, fig. 6; Higo, 1973, p. 46; Habe, 1977, p. 20, pl. 9, fig. 24. Litorina mandschurica carinata Schrenck, 1867, p. 338. 34 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 13. Littorina (Littorina) brevicula. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 4 mm.

Litorina mandschurica laevigata Schrenck, 1867, p. 338. Littorina heterospiralis Grabau and King, 1928, p. 230, pl. 10, fig. 104.

Littorina (Littorivaga) brevicula: Kanehara, 1931, p. 26; Lee, 1956, p. 68; Kang et al., 1971, p. 56.

Littorina mandchurica (sic): Habe, 1964, p. 28, pl. 9, fig. 24.

Shell small-and medium-sized, thick and solid, relatively high-conical and turbinate in shape; with similar length, width, and height. Spire whorls convex, high, and about 22% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 80 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color yellowish brown to pale brown, with scattered whitish dots on spiral cords. Sculpture of spiral Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Littorina 35 cords and axial threads. Whorls about 6, inflated, with shallow sutures and strong spiral cords. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 78% of shell height. Body whorl periphery slighted bicarinated by spiral cords. Base weakly inflated, with 5-6 spiral cords. Aperture oval, yellowish to reddish brown. Outer lip rounded. Aperture white or reddish brown. Columella obliquely rounded, smooth with glossy white callus, without umbilicus. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 14 mm, width 12 mm. Type locality: China. Habitat: Highest tide line, on rocks. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: All coastal areas.

Specimens examined: 42 specimens (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 14.v.2011); 21 specimens

(Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 12.xi.2011); 23 specimens (Songchung-ri, Namhae-gun,

Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 5 specimens (Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998); 32 specimens

(Donamdong, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 26.vi.2010, 21.x.2010); 52 specimens (Yeounhwa- ri, Gijang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 21.xii.2012); 24 specimens (Uido, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do:

4.xi.2006); 45 specimens (Songkong-ri, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do: 27.vi.2010); 23 specimens (Buk- chon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011); 13 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001, 19.i.2011);

45 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010, 19.i.2011); 8 specimens (Kkochji, Taean-gun,

Chungcheongnam-do: 26.i.2012); 32 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.iv.

2005); 22 specimens (Daecheon, Boryeong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.iv.2005).

14. ‌Littorina (Littorina) kasaka Reid, Zaslavskaya and Sergievsky, 1991 (Fig. 14, Pl. 14)

Huin-tti-chong-al-go-dung (흰띠총알고둥)

Littorina kasatka Reid, Zaslavskaya and Sergievsky, 1991, pp. 1-6; Lee and Min, 2013, pp. 87-89; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 40.

Littorina (Littorina) kasatka: Higo et al., 1997, p. 90; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 58, pl. 27C.

Shell small, thick and solid, relatively low-conical and turbinate in shape; with height longer than width. Spire whorls convex, relatively low and about 17% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 85 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color black or blackish brown, with 2-3 white bands on body whorl. Sculpture of fine axial threads. Whorls about 4-5, inflated and rounded, with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 80% of shell height. Body whorl periphery smooth and rounded. Base of shell inflated, with wide white band. Aperture large, oval, reddish brown; inner lip concave and calloused. Columella obliquely rounded, smooth and glossy, reddish brown, without umbilicus. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, light brown, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 6.5 mm, width 4.8 mm. Type locality: Kasatka Point, Iturup Island, Kuril Island. 36 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 14. Littorina (Littorina) kasaka. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1.5 mm.

Habitat: Rubble and boulders in intertidal zone. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril Islands, Kamchatka peninsula. Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 258 specimens (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 25.v.2011, 11.vii.2014). Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Nodilittorina 37

Genus Nodilittorina Martens, 1897

Mu-nui-chong-al-go-dung-sok (무늬총알고둥속)

Shell small, solid, turbinate-conical, with spiral rows of low, rounded nodules. Collumella usually flattened. Operculum paucispiral. At present, there are 68 living species in Nodilittorina. Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Trochus nodulosus Gmelin, 1791.

Species 68 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Nodilittorina

1. Outer surface with spiral row of nodules, suture shallow ···················································· N. exigua - Outer surface without nodules sculpture, suture deep ································· N. leucosticta biangulata

15. Nodilittorina exigua (Dunker, 1860) (Fig. 15, Pl. 15)

Jop-ssal-mu-nui-chong-al-go-dung (좁쌀무늬총알고둥)

Littorina exigua Dunker, 1860, p. 226; Dunker, 1861, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 3; Lischke, 1869, p. 70, pl. 4, figs. 7, 8; Lischke, 1871, p. 70; Dunker, 1882, p. 111. Nodilittorina exigua: Rosewater, 1970, p. 500, pl. 386, figs. 1-6; Yoo, 1976, p. 56, pl. 7, figs. 20, 21; Inaba, 1982, p. 83; Ohgaki, 1985, pp. 260-269; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 255; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 41. Granulilittorina exigua: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 58(E), 88(J), pl. 16, figs. 32-34; Higo, 1973, p. 47; Choe and Kwon, 1982, p. 256; Kim and Kwon, 1982, p. 196; Kim and Kwon, 1987, p. 296; Kim and Choe, 1988, p. 370; Choe and Yoon, 1990a, p. 47; Choe, 1992, p. 291; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94.

Nodilittorina (Granulilittorina) exigua: Qi et al., 1989, p. 30, textfig. 28. Nodilittorina granularis Habe, 1951, p. 92, pl. 14, figs. 7, 8; Kira, 1977, p. 25, pl. 11, fig. 24; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 14; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 15, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19, 30; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 24, pl. 7, fig. 3; Okada et al., 1967, p. 49; Kang et al., 1971, p. 56; Kira, 1977, p. 25, pl. 11, fig. 24; Kim et al., 1979, p. 108; Kim and Kwon, 1983, p. 321; Kim and Kim, 1985, p. 195; Kim and Kim, 1986, p. 320. Tectarius granularis: Lee, 1956, p. 68. Littorina radiata Souleyet in Eydoux and Souleyet, 1852, p. 562, pl. 31, figs. 46, 47. Nodilittorina radiata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 91; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 141, pl. 70, fig. 21; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 235.

Shell small, thick and solid, relatively low-conical and turbinate; with height longer than width. Whorls convex, relatively low, and about 20% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 76 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color light gray or yellowish white, with granular spiral cords and rough axial threads on body whorl. Whorls about 6, inflated and rounded, with shallow but distinct sutures. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 80% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl moderately rounded with lower portion weakly angulated by 3-4 spiral cords. Base of shell inflated, with closely-spaced spiral cords. Aperture large, 38 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 15. Nodilittorina exigua. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 3 mm.

oval; interior glossy, reddish brown with expanding white band. Outer lip thin and roughly crenulated. Inner lip concave and reddish-brown. Columella obliquely rounded, smooth, glossy reddish-brown, without umbilicus. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, light brown, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 11 mm, width 9 mm. Type locality: Vietnam. Habitat: High tide line, on rocks. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Vietnam. Korea: GB, JB, JJ. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Nodilittorina 39

Specimens examined: 55 specimens (Juikbyeon, Uljuin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 5.ii.1998, 16.ii.

2005); 17 specimens (Gampo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.viii.2012); 32 specimens (Gusipo,

Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 13.iv.1995, 22.x.2009); 65 specimens (Bukchon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 12.vii.

1996, 7.x.2001, 20.i.2011, 21.vii.2011); 111 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 5.x.2006, 25.x.

2008, 29.vi.2010, 27.i.2012); 3 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010).

16. Nodilittorina leucosticta biangulata (Martens, 1897) (Fig. 16, Pl. 16)

Huin-ban-jeom-mu-nui-chong-al-go-dung (흰반점무늬총알고둥)

Littorina (Melarrhaphe) biangulata Martens, 1897, p. 209. Nodilittorina leucosticta biangulata: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 74; Higo et al., 1999, p. 91; Okutani et al.,

A B

C D

Fig. 16. Nodilittorina leucosticta biangulata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 2 mm. 40 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

2000, p. 141, fig. 23; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 236; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 41.

Shell small, thick and solid, relatively low-conical and turbinate; with height longer than width; whorls about 6. Spire whorls convex, relatively low and about 22% total shell height. Shell with apical angle, about 76 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color greenish brown or yellowish white, with white spots in rows on body whorl; sometimes tinted with grayish white. Sculpture of minute spiral cords. Whorls generally convex with deep sutures, and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 78% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl smooth and rounded, with lower portion weakly angulated by 2-3 spiral cords. Base of shell relatively inflated, with several closely-spaced spiral cords. Aperture large, oval; interior glossy and reddish brown. Outer lip relatively thick and smooth. The umbilicus and fasciole absent. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, light brown, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 8.5 mm, width 6.5 mm. Type locality: Indonesia. Habitat: High tide line, on rocks. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indo-Western Pacific. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 67 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 14.xii.1995, 13.vii.1996); 282 specimens (Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 19.i.2011).

Genus Peasiella Nevill, 1885

Kong-chong-al-go-dung-sok (콩총알고둥속)

Shell small, depressed-conical with flat base, carinate periphery; and small umbilicus; sculpture occasionally of spiral grooves and radial folds which may be crenulated at the periphery; operculum concentric, multispiral; sometimes with periostracal bristles. At present, there are 11 living species in Peasiella. Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Trochus tantillus Gould, 1849.

Species 11 (2 in Korea).

17. Peasiella habei Reid and Mak, 1998 (Fig. 17, Pl. 17)

Nan-jaeng-i-chong-al-go-dung (난쟁이총알고둥)

Peasiella habei Reid and Mak, 1998, p. 16; Higo et al., 1999, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 139, pl. 68, fig. 7; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 241; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 41.

Shell small, thin but solid, relatively low-conical and turbinate; with width longer than height; whorls about 4.5. Spire whorls weakly convex, relatively low and about 26% total shell height. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Peasiella 41

Shell with apical angle about 77 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly rounded. Color reddish-brown or yellowish-white, with band of blackish brown spire. Sculpture smooth with minute spiral threads. Whorls generally flattened, with relatively deep sutures and, rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 74% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl slopes gently ventrally, with lower area markedly angulated by spiral cord. Base of shell inflated, with -3 4 spiral cords and concentric central area reddish-brown in color. Aperture large, ovate-trigonal; interior glossy and reddish brown; outer lip thin and smooth. Columella rounded and reddish brown. Umbilicus narrow and deep, fasciole absent. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, light brown, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 1.4 mm, width 2.4 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Intertidal zone, crevices among barnacles.

A B

C D

Fig. 17. Peasiella habei. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 0.8 mm. 42 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 36 specimens (Jongdal-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 2.ii.2007); 14 specimens (Hwasun,

Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.ii.1998, 16.ix.1998); 34 specimens (Seopzikozi, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 21.iv. 1998, 17.x.1998).

Subfamily Lacuninae Gray, 1857

Jwi-bang-ul-go-dung-a-gwa (쥐방울고둥아과)

Rather fragile, smooth littorinids characterized by a columella with umbilical chink. Periostracum smooth, fairly thin, and light brown. Operculum paucispiral and corneous.

Key to the genera of subfamily Lacuninae

1. Spire short ··················································································································································· 2 - Spire long ········································································································································· Epheria 2. Columella with long, narrow, deep umbilical chink; aperture large, ovate-trigonal ············ Stenotis - Columella with short, narrow, deep umbilical chink; aperture ovate ································· Temanella

Genus Epheria Leach, 1847

Gal-saek-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung-sok (갈색쥐방울고둥속)

Shells turbinate to conical, spire relatively long, moderately fragile. Periphery of body whorl weakly angulated. Aperture ovate-trigonal, large. Columella with chink, relatively short and white. At present, there are four living species in Epheria. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Turbo vincta Montagu, 1803.

Species 4 (1 in Korea).

18. Epheria decorata (A. Adams, 1861) (Fig. 18, Pl. 18)

Gin-gal-saek-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung (긴갈색쥐방울고둥)

Lacuna (Epheri) decorata A. Adams, 1861b, p. 304. Lacuna inflatee A. Adams, 1861b, p. 304 Epheria decorata: Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 263; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 72; Higo et al., 1999, p. 93; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 137, pl. 68, fig. 5; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 243; Park et al., 2011, p. 247; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 39. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Epheria 43

Shell small, thin and fragile, relatively high-conical and turbinate, with height longer than width; about 5 whorls. Spire whorls weakly convex, relatively high, and about 26% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 54 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and weakly pointed. Color brown or yellowish white, with faint white band below sutures, and sometime with oblique brown bands. Sculpture smooth with minute spiral threads. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures,

A B

C D

Fig. 18. Epheria decorata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 2 mm. 44 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III rounded periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 74% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl gently rounded and lower portion with weakly angulated. Base of shell inflated, with fine spiral threads. Aperture large, ovate-trigonal, yellowish white, with white band curving inward; outer lip thin, rounded, and smooth. Columella slightly oblique, brown, and reflected anteriorly. Umbilicus narrow with long chink. Operculum corneous, thin, brown, ovate, semitransparent, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 11 mm, width 7 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: On eelgrass from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril islands. Korea: GW, GN.

Specimens examined: 3 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 7.ii.2012); 8 specimens

(Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 3.iv.1996); 7 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gang- won-do: 3.iii.1996); 21 specimens (Daejindong, Donghae-si, Gangwon-do: 3.iv.1996); 11 specimens

(Yeongok, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 14.i.1995, 26.i.1995); 12 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 5.iii.1996).

Genus Stenotis A. Adams, 1863

Jom-chong-al-go-dung-sok (좀총알고둥속)

Shells turbinate to conical, spire relatively short, moderately fragile. Periphery of body whorl rounded or angulated. Aperture ovate-trigonal, large. Columellar chink large, long, and white. At present, there are seven living species in Stenotis. Four species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Stenotis laxata A. Adams, 1863.

Species 7 (4 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Stenotis

1. Body whorl angulated ······························································································································· 2 - Body whorl rounded ··················································································································· S. uchidai 2. Shell thin, apex pointed ········································································································· S. cariniferus - Shell thick, apex rounded ··········································································································· S. smithii

19. Stenotis cariniferus (A. Adams, 1853) (Fig. 19, Pl. 19)

Gal-la-jin-bae-kkob-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung (갈라진배꼽쥐방울고둥)

Lacuna carinifera A. Adams, 1853, p. 225. Stenotis cariniferus: Higo et al., 1999, p. 93; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 137, pl. 68, fig. 1a; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 39. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Stenotis 45

A B

C D

Fig. 19. Stenotis cariniferus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1.2 mm.

Shell small, thin and fragile, relatively low-conical and turbinate, height longer than width; whorls about 4.5. Spire whorls weakly convex, relatively low and about 14% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 75 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and rounded. Color somewhat glossy, brown or yellowish white with blotches of brown, with faint white band below sutures and periphery of body whorl. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 86% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl gently rounded and lower portion with keel at periphery. Base of shell inflated, with faint brown band. Aperture large, ovate-trigonal; interior white; outer lip thin, 46 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III rounded, and smooth, sometimes separated from posterior portion of aperture and body whorl. Columella slightly curved, white, and weakly reflected anteriorly. Umbilicus narrow with long chink. Operculum corneous, thin, brown, ovate, semitransparent, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 6 mm, width 4 mm. Type locality: Borneo. Habitat: On seaweed from intertidal zone to depth of 100 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia. Korea: GN.

Specimens examined: 16 specimens (Geoje-si, Meuongsapo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998); 2 specimens (Daepo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 19.iii.1997).

20. Stenotis smithii (Pilsbry, 1895) (Fig. 20, Pl. 20)

Jom-chong-al-go-dung (좀총알고둥)

Lacuna smithi Pilsbry, 1895, p. 63.

Lacuna (Sublacuna) smithi: Kanehara, 1931, p. 26. Stenotis smithii: Habe, 1953b, p. 211, textfig. 3; Higo, 1973, p. 45; Inaba, 1982, p. 82; Choe, 1992, p. 285; Choe and Park, 1993, p. 19; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94; Higo et al., 1999, p. 93; Okutani, 2000, p. 137, pl. 68, fig. 2; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 39.

Shell small, thin and fragile, low-conical and turbinate; height longer than width; whorls about 4.5. Spire whorls convex, relatively high and about 12% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 73 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color brown or yellowish white, and somewhat glossy. Sculpture smooth with minute axial threads. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 78% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl gently rounded and periphery slightly angulated. Base of shell inflated, with faint brown band. Aperture large, ovate-trigonal; outer lip thin, rounded, and smooth; posterior end of lip not separated from body whorl; interior yellowish white. Columella straight, oblique, white, and slightly reflected anteriorly. Umbilicus narrow with long chink. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, brown, semitransparent, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 7 mm, width 4.5 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: On eelgrass from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 21 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 24.iv.1999). Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Stenotis 47

A B

C D

Fig. 20. Stenotis smithii. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1.5 mm.

21. Stenotis uchidai Habe, 1953 (Fig. 21, Pl. 21)

Gal-saek-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung (갈색쥐방울고둥)

Stenotis uchidai Habe, 1953a, p. 136; Higo et al., 1999, p. 93; Okutani, 2000, p. 137, pl. 68, fig. 3; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 243; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 62, pl. 30 C; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 39.

Shell small, thin and fragile, low-conical and turbinate in shape; height longer than width; whorls about 3.5. Spire whorls convex, relatively high and about 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 110 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color reddish- 48 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 21. Stenotis uchidai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1 mm.

brown or yellowish-brown, and somewhat glossy. Sculpture smooth with minute axial threads. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery; last whorl abruptly increasing in size. Body whorl inflated and very large, occupying about 95% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl rounded and smooth. Base of shell obliquely inflated, with faint brown band. Aperture large, nearly ovate-trigonal; outer lip thin, rounded, and smooth; posterior end of lip not separated from body whorl; interior yellowish white. Columella oblique, straight, thick, and white; anterior portion weakly reflected. Umbilicus narrow with long chink. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, brown, semitransparent, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus.

Size: Height 3 mm, width 3 mm. Type locality: Japan. Vetigastropoda: Littorinidae: Lacuna 49

Habitat: On leaves of seaweed from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril islands. Korea: GW.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 24.iv.1997); 2 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 14.iv.1998). Remarks: This species closely resembles Stenotis smithii; however the aperture is bigger and the body whorl is not angulated.

Genus Lacuna Turton, 1827

Bang-ul-go-dung-sok (방울고둥속)

Shells small, turbinate to conical, spire relatively short, and moderately solid. Periphery of body whorl weakly angulated. Aperture ovate-trigonal, outer lip thick. Columellar chink white, short, and narrow. At present, there are 57 living species in Lacuna [=Temanella]. One species is listed for

Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014).

Type species: Helix lacuna (Montagu, 1803).

Species 57 (1 in Korea).

22. Lacuna turrita (A. Adams, 1861) (Fig. 22, Pl. 22)

Bang-ul-go-dung (방울고둥)

Lacuna turrita A. Adams, 1861b, p. 305; Dunker, 1882, p. 112.

Lacuna (Epheria) turrita: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 137, pl. 68, fig. 4. Temanella turrita: Habe, 1953b, pp. 208, 210, textfig. 4; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 15; Habe, 1964, p. 27, pl. 9, fig. 18; Habe, 1965, p. 199; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 24; Higo, 1973, p. 45; Habe, 1977, p. 19, pl. 9, fig. 18; Qi et al., 1989, p. 31, pl. 7, fig. 5; Choe, 1992, p. 286; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 263; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 94; Higo et al., 1999, p. 93; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 104; Min et al., 2004, p. 135, fig. 242; Park et al., 2011, p. 247; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 40.

Shell small, thin and fragile, relatively high-conical and turbinate in shape; height longer than width; whorls about 5. Spire whorls weakly convex, relatively high, and about 20% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 65 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color reddish-brown or yellowish-white, with faint white band below sutures. Sculpture relatively smooth with minute spiral threads. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 65% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl gently rounded with angulated periphery. Base of shell inflated, with concentric brown band. Aperture ovate-trigonal; outer lip thin, rounded, and smooth. Columella straight, oblique, and white; slightly reflected anteriorly. Inner of aperture yellowish white. Umbilicus narrow. Operculum corneous, thin, ovate, semitransparency brown, with a few spiral coils and lateral nucleus. 50 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 22. Lacuna turrita. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1 mm.

Size: Height 4 mm, width 3 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: On eelgrass from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW, GN.

Specimens examined: 15 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 8.vi.2001); 28 specimens

(Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.xii.2000); 2 specimens (Bongpo, Goseong-gun, Gang- won-do: 24.ix.2010); 2 specimens (Osan-ri, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 9.x.2010); 7 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 4.xii.2000). Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Phasianella 51

Superfamily Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840

Yu-ri-go-dung-sang-gwa (유리고둥상과)

Family Phasianellidae Swainson, 1840

Yu-ri-go-dung-gwa (유리고둥과)

The Phasianelloidea was created as a new superfamily by Willams et al. (2008). This superfamily consist of two families, Phasianellidae and Colloniidae. Species of Phasianellidae are elongate- conical to rounded-ovate in shape; have few whorls with a body whorl that is large and rounded and lacking a periostracum; usually smooth, polished, or occasionally with fine spiral lines or ribs. They are usually highly variegated with bright colors, and are entirely porcelaneus, not pearly or nacreous. The operculum is calcareous, thick, with an eccentric nucleus near the basal margin, and consists of several rapidly coiling whorls; externally it is convex and white, and sometimes flattened and spirally ridged. Shells are usually imperforate, but many small-shelled species are sometimes umbilicate. The peristome is not continuous, and the aperture is rounded to ovate, and entire. The radula is rhipidoglossate, generally with the formula N-5-1-5-N; the rather broad central tooth lacks a pointed cusp or is reduced; the lateral teeth have more or less a few broad dentic- ulate cusps; and the marginal teeth are numerous. Members are gonochoristic, with external fertilization. This family consists of about 70 species of shallow-water animals living mostly in tropical and temperate seas where they rasp detritus, algae, diatoms, and sponge particles from the substrate.

One or two species of Korean Phasianellidae were listed by Lee (1956), Kang et al. (1971), Je (1989),

Choe (1992), Kwon et al. (1993), Choe and Park (1997), Lee and Min (2002), Lee and Lee (2014) reported two species in two genera of Phasianellinae and Tricoliinae, one in each subfamily, in the Korean Phasianellidae. In this monograph, the Phasianellidae has been divided into two subfamilies, Phasianellinae and Tricoliinae, according to Willams et al. (2008).

Genera 4 (2 in Korea), species 71 (2 in Korea). Distribution: Mostly in tropical and temperate seas.

Key to the subfamilies of family Phasianellidae

1. Shell elongate ovate, oval aperture ················································································· Phasianellinae - Shell elongate ovate, presence of porphyrin pigment ························································· Tricoliinae

Subfamily Phasianellinae Swainson, 1840

Yu-ri-go-dung-a-gwa (유리고둥아과)

The Phasianellinae are of medium size, have smooth, rather elongate-ovate, nonumbilicate shells, and are represented by Phasianella. 52 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Genus Phasianella Lamarck, 1804

Yu-ri-go-dung-sok (유리고둥속)

Shells are of medium size, have smooth, rather elongate-ovate, non umbilicate shells. The animal has long tentacles, usually with pectinated head lobes. These frontal lobes distinguish this genus from Tricolia, which lacks frontal lobes. At present, there are 15 living species in Phasianella. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Buccinum australe Gmelin, 1791.

Species 15 (1 in Korea).

23. Phasianella solida (Born, 1778) (Fig. 23, Pl. 23)

Yu-ri-go-dung (유리고둥)

Helix solida Born, 1778, p. 408. Phasianella solida: Okada et al., 1967, p. 40; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 59, 213; Okutani, 1991, p. 60; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 248; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 51; Higo et al., 1999, p. 50; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 101, pl. 50, fig. 54; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 92; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 12. Eutropia modesta Gould, 1861, p. 18.

Phasianella (Orthomesus) modesta: Pilsbry, 1895, p. 91, pl. 6, figs. 29, 30. Phasianella modesta: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 47; Lee, 1958, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 1; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 52(E), 80(J), pl. 15, figs. 18-20; Higo, 1973, p. 41; Kira, 1977, p. 22, pl. 11, fig. 7; Inaba, 1982, p. 81; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 168; Je, 1989, p. 13; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93. Phasianella modesta gouldii Pilsbry, 1895, p. 91, pl. 6, fig. 31.

Shell small, thin but relatively solid, high-conical and turbinate in shape; with height longer than width; whorls about 5. Spire whorls convex, high, and about 25% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 45 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color of extreme- ly variable patterns, such as reddish, greenish, or yellowish brown spots and lines on reddish or golden background; Sculpture smooth and polished. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures, rounded periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 75% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl rounded and smooth; base of shell inflated. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip thin, rounded, and smooth. Interior of aperture reddish-brown, with exterior pattern showing through. Columella straight, oblique, with thickened white callus. Umbilicus absent. Operculum calcareous; exterior of operculum white, convex, and ovate, with flat inner layer and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 15 mm, width 8 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: On seaweed from intertidal zone to shallow water. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Indo-Western Pacific. Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Phasianella 53

A B

C D

Fig. 23. Phasianella solida. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 2.5 mm.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 13 specimens (Bukchon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 12.vii.1996, 7.x.2001, 20.i.2011,

20.xii.2011); 38 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1988, 15.ix.1998, 17.x.1998, 9.i.1999, 54 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

24.v.2001, 7.x.2001, 6.iv.2006, 3.ii.2007, 19.i.2011, 20.ix.2012); 133 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 19.viii.1999, 24.v.2001, 19.ix.2001, 26.vi.2004, 5.x.2006, 25.x.2008, 29.vi.2010, 19.i.2011, 27.i. 2012).

Subfamily Tricoliinae Woodring, 1928

Bun-hong-yu-ri-go-dung-a-gwa (분홍유리고둥아과)

The Tricoliinae are less than 10 mm in length, and include two genera, Eulithidium from the Indo-Pacific and the cosmopolitanTricolia .

Genus Tricolia Risso, 1826

Bun-hong-yu-ri-go-dung-sok (분홍유리고둥속)

The shell is small, glossy, globose to elongate-conic, and lacking a nacreous interior; usually brightly colored with porphyrin pigments; umbilicate; operculum calcareous, paucispiral. At present, there are 32 living species in Tricolia. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Turbo pullus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 32 (1 in Korea).

24. Tricolia variabilis (Pease, 1860) (Fig. 24, Pl. 24)

Bun-hong-yu-ri-go-dung (분홍유리고둥)

Collonia variabilis Pease, 1860a, p. 436. Tricolia variabilis: Higo et al., 1999, p. 50; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 101, pl. 50, fig. 53; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 91; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 12. Phasianella megastoma Pilsbry, 1895, p. 90, pl. 8, fig. 8; Kuroda and Habe, 1954, p. 86, fig. 6. Eotricolia megastoma: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 11; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 51. Hiloa megastoma; Okada et al., 1967, p. 41; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 53(E), 81(J), pl. 106, fig. 23; Higo, 1973, p. 41; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 59, 266; Inaba, 1982, p. 81; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 75; Choe, 1992, p. 279; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93.

Phasianella (Tricolia) megastoma: Kanehara, 1931, p. 21.

Tricolia (Hiloa) megastoma: Je, 1989, p. 13.

Shell small, medium-sized, thin but relatively solid, low-conical and turbinate; with height longer than width; whorls about 5. Spire whorls convex, low, and about 13% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 60 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricolia 55 of complex patterns created by irregularly arranged spots and lines of reddish to yellowish brown on reddish background; sculpture smooth and glossy. Whorls inflated, with relatively shallow sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 87% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl rounded and smooth; base of shell inflated. Aperture large, ovate; outer lip thin, rounded, and smooth. Interior of aperture reddish brown. Columella straight and oblique with white callus. Umbilicus absent. Operculum calcareous; exterior of operculum white, convex, and ovate; inner layer flat with a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 4 mm, width 3.5 mm. Type locality: Hawaii. Habitat: Rocky substrate, among seaweed, from intertidal and subtidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Hawaii, East Africa, Australia. Korea: GW, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 8 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 24.iv.1997, 22.vii.2001,

21.vi.2012); 10 specimens (Daepo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998, 15.viii.2009); 34 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1988, 15.ix.1998, 17.x.1998, 9.i.1999, 23.v.2001, 7.x.2001,

6.iv.2006, 3.ii.2007, 19.i.2011); 6 specimens (Seopzikozi, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001, 20.i.2011). Remarks: The shell shape of this species shows distinct sexual dimorphism, females having tall- er shells than males.

A B

Fig. 24. Tricolia variabilis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scales: 0.3 mm. 56 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Family Colloniidae Cossmann, 1917

Pat-al-go-dung-gwa (팥알고둥과)

Colloniidae has been regarded as a subfamily, Colloniinae, within Turbinidae, in the superfamily

Turbinoidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet et al. (2005). However, Col- loniidae has now been elevated to the family level and belongs to the superfamily Phasianelloidea, according to Williams et al. (2008); it contains four subfamilies: Colloniinae, Liotipomatinae, Mo- elleriinae, and Petropomatinae. The shell is small to medium in size, up to more than 20 mm in height, solid, strong, and spirally coiled. The shell has well-developed radial sculpture, is rarely smooth, and usually is imperforate. The aperture is nacreous within. The peristome is entire and rounded; the columella is smooth, arched, and without folds. The operculum is thickened and calcareous, paucispiral, and has a central or an eccentric nucleus. The head bears a pair of long tentacles. The Colloniidae has a worldwide distribution in tropical, temperate, and arctic waters, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters. They are usually abundant on solid, suitable substrates, like rocky shores and reefs.

Species of Korean Colloniidae were listed by Lee (1956), one species, Kang et al. (1971), two species in two genera, Je (1989), four species in two genera, Kwon et al. (1993), three species in two genera, Choe and Park (1997), five species in three genera, Lee and Min (2002), seven species in three genera. Lee and Lee (2014) have catalogued seven species in three genera in the Korean Col- loniidae.

Genera 16 (3 in Korea), species 116 (7 in Korea). Distribution: Worldwide distribution in tropical, temperate, and arctic waters.

Key to the genera of family Collonniidae

1. Shell height over than 5 mm ····················································································································· 2 - Shell height less than 5 mm ······································································································· Collonista 2. Umbilicus closed ···················································································································· Homalopoma - Umbilicus opened ···················································································································· Bothropoma

Genus Homalopoma Carpenter, 1864

Pat-al-go-dung-sok (팥알고둥속)

Hoimolopoma shells turbinate in shape. Aperture and parietal wall glossy, slightly opalescent. Operculum calcareous, thick, oval with paucispiral whorls. At present, there are 35 living species in Homalopoma. Four species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Turbo sanguineus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 35 (4 in Korea). Vetigastropoda: Colloniidae: Homalopoma 57

Key to the species of genus Homalopoma

1. Body whorls rounded ································································································································ 2 - Body whorls double-angulated ······················································································ H. granuliferum 2. Spire long, suture deep ······························································································································ 3 - Spire short, suture shallow ································································································· H. nocturnum 3. Outside of shell purplish red to bright red ···································································· H. amussitatum - Outside of shell variable in color and pattern ·································································· H. sangarense

25. Homalopoma nocturnum (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 25, Pl. 25)

Pat-al-go-dung (팥알고둥)

Turbo nocturnus Gould, 1861, p. 22. Collonia nocturnus: Pilsbry, 1888, p. 265. Collonia rubra Dunker, 1882, p. 128, pl. 12, figs. 7-9. Homalopoma nocturnum: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 50(E), 77(J), pl. 15. figs. 16, 17; Higo, 1973, p. 40; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 53, 214; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 19, pl. 6, fig. 23; Yoo, 1976, p. 55, pl. 7, figs. 9, 10; Habe, 1977, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 7; Okada et al., 1967, p. 40; Inaba, 1982, p. 80; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 197, pl. 9, fig. 4; Je, 1989, p. 13; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 74; Okutani, 1991, p. 55; Choe, 1992, p. 276; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 250; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 50; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Higo et al., 1999, p. 46; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 93, pl. 46, fig. 15; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 96; Min et al., 2004, p. 91, fig. 77; Hong et al., 2006, p. 147; Park et al., 2011, p. 246; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11. Homalopoma ruber: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 19. Homalopoma rubrum laevicostatum: Kira, 1977, p. 22, pl. 11. fig. 3. Homalopoma rubrum: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 10; Lee, 1956, p. 67; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55. Leptothyra rubra laevicostata: Pilsbry, 1901, p. 398.

Shell small-sized, thick and solid, low-conical and turbinate; with similar length width, and height; whorls about 5. Spire whorls convex, low and about 12% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 93 degrees. Protoconch less than 2 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color variable, blackish or reddish brown. Sculpture with numerous spiral cords. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height. Upper periphery of body whorl rounded, with 8-9 spiral cords; periphery weakly angulated with spiral cords. Base of shell slightly inflated, with 4-5 low spiral cords. Aperture large, rounded-quadrangular. Outer lip weakly thickened, and weakly crenulated by spiral cords. Columella relatively straight, covered with glossy white callus; interior covered with pearly white callus. Umbilicus open in young shells but closed in adults. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 9 mm, width 10 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Coarse gravel and rock substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 60 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW, GB, GN, JJ. 58 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 25. Homalopoma nocturnum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 3 mm.

Specimens examined: 9 specimens (Yeongok, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 30.xii.1994, 7.iv.2012,

26.v.2011); 3 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 21.ix.2012); 4 specimens (Chilpo, Po- hang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.xii.2006); 3 specimens (Dangsadong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do:

11.v.2009); 17 specimens (Daepo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iii.1997, 4.ix.1998, 8.iv.2005);

17 specimens (Bukchon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 12.vii.1996, 7.x.2001, 20.i.2011, 20.xii.2011); 3 specimens

(Munseom, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 25.v.2001); 8 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 9.i.1999, 17.viii.1999, 24.v.2001, 24.x.2008). Vetigastropoda: Colloniidae: Homalopoma 59

26. Homalopoma amussitatum (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 26, Pl. 26)

Nu-deo-gi-pat-al-go-dung (누더기팥알고둥)

Turbo amussitatus Gould, 1861, p. 22. Collonia purpurascens Dunker, 1882, p. 129, pl. 12, figs. 1-3. Homalopoma amussitata: Alexeyev, 2003, p. 38, pl. VIII-1. Homalopoma amussitatum: Kira, 1977, p. 22, pl. 11, fig. 6; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 9; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 20, pl. 6, fig. 25; Okada et al., 1967, p. 40; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 51(E), 78(J), pl. 15, fig. 6; Oyama, 1973, p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 6; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 53, 175; Kira, 1977, p.

A B

C D

Fig. 26. Homalopoma amussitatum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 4 mm. 60 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

22, pl. 11, fig. 6; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 167; Qi et al., 1989, p. 27, pl. 4, fig. 15; Je, 1989, p. 13; Oku- tani, 1991, p. 55; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 50; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 251; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Higo et al., 1999, p. 46; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 93, pl. 46, fig. 16; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 96; Min et al., 2004, p. 91, fig. 78; Park et al., 2011, p. 246; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11. Leptothyra amussitata: Pilsbry, 1888, p. 250, pl. 55, figs. 71, 72, pl. 60, figs. 51, 52; Hirase, 1941, p. 42, pl. 75, fig. 1. Leptothyra purpurascens: Pilsbry, 1888, p. 251, pl. 69, fig. 24.

Shell small, thick and solid, relatively high-conical and turbinate; with height longer than width; whorls about 6. Spire whorls convex, high and about 24% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 90 degrees. Protoconch less than 2 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color reddish brown. Sculpture of 9-10 thick spiral cords and fine secondary cords, both of which are intersected by axial grooves. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 76% of shell height. Upper area of body whorl sloped ventrally; periphery weakly angulated with several spiral cords. Base of shell weakly inflated, intersected by concentric cords and axial grooves. Aperture rounded quadrangular. Outer lip thin and weakly crenulated. Columella relatively straight, covered with glossy white callus; interior covered with pearyl white callus. Umbilicus closed. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 16 mm, width 12 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Coarse sand and rock substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 300 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril Islands. Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 16 specimens (Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 23.iii.2010,

12.xi.2012); 3 specimens (Bongpo, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 24.ix.2010); 13 specimens (Yeongok,

Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 30.xii.1994, 26.v.2011, 7.iv.2012); 4 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun,

Gangwon-do: 21.ix.2012); 28 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 24.iv.1997, 13.x.2009,

22.vii.2001, 21.vi.2012); 5 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.xii.2012); 5 spe cimens (Chilpo, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.xii.2006); 2 specimens (Dangsadong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 11.v.2009).

27. Homalopoma sangarense (Schrenck, 1862) (Fig. 27, Pl. 27)

San-pat-al-go-dung (산팥알고둥)

Turbo sangarensis Schrenck, 1862, p. 409. Homalopoma sangarense: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 10; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 8; Habe, 1964, p. 19, pl. 7, fig. 8; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 19, pl. 6, fig. 24; Higo, 1973, p. 40; Oyama, 1973, p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 8; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 53, 282; Habe, 1977, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 8; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 168, pl. 9, fig. 5, pl. 22, figs. 2, 3; Je, 1989, p. 13; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 74; Choe, 1992, p. 277; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 50; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Higo et al., 1999, p. 46; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 96; Min et al., 2004, p. 91, fig. 79; Hong et al., 2006, p. 147; Park et al., 2011, p. Vetigastropoda: Colloniidae: Homalopoma 61

246; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11.

Shell small, thin but solid, relatively high-conical and turbinate; with height longer than width; whorls about 5. Spire whorls convex, high, about 22% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 85 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Color of variable patterns such as blotches of brown or blackish brown on dark brown background. Sculpture of several thick spiral cords and grooves. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl rounded, with 3-4 thick spiral cords. Base of shell weakly inflated, with several concentric low cords and grooves. Aperture rounded-quadrangular. Outer lip thin and rounded. Columella relatively straight, with a tiny denticle; interior covered with pearly white callus. Umbilicus closed. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with a few spiral coils.

A B

C D

Fig. 27. Homalopoma sangarense. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 2 mm. 62 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Size: Height 8.5 mm, width 7 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Seaweed or gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW, GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 26.vi.2010); 3 specimens

(Dangsadong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 11.v.2009); 11 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeong- sangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 5 specimens (Seopjikoji, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001).

28. Homalopoma granuliferum Nomura and Hatai, 1940 (Fig. 28, Pl. 28)

Ak-eo-ga-juk-pat-al-go-dung (악어가죽팥알고둥)

Homalopoma granuliferum Nomura and Hatai, 1940, p. 62; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 53, 288;

A B

C D

Fig. 28. Homalopoma granuliferum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 2 mm. Vetigastropoda: Colloniidae: Collonista 63

Okutani, 1991, p. 55; Higo et al., 1999, p. 46; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 93, pl. 46, fig. 18; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 96; Min et al., 2004, p. 91, fig. 80; Hong et al., 2006, p. 146; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11.

Shell small, thin but solid, relatively low-conical and turbinate; height longer than width; whorls about 5. Spire whorls convex, high, and about 15% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 94 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color white with brown apex. Surface sculptured by net-like grooves, resembling crocodile skin. Whorls inflated, with relatively deep sutures, angulated periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height; periphery of body whorl bicarinate, with 4-5 thick spiral cords. Base of shell weakly inflated, with several nodulated spiral cords. Aperture rounded quadrangular. Outer lip thin and crenulated. Columella relatively straight, covered with pearly white callus. Umbilicus closed. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 8.5 mm, width 7 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Coarse sand and rock substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-300 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: JN.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (offshore in the South Sea (Korea Strait): 5.iv.1999).

Genus Collonista Iredale, 1918

Huin-pat-al-go-dung-sok (흰팥알고둥속)

Collonista shells turbinate to conical, moderately solid, about 4-5 mm in height. Body whorl not angulated, with fine spiral ribs; base quite swollen, with or without umbilicus. At present, there are 15 living species in Collonista. Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Collonia picta Pease, 1868.

Species 15 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Collonista

1. Outer surface with fine, white, spiral rows ··································································· C. amakusaensis - Outer surface with several spiral rows of red dots ······························································· C. glareosa

29. Collonista glareosa (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 29, Pl. 29)

Bun-hong-mu-nui-pat-al-go-dung (분홍무늬팥알고둥)

Monilea glareosa Gould, 1861, p. 17. Collonista glareosa: Okutani, 1991, p. 56; Higo et al., 1999, p. 47; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 96; Min et al., 64 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

2004, p. 91, fig. 81; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11. Collonia granulosa Pease, 1868, p. 92.

Shell small, thin but relatively solid, high-conical and turbinate; with width longer than height; whorls about 5. Spire whorls convex, low, and about 20% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 85 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with radially-arranged red dots on white background. Sometimes apical region tinted with white. Sculp- ture with numerous spiral cords and grooves. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures, rounded periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 85% of shell height. Periphery rounded, with 3 thick spiral cords. Base of shell inflated, with -7 8 spiral cords. Aperture rounded. Outer lip weakly thickened and crenulated by spiral cords. Columella somewhat rounded, thick, covered with white callus, and interior covered with white callus. Um- bilicus narrow and deep. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with a few spiral coils.

A B

C D

Fig. 29. Collonista glareosa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1 mm. Vetigastropoda: Colloniidae: Collonista 65

Size: Height 4 mm, width 3.5 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Rubble substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 37 specimens (Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998, 15.viii.2009); 12 specimens (Gwaksi, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 30.vi.2010); 76 specimens (Bukchon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001,

20.i.2011, 20.xii.2011); 342 specimens (Jongdal-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 2.ii.2007); 146 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1988, 15.ix.1998, 17.x.1998, 9.i.1999, 24.v.2001, 7.x.2001, 6.iv.2006, 3.ii.2007,

19.i.2011); 32 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 1.ii.2007, 6.i.2012).

30. Collonista amakusaensis Habe, 1960 (Fig. 30, Pl. 30)

Huin-pat-al-go-dung (흰팥알고둥)

Collonista amakusaensis Habe, 1960, p. 295; Higo, 1973, p. 41; Habe, 1977, p. 21, pl. 5, fig. 7; Choe and Yoon, 1992, p. 485, fig. 3, textfig. 3; Choe, 1992, p. 278; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 51; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Higo et al., 1999, p. 47; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 93, pl. 46, fig. 23; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 91, fig. 82; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11.

Shell small, thick, and relatively solid, low-conical and turbinate; with similar length, width and height, whorls about 4. Spire whorls convex, low and about 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle, about 95 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Shell grayish white, often with apex and bottom of shell tinted with brown or reddish brown. Sculpture of numerous spiral cords and grooves. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures, rounded periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 90% of shell height. Periphery relatively rounded, with thick 6-7 spiral cords. Base of shell inflated, with 7-8 spiral cords. Aperture almost completely round. Outer lip slightly thicked and crenulated by spiral cords. Columella relatively straight, thick, covered with white callus, and interior covered with white callus. Umbilicus closed. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 6 mm, width 5.5 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Rubble substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 12 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 9.i.1999, 17.viii.1999, 24.v.

2001, 1.ii.2007, 24.x.2008, 6.i.2012); 7 specimens (Bukchon-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001, 20.i.2011, 20. xii.2011). 66 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 30. Collonista amakusaensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 1.8 mm.

Genus Bothropoma Thiele, 1924

Swae-pat-al-go-dung-sok (쇄팥알고둥속)

Bothropoma shells turbinate to conical, moderately solid, about 5 mm in height; body whorl large, often with strong spiral sculpture, base quite convex, with or without umbilicus. Operculum with deep pit in outer center. Coloration greatly variable in white, red, brown, green, etc. At present, there are seven living species in Bothropoma. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Bothropoma isseli Thiele, 1924.

Species 7 (1 in Korea). Vetigastropoda: Colloniidae: Bothropoma 67

31. Bothropoma pilula (Dunker, 1860) (Fig. 31, Pl. 31)

Swae-pat-al-go-dung (쇄팥알고둥)

Liotia pilula Dunker, 1860, p. 226; Dunker, 1861, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 7; Dunker, 1882, p. 131; Kuroda and Habe, 1954, p. 87, figs. 8, 9. Cynisca japonica A. Adams, 1861a, p. 244. Neocollonia pilula: Kira, 1977, p. 22, pl. 11, fig. 4; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 10, pl. 5, fig. 44; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 52(E), 79(J), pl. 106, fig. 22; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Higo, 1973, p. 41; Oyama, 1973, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 15; Okada et al., 1967, p. 40; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 53, 214; Inaba, 1982, p. 80; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 168; Okutani, 1991, p. 56; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 250; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 51; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 93; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 93, pl. 46, fig. 22. Neocollonia pilula: Higo et al., 1999, p. 47; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 93, fig. 83; Park et al., 2011, p. 246; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 11. Turbo pilula: Je, 1989, p. 13.

A B

C D

Fig. 31. Bothropoma pilula. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: mm. 68 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Monilea inepta Gould, 1861, p. 16. Minolia rotundata Sowerby, 1894, p. 158.

Shell small, thin but relatively solid, low-conical and turbinate; similar length width and height, whorls about 6. Spire whorls convex, low, nd about 11% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 100 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Color variable, in red, white, brown, green etc. Sculpture of spiral cords and grooves at equal intervals. Whorls weakly inflated, with deep sutures, rounded periphery, and increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 90% of shell height; periphery rounded, with 7-8 thick spiral cords. Base of shell inflated, with 6-7 thick and thin spiral cords. Aperture almost completely rounded. Outer lip slightly thickened and crenulated by spiral cords. Columella relatively straight, thick, covered with white callus; interior also covered with white callus. Umbilicus narrow. Operculum calcareous, flat, ovate, and white, with deep pit in center and fine wrinkles.

Size: Height 5 mm, width 5 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Rubble substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 30 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: GW, GB, JJ.

Specimens examined: 9 specimens (Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.xii.2000, 23.iii.

2010, 12.xi.2012); 10 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 3.iii.1996, 21.ix.2012); 15 spe cimens (Yeongok, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 30.xii.1994, 14.i.1995, 26.i.1995, 26.v.2011, 7.iv.2012);

4 specimens (Dangsadong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 11.v.2009); 14 specimens (Seongsan, Seo gwipo-si, Jeju-do: 11.vii.1995; 2.ii.2007); 2 specimens (Dumunpo, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011). Remarks: Shell features similar to that of Homalopoma taxa; operculum with deep pit in exterior center and fine wrinkles around it.

Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder and Lindberg, 1997

Heup-gang-mok (흡강목)

Family Naticidae Guilding, 1834

Gu-seul-u-reong-i-gwa (구슬우렁이과)

The Naticidae, belong to the order Sorbeoconcha. It has been estimated that worldwide there are 36 extant genera and over 380 species of naticid snails. Members of this family can be recognized by the shape of their shells, distinct appearance, or by their predatory behavior. Traditionally, the Naticidae was separated into four subfamilies: Ampullospirinae, Naticinae, Polinicinae, and Sininae. This arrangement was based mainly on the morphology of the shell and operculum. Recently, the Naticidae has been divided into four subfamilies: Naticinae, Polinicinae, Globisinae, and Sininae) by Bouchet et al. (2005). The shell is small to moderate in size, rarely greater than 100 mm in height. It is spirally coiled, mainly ovate-conic to globose or subauriculate in shape; the spire is usually low to moderately Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Cryptonatica 69 elevated. The last whorl is large and often inflated. The surface is glossy and sometimes highly colored. The aperture is usually large, ovate to semilunate, and normally entire; the outer lip is usually oblique; the columellar lip often has a callus; the siphonal canal is absent. The umbilicus is open or closed, and commonly a funicle is present. The operculum is paucispiral, with an excentric nucleus, mostly corneous or sometimes calcareous. The surface is smooth or has weak axial or spiral sculpture. Species are dioecious and fertilization is internal, often with sexually dimorphic shells. Naticids are widely distributed and occur worldwide, with the greatest diversity of both species and genera being found in tropical regions. The snails live on sandy substrates, at a great variety of depths de- pending on the species. Naticids are predatory, feeding mostly on bivalves.

Species of Korean Naticidae were listed by Siba (1934), seven species in three genera, Lee (1956), eight species in four genera, Kang et al. (1971), nine species in five genera, Je (1989), 12 species in three genera, Kwon et al. (1993), 16 species in eight genera, Choe and Park (1997), 18 species in eight genera, Lee and Min (2002), 38 species in 11 genera. Lee and Lee (2014) have catalogued 42 species in 11 genera of four subfamilies in Korean Naticidae.

Genera 36 (11 in Korea), species 384 (42 in Korea). Distribution: worldwide.

Key to the subfamilies of family Naticidae

1. Operculum calcareous ················································································································ Naticinae - Operculum corneous ································································································································· 2 2. Outer surface smooth and glossy ·························································································· Polinicinae - Outer surface with spiral sculpture ······························································································ Sininae

Subfamily Naticinae Guilding, 1834

Gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-gwa (구슬우렁이아과)

The Naticinae have a calcareous operculum and usually a funiculate umbilicus; the cephalopodial portion of the male gonoduct is closed. They are mainly tropical, and are represented by Cryptonatica, Naticarius, and Natica.

Key to the genera of subfamily Naticinae

1. Umbilicus completely or partly covered by umbilical callus ··········································· Cryptonatica - Umbilicus open or partly covered by umbilical callus ········································································· 2 2. Operculum with strong spiral ribs ··························································································· Naticarius - Operculum with 1-2 marginal grooves ························································································· Natica 70 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Genus Cryptonatica Dall, 1892

Yeop-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok (옆줄구슬우렁이속)

Cryptonatica shells globose, often solid, with short spire and semicircular aperture. Operculum calcareous. Umbilicus partly or completely covered by collumellar callus. Cryptonatica is distributed in cold and temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. At present, there are 18 living species in Cryptonatica. 10 species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby, 1829.

Species 18 (10 in Korea).

Key to the subgenera of genus Cryptonatica

1. Umbilicus completely covered by umbilical callus ··························································· Cryptonatica - Umbilicus partly covered by umbilical callus ······································································ Sulconatica

Subgenus Cryptonatica Dall, 1892

Yeop-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-sok (옆줄구슬우렁이아속)

Umbilicus completely closed by a well-developed protruding columellar callus.

Key to the species of subgenus Cryptonatica

1. Shell surface with 1 to 3 broad and distinct spiral bands ····································································· 2 - Shell surface without bands ····················································································································· 4 2. Shell thin, height less than 20 mm ······························································································· C. ranzii - Shell height over than 40 mm ··················································································································· 3 3. Colour of shell surface light brown, with distinct spiral bands of white ················ C. wakkanaiensis - Colour of shell surface light gray, with spiral rows of cloudy reddish brown blotches ···· C. figurata

4. Shell small (not more than 35 mm in height), suture shallow, pointed apex ·········· C. zenryumaruae

- Shell medium (up to 60 mm in height), suture deep, blunt apex ············································ C. russa

32. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) figurata (Sowerby III, 1914) (Fig. 32, Pl. 32)

Yeop-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i (옆줄구슬우렁이)

Natica (Cryptonatica) figurata Sowerby, 1914, p. 35; Fujita, 1929, p. 89; Toba, 1930a, p. 222; Kanehara, 1931, p. 32.

Natica (Tectonatica) figurata: Lee, 1956, p. 73; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59. Cryptonatica figurata: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 115(E), 173(J), pl. 19, fig. 15; Higo, 1973, p. 96; Choe, 1992, p. 344; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 266, pl. 132, fig. 79; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 64. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Cryptonatica 71

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) figurata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 149; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, p. 177, fig. 415.

Shell small to medium-sized, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; with similar length width and height, whorls about 4. Spire whorls slightly convex, low and about 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 104 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Shell surface with cloudy or cancellate white blotches on yellowish-white background; body whorl surrounded by broad spiral bands of brown. Surface smooth and glossy; sculpture of fine axial and spiral threads. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures, rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 90% of shell height. Periphery smooth and rounded; base inflated and rounded. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip. Columella oblique short, and covered with white callus. Sometimes with brown dots at extremities. Inner lip covered with white callus. Umbilicus entirely closed by

A B

C D

Fig. 32. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) figurata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 7 mm. 72 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III callus. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, with spiral groove at edge, an eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 25 mm, width 22 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 9 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 24.iv.1997, 24.iv.1999, 22. vii.2001, 13.x.2009, 21.vi.2012); 3 specimens (Imwon, Samcheok-si Gangwon-do: 5.iii.1998); 1 spe cimen (Dangsadong, Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 11.v.2009); 2 specimens (Gampo, Gyeongju-si,

Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.viii.2012); 5 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 13.iii. 1996, 22.xii.2012).

33. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) ranzii (Kuroda, 1961) (Fig. 33, Pl. 33)

Heu-rin-tti-gu-seul-u-reong-i (흐린띠구슬우렁이)

Tectonatica ranzii Kuroda, 1961, pp. 129, 130. Cryptonatica ranzii: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 266, pl. 132, fig. 83; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 64.

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) ranzii: Higo et al., 1999, p. 149; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, p. 177, fig. 414; Park et al., 2011, p. 247.

Shell medium-sized, relatively thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; with similar length width and height, whorls about 4.5. Spire whorls slightly convex, low and about 12% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 105 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with cloudy brown blotches on yellowish-white background, and surrounded by broad or narrow spiral bands of brown; smooth and glossy; sculpture of fine axial and spiral threads. Whorls inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height. Periphery smooth and rounded; base inflated and rounded, with spiral rows of brown spots. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior tinted with white or light brown. Columella oblique short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus entirely closed by callus. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, with weak spiral groove at edge, eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 35 mm, width 31 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-250 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW, CN.

Specimens examined: 3 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 14.iii.2001). Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Cryptonatica 73

A B

C D

Fig. 33. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) ranzii. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 10 mm.

34. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) russa (Gould, 1859) (Fig. 34, Pl. 34)

Ppal-gang-gu-seul-u-reong-i (빨강구슬우렁이)

Natica russa Gould, 1859, p. 43. Cryptonatica russa: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 151; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 278; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 64.

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) russa: Higo et al., 1999, p. 149; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 177, fig. 413; Park et al., 2011, p. 247.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; height longer than width, whorls about 5. Spire whorls weakly convex, low and about 10% total shell height. Shell with api- 74 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 34. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) russa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 18 mm.

cal angle about 105 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface yellowish and reddish brown, upper area with dark red color. Surface smooth and glossy; sculpture of fine axial and spiral threads. Whorls relatively inflated, with deep sutures and, rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 90% of shell height. Periphery smooth and rounded; base inflated and rounded, light yellow, with many concentric spire threads. Area below suture sloping gently to lower side. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white or light brown. Columella oblique; short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus entirely closed by callus. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, with weak spiral thread at edge, eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 60 mm, width 55 mm. Type locality: Arctic Ocean. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Cryptonatica 75

Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-300 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kamchatka peninsula. Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 5 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 5.iii.1996, 14.iv.1998,

26.xi.1998, 26.v.1999, 29.ix.2001); 1 specimen (Gisamun, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 16.iii.1999); 2 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 18.iv.2000, 8.vi.2001); 3 specimens (Imwon, Sam- cheok-si Gangwon-do: 5.iii.1998); 4 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 13.iii.

1996); 2 specimens (Changpo, Yeoungduk-eup, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 14.vi.1995).

35. ‌Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis Habe and Ito, 1976 (Fig. 35, Pl. 35)

Keun-dol-u-reong-i (큰돌우렁이)

Cryptonatica wakkanaiensis Habe and Ito, 1976, p. 80; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 151; Okutani et al.,

A B

C D

Fig. 35. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 20 mm. 76 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

2000, p. 265, pl. 132, fig. 78; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 65, pl. 31 G; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 64.

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis: Higo et al., 1999, p. 148; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 177, fig. 412: Park et al., 2011, p. 247.

Shell large, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; height longer than width; whorls about 5.5. Spire whorls weakly convex, low and about less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 120 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Surface reddish-brown with 2 narrow, yellowish-white spiral bands; smooth and faintly glossy; sculpture of many fine axial threads. Whorls relatively inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 90% of shell height; periphery smooth and broadly convex; base inflated and rounded. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white or light brown. Columella oblique, short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus of adult shell entirely closed by callus. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, smooth, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 66 mm, width 58 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20-50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia. Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 26.xi.1998).

36. ‌Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae Habe and Ito, 1976 (Fig. 36, Pl. 36)

Ppyo-jok-tap-gu-seul-u-reong-i (뾰족탑구슬우렁이)

Cryptonatica zenryumaruae Habe and Ito, 1976, pp. 80-82; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 151; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 266, pl. 132, fig. 82; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 65, pl. 31 C; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 65.

Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae: Higo et al., 1999, p. 149; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, pp. 177, 178, fig. 416; Park et al., 2011, p. 247.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, low ovate-conical and globose; height longer than width, whorls about 5. Spire whorls weakly convex, low, and less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 104 degrees; protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Grayish-brown or reddish-brown; apical portion darker, with brownish radial streaks. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured with fine irregular axial threads. Whorls weakly inflated, with shallow sutures but each whorl sharply distinct, increasing gradually in size; short radiating stripes below sutures. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 90% of shell height; periphery smooth and rounded; base inflated and rounded. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white or light brown. Columella oblique, short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus entirely closed by callus. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, weak spiral groove at edge, eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Cryptonatica 77

A B

C D

Fig. 36. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 7 mm.

Size: Height 23 mm, width 21 mm.

Type locality: Hokkaido (Japan). Habitat: Sandy mud substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-100 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands. Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 3 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 17.iii.1999); 2 specimens

(Imwon, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 17.iii.1999, 21.x.1999); 3 specimens (Juikbyeon, Uljuin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 5.ii.1999). 78 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Subgenus Sulconatica Golikov and Kusakin, 1974

Dol-u-reong-i-a-sok (돌우렁이아속)

Umbilicus partly opened as a slit or small foramen above columellar callus.

Key to the species of subgenus Sulconatica

1. ‌Shell large (up to 75 mm in height), dark brown bands on the shell surface not interrupted ···········

·········································································································································· C. (S.) janthostoma

- ‌Shell medium (up to 50 mm in height), operculum with 2 marginal grooves ·····································

··································································································································· C. (S.) janthostomoides

37. ‌Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostoma (Deshayes, 1839) (Fig. 37, Pl. 37)

Dol-u-reong-i (돌우렁이)

Natica janthostoma Deshayes, 1839, p. 361; Shiba, 1934, p. 22; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59. Cryptonatica janthostoma: Higo, 1973, p. 96; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 265, pl. 132, fig. 75; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 54, pl. XVI-5; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 65, pl. 31 F; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 64.

Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostoma: Golikov and Sirenko, 1988, pp. 18, 19, figs. 15, 35, 36; Higo et al., 1999, p. 149; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, p. 179, fig. 417.

Natica (Cryptonatica) janthostoma: Kanehara, 1931, p. 32.

Natica (Tectonatica) janthostoma: Abbott, 1974, p. 159. Neverita janthostoma: Lee, 1956, p. 73. Natica severa Gould, 1859, p. 43. Tectonatica janthostoma: Habe, 1964, p. 60, pl. 18, fig. 9; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 32, pl. 8, fig. 11; Habe, 1977, p. 39, pl. 18, fig. 9.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose, height longer than width, whorls about 6. Spire whorls weakly convex, low, and less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 125 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Shell surface with 2-3 white bands and brown axial threads on yellowish- white or yellowish-brown background. Outer surface relatively smooth and slightly glossy; sculpture of many fine axial threads. Whorls relatively inflated, with deep sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 90% of shell height; periphery smooth and broadly convex, base inflated and rounded. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white or light brown. Columella oblique, short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus deep and narrowly open, “U”-shaped, partly occluded centrally by broad and rounded internal rib forming callus at columella margin. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, smooth, spiral groove at edge, eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Cryptonatica 79

A B

C D

Fig. 37. Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostoma. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 15 mm.

Size: Height 52 mm, width 50 mm. Type locality: Russia. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 200-300 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Russia, Kuril islands. Korea: GW, GB.

Specimens examined: 12 specimens (Gisamun, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 7.vi.2001, 29.xi.2001,

2.v.2001, 2.xi.2007); 3 specimens (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 26.xi.1998); 4 specimens (Gong hyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iv.2000); 2 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangreung-si, Gangwon- do: 19.iii.2001); 1 specimen (Susan, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 9.x.2010); 2 specimens (Juikbyeon, Uljuin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 5.iii.1998). 80 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

38. ‌Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostomoides (Kuroda and Habe, 1949) (Fig. 38, Pl. 38)

Dol-gu-seul-u-reong-i (돌구슬우렁이)

Tectonatica janthostomoides Kuroda and Habe, 1949, p. 71; Okada, 1967, p. 88. Cryptonatica andoi: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 265, pl. 132, fig. 76. Cryptonatica janthostomoides: Choe, 1992, p. 345; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 151; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 64.

Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostomoides: Higo et al., 1999, p. 149; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, p. 179, fig. 418; Park et al., 2011, p. 247.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose, height longer than width.

A B

C D

Fig. 38. Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostomoides. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 14 mm. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Natica 81

Whorls about 6, weakly convex, low and less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 104 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Surface with 2-3 white bands and many oblique white threads of yellowish white on yellowish-brown background. Sur- face relatively smooth and slightly glossy; sculpture with many fine axial threads. Whorls inflated, rounded, with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 90% of shell height. Periphery smooth and round; base of shell inflated and rounded. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin and rounded outer lip; interior with white and brown bands. Columella oblique, short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus deep and narrow; umbilical callus weakly protruding. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, smooth, with 2 spiral grooves at edge, an eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 48 mm, width 44 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Sandy mud substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20-90 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Yellow Sea. Korea: GW, CN, GB.

Specimens examined: 5 specimens (Ayajin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 3.iii.1998); 3 specimens

(Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 18.ii.1998); 4 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun,

Gangwon-do: 26.v.1999); 1 specimen (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iii.1998); 3 specimens

(Yeongok, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 25.iii.1994, 30.xii.1994, 4.v.1995); 2 specimens (Seonyudo,

Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do: 13.vi.2000); 5 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.x.

2008); 4 specimens (Anheung, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 5.v.1994); 3 specimens (Sambong, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 1.xii.1994). Remarks: This species is similar to C. janthostoma, but but has a more rounded body whorl, with clear white bands, and weakly developed umbilical callus.

Genus Natica Scopoli, 1777

Gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok (구슬우렁이속)

Natica shells ovate, rather thick, polished, spire moderately elevated, about 10-25 mm in height. Body whorl well-inflated and rounded. Umbilicus opened or partly covered by umbilical callus. Operculum with 1-2 marginal grooves. At present, there are 89 living species in Natica. 2 species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Nerita vitellus Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 89 (2 in Korea). 82 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

39. Natica gualtieriana Récluz, 1844 (Fig. 39, Pl. 39)

Gal-saek-tti-gu-seul-u-reong-i (갈색띠구슬우렁이)

Natica gualtieriana Récluz, 1844, p. 208; Higo et al., 1999, p. 147; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 261, pl. 130, fig. 49; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 175, fig. 405; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 65. Cryptonatica gualtierina: Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 82, 267; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 278.

Shell small, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; with height longer than width. Whorls about 4.5, weakly convex, low and less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 115 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Surface with 2-3 usually broad greenish-brown and white spiral bands on greenish-brown or yellowish-green background, with

A B

C D

Fig. 39. Natica gualtieriana. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 5 mm. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Naticarius 83 vertical stripes of greenish-brown, yellow, or white. Surface relatively smooth and slightly glossy; sculptured with many fine axial threads. Whorls relatively inflated, rounded, with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 90% of shell height; periphery smooth and broadly convex, with short axial grooves, base inflated and rounded. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip, interior reddish brown. Col- umella oblique, short, covered with white callus; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbi- licus deep and narrow, “U”-shaped, partly occluded centrally by broad, rounded internal rib forming callus at columella margin. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, smooth, with spiral groove at edge, eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 20 mm, width 16 mm. Type locality: Philippines. Habitat: Sand substrate from subtidal zone to depth of 20 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Southwestern Pacific. Korea: JJ, CN.

Specimens examined: 5 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 17.x.1998, 10.xi.1999); 3 speci mens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 17.viii.1998); 2 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheong nam-do: 18.xi.1993).

Genus Naticarius Duméril, 1806

Jeom-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok (점구슬우렁이속)

Naticarius shells ovate, rather thick, polished, spire moderately elevated, about 30-40 mm in height. Body whorl well-inflated and rounded. Base inflated and elongated. Umbilicus partly covered by callus. Operculum with 6-8 marginal grooves. At present, there are 13 living species in

Natica. Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Nerita canrena Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 13 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Naticarius

1. Shell with 4 narrow, white spiral bands containing dark brown spots ···················· N. alapapilionsis - Shell with several rows of irregular dark brownish spots ··············································· N. concinnus

40. Naticarius alapapilionsis (Röding, 1798) (Fig. 40, Pl. 40)

Jeom-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i (점줄구슬우렁이)

Cochlis alapapilionsis Röding, 1798, p. 146. Naticarius alapapilionsis: Okada, 1967, p. 89; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 150; Higo et al., 1999, p. 147; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 263, pl. 131, fig. 63; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 65. 84 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 40. Naticarius alapapilionsis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 7 mm.

Natica zonaria Lamarck, 1816. Natica crenata Récluz, 1853.

Shell small, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; height longer than width. Whorls about 5, weakly convex, low, less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 120 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Surface with 4-5 spiral rows of brown spots, and reddish-brown and white spiral bands. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured with many fine axial threads. Whorls relatively inflated, rounded, with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 90% of shell height; periphery smooth and broadly convex, with many short axial grooves; base inflated. sloping anteriorly. Aperture large, semicircular, with relatively thick and rounded outer lip; interior white; Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Naticarius 85 glossy. Columella oblique, relatively long and reflected anteriorly. Inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus deep and narrow, “U”-shaped, partly occluded centrally by broad, internal rib forming callus at columellar margin. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, smooth, with 5-6 spiral groove at edge, eccentric nucleus, and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 25 mm, width 21 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 70 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Tropical Indo-Pacific. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 15 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 19.viii.1999, 19.ix.2001, 17.vi.

2003, 25.x.2008); 2 specimens (Hyeopje, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 14.vii.1995); 3 specimens (Gwakji, Jeju-si, Jeju-do: 17.xii.1995).

41. Naticarius concinnus (Dunker, 1860) (Fig. 41, Pl. 41)

Jeom-gu-seul-u-reong-i (점구슬우렁이)

Natica concinna Dunker, 1860, p. 232; Dunker, 1861, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 21; Lischke, 1871, p. 169; Lischke, 1874, p. 54; Dunker, 1882, p. 60; Kanehara, 1931, p. 32. Naticarius concinna: Azuma, 1961, p. 201, pl. 14, fig. 5. Naticarius concinnus: Habe, 1964, p. 60, pl. 18, fig. 2; Okada et al., 1967, p. 89; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 117(E), 178(J), pl. 19, fig. 7; Higo, 1973, p. 98; Habe, 1977, p. 39, pl. 18, fig. 2; Inaba, 1982, p. 97; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 149; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Higo et al., 1999, p. 147; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 263, pl. 131, fig. 62; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 175, fig. 406; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 65.

Shell small, thick and solid, low ovate-conical and globose; height longer than width. Whorls about 6, weakly convex, low, and less than 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 110 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and pointed. Surface with 2-3 spiral rows of brown spots on yellowish-white background. Surface smooth and glossy, sculptured with many fine axial threads. Whorls inflated, with shallow sutures and rounded periphery, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 90% of shell height; periphery smooth and convex, with many short axial grooves; base inflated, sloping posteriorly. Aperture large, semicircular, with relatively thick and rounded outer lip; interior white; glossy. Columella oblique, relatively short, and slightly expanded anteriorly. Inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus deep and narrow, “U”-shaped, partly occluded centrally by broad, rounded internal rib forming callus at columellar margin. Operculum calcareous, semicircular, smooth, with 5-6 spiral grooves at edge, eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 14 mm, width 13 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Sand substrate from subtidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. 86 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 41. Naticarius concinnus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 4 mm.

Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 7 specimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1998, 17.vi.2003); 3 spe cimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 13.vii.1996, 15.x.1998); 1 specimen (Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 21.iii.2002). Remarks: This species resembles N. alapapilionsis, but differs by its small size, larger dots on body whorl, and lacking winkles below the suture. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Glossaulax 87

Subfamily Polinicinae Gray, 1847

Ban-jjak-gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-gwa (반짝구슬우렁이아과)

The Polinicinae have a globose shell, an open umbilicus, and a corneous operculum; the cephalo podial portion of the male gonoduct is an open groove. This subfamily includes Glossaulax, Lunatia, Mammilla, and Polinices.

Key to the genera of subfamily Polinicinae

1. Shell thick, umbilicus relatively rounded ······························································································· 2 - ‌Shell rather thin, with dark brown inner lip; umbilicus not completely filled by callus ···· Mammilla 2. Shell compressed, with very flat spire ···································································································· 3 - Shell pear-shaped, with relatively tall spire ················································································ Lunatia 3. Umbilical callus dark brown, with a median groove ··························································· Glossaulax - Umbilical callus white, without a median groove ··································································· Polinices

Genus Glossaulax Pilsbry, 1929

Keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok (큰구슬우렁속)

Glossaulax shells compressed-ovate, thick, generally grayish-brown, spire low, about 30-50 mm in height. Body whorl well-inflated, rounded. Base moderately inflated. Umbilicus partly covered by large, brown callus, divided into two lobes by a groove. Operculum corneous, with eccentric nucleus. At present, there are eight living species in Glossaulax. Seven species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Neverita reclusiana Deshayes, 1839.

Species 8 (7 in Korea).

Key to the species and subspecies of genus Glossaulax

1. Shell compressed, with flat spire ············································································································· 2 - Shell moderately compressed, ovate-conic in shape; with relatively tall spire ································ 3 2. Umbilicus wide and deep ····························································································· G. didyma didyma - Umbilicus wide and shallow ······································································································ G. bicolor 3. Umbilicus completely closed by umbilical callus ····················································· G. didyma hosoyai - Umbilicus partly closed by umbilical callus ·························································································· 4 4. Shell glossy ································································································································· G. vesicalis - Shell not glossy ··········································································································································· 5 5. Shell yellowish-brown with narrow reddish-brown stripes ······································ G. didyma ampla - Shell yellowish brown or reddish brown. Umbilicus closed by internal ridge ··············· G. reiniana 88 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

42. Glossaulax bicolor (Philippi, 1849) (Fig. 42, Pl. 42)

I-saek-gu-seul-u-reong-i (이색구슬우렁이)

Natica bicolor Philippi, 1848, pp. 156, 157. Glassaulax didyma bicolor: Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99. Glossaulax bicolor: Higo, 1973, p. 100; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 148; Higo et al., 1999, p. 145; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 255, pl. 127, fig. 24; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 396; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 66. Natica didyma bicolor: Kang et al., 1971, p. 59. Neritaeformis bicolor: Shiba, 1934, p. 22.

Neverita (Glossaulax) bicolor: Habe, 1964, p. 59, pl. 17, fig. 12; Habe, 1977, p. 38, pl. 17, fig. 12; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 277. Neverita didyma bicolor: Lee, 1956, p. 73.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, depressed-globular, short spire and globose; width longer than height. Whorls about 6, weakly convex, low, and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 110 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Sur-

A B

C D

Fig. 42. Glossaulax bicolor. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 10 mm. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Glossaulax 89 face with reddish or grayish-brown spire, and grayish white on base; with reddish-brown spiral band below suture. Surface smooth and glossy, sculptured with many fine axial and spiral threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over than 95% of shell height; periphery of body whorl smooth and broadly convex, obtusely-angulated at base which is weakly inflated and white. Aperture large, semicircular, with relatively thin, rounded outer lip; interior reddish brown. Columella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with brown callus. Umbilicus deep and narrow; callus large, brown, with strong median groove, covering posterior part of wide umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 30 mm, width 34 mm. Type locality: China. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from subtidal zone to depth of 10-30 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GN, JN, JB, CN.

Specimens examined: 4 specimens (Songnam, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 3.iii.1995);

2 specimens (Uido, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.viii.1998); 3 specimens (Geumgye-ri, Jindo-gun,

Jeollanam-do: 2.iii.1995); 14 specimens (Dongho-ri, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 16.iii.1995); 4 spe cimens (Sambong, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.iii.1994, 13.v.1998, 6.v.1999, 10.ix.2002); 2 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 28.vi.2001).

43. Glossaulax didyma didyma (Röding, 1798) (Fig. 43, Pl. 43)

Keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i (큰구슬우렁이)

Albula didyma Röding, 1798, p. 20. Glossaulax didyma: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 120(E), 184(J), pl. 18, figs. 5, 6; Higo, 1973, p. 100; Choe and Kwon, 1982, p. 256; Kim and Choe, 1988, p. 370; Choe, 1992, p. 346; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Higo et al., 1999, p. 144; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 255, pl. 127, fig. 22; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 392; Park et al., 2011, p. 247; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 66. Glossaulax didyma didyma: Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 147.

Natica (Neverita) didyma: Tryon, 1886, 8, p. 32, pl. 10, fig. 81.

Natica (Polinices) didyma var. bicolor: Grabau and King, 1928, p. 233, pl. 10, fig. 111. Natica ampla Philippi, 1848, p. 156. Natica chemnitzii Récluz in Reeve, 1855, 9, pl. 2, fig. 7a, b; Lischke, 1869, p. 80. Natica glaucina Lamarck, 1822. Natica lamarckiana Récluz in Reeve, 1855, 9, pl. 2, fig. 6a, b. Natica problematica Reeve, 1855, Natica, sp. 21. Natica robusta Dunker, 1860, 6, p. 232; Dunker, 1861, pl. 2, fig. 24. Neritaeformis didyma problematica: Shiba, 1934, p. 22. Neritaefromis didyma: Shiba, 1934, p. 22.

Neverita (Glossaulax) didyma: Kira, 1977, p. 42, pl. 17, fig. 22; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 32, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2; Okada et al., 1967, p. 87; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59; Yoo, 1976, p. 66, pl. 10, figs. 10-13; Kira, 1977, p. 42, pl. 17, fig. 22; Inaba, 1982, p. 97; Kim and Shin, 1986, p. 34; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 276. 90 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 43. Glossaulax didyma didyma. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 40 mm.

Neverita (Glossaulax) hosoyai Kira, 1959, p. 42; Inaba, 1982, p. 97; Habe, 1977, p. 38, pl. 17, fig. 13. Neverita didyma: Yen, 1936, p. 203, pl. 17, figs. 27, 27a; Azuma, 1961, p. 198, pl. 13, fig. 1; Golikov and Sirenko, 1988, p. 5, fig. 2; Qi et al., 1989, p. 51, pl. 1, fig. 12. Neverita problematica: Yen, 1942, 24, p. 211, pl. 16, fig. 96.

Polinices (Neverita) didyma: Toba, 1930b, p. 73; Kanamaru, 1932a, p. 223, p. 220, fig. 13; Kanamaru, 1932b, p. 279. Polinices didyma: Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1909, p. 556, pl. 29, fig. 9; Lai, 1987, p. 23, pl. 10, fig. 1.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, depressed-globular, with short spire; width longer than height. Whorls about 5.5; weakly convex, low, less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 125 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with grayish-brown on spire and grayish white on base, with reddish-brown spiral band below suture. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured by many fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over than 95% of shell height; periphery of body whorl smooth, broadly convex, and obtusely-angulated on base, which is white and weakly inflated. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip, interior reddish-brown. Columella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with brown callus. Umbilicus deep and narrow; callus large, brown, with strong median groove, covering pos- Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Glossaulax 91 terior part of wide umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 90 mm, width 120 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from subtidal zone to depth of 100 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Indo-Western Pacific. Korea: All coastal areas.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 23.iii.2010); 3 specimens

(Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iv.2000); 3 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun,

Gangwon-do: 20.iii.2000); 2 specimens (Myeongsa, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.iii.2000); 3 spe cimens (Wido, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 27.vi.2000); 4 specimens (Seonyudo, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do:

13.vi.2000); 6 specimens (Sambong, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 13.ii.1998, 10.ix.2002). Remarks: This species is similar to G. bicolor, but differ by its larger and higher shell, lack of spiral threads, and deep umbilicus.

44. Glossaulax didyma ampla (Philippi, 1849) (Fig. 44, Pl. 44)

Nop-eun-tap-keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i (높은탑큰구슬우렁이)

Natica ampla Philippi, 1849, p. 156. Glossaulax didyma ampla: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 147; Higo and Goto, 1999, p. 144; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 393; Park et al., 2011, p. 247; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 66.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, rounded ovate, short spire, height longer than width. Whorls about 5.5., slightly convex, low, and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 140 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with yellowish- white or grayish-brown on spire, and grayish white on base, with faint reddish-brown spiral band below suture. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over than 95% of shell height; periphery obliquely straight and base rounded, weakly inflated and white. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin and rounded outer lip, interior brown. Colu- mella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with brown callus. Umbilicus deep and narrow; callus large, brown, with strong median groove, covering posterior part of wide umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleous and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 58 mm, width 66 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GW, GN, CN.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Gonghyeonjin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 4.iv.2000); 1 spe cimen (Daejin, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do: 31.i.2000); 3 specimens (Gisamun, Yangyang-gun, Gang- won-do: 27.iv.1999, 13.ix.1999, 20.iii.2000); 1 specimen (Wahyeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 11. 92 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 44. Glossaulax didyma ampla. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 22 mm.

xii.2001); 3 specimens (Dadaepo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 28.x.2003); 3 specimens (Myeongsa,

Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.iii.2000); 2 specimens (Songnam, Namhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do:

29.v.2003); 2 specimens (Chunjangdae, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 22.x.2009).

45. Glossaulax didyma hosoyai (Kira, 1959) (Fig. 45, Pl. 45)

Deop-in-bae-kkop-keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i (덮인배꼽큰구슬우렁이)

Neverita hosoyai Kira, 1959, p. 42. Glossaulax didyma hosoyai: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 147; Higo et al., 1999, p. 144; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 255, pl. 127, fig. 22b; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 394; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 66. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Glossaulax 93

A B

C D

Fig. 45. Glossaulax didyma hosoyai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 20 mm.

Neverita (Glossaulax) hosoyai: Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 81, 268.

Shell medium-sized, very thick and solid, rounded ovate, short spire, height longer than width. Whorls about 4, weakly convex, low and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 110 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with yellowish or reddish-brown on spire and yellowish-white on base, with faint reddish-brown spiral band below suture. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over than 95% of shell height; periphery obliquely straight; base obtusely-angulated, white, and weakly inflated. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin and rounded outer lip; interior brown. Columella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with brown callus. Umbilicus almost closed by large, brown callus; groove on callus one-sided, covering most of wide umbilicus. Oper- culum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils. 94 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Size: Height 70 mm, width 62 mm. Type locality: none designated. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-30 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan. Korea: GN.

Specimens examined: 1 specimen (Songchung-ri, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005);

1 specimen (Daepo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.iii.2000).

46. Glossaulax reiniana (Dunker, 1877) (Fig. 46, Pl. 46)

Bae-kkop-go-dung (배꼽고둥)

Neverita reiniana Dunker, 1877, p. 71; Dunker, 1882, p. 62, pl. 4, figs. 15, 16; Azuma, 1961, p. 198, pl. 13, fig. 3. Glossaulax reiniana: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 121(E), 184(J), pl. 18, fig. 2; Higo, 1973, p. 100; Majima, 1987, pp. 69, 70, fig. 9; Kim and Choe, 1988, p. 370; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 148; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Higo et al., 1999, p. 145; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 255, pl. 127, fig. 25; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 397; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 67.

Neverita (Glossaulax) reiniana: Yoo, 1959, p. 30, fig. 4; Habe, 1964, p. 59, pl. 17, fig. 11; Okada et al., 1967, p. 87; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59; Habe, 1977, p. 38, pl. 17, fig. 11; Inaba, 1982, p. 97.

Polinices (Euspira) reinianus: Kanehara, 1931, p. 32.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, rounded ovate, spire short; height longer than width. Whorls about 5, weakly convex, low, and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 115 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with yellowish-white or grayish-brown on spire, and grayish-white on base; faint white and reddish brown bands below sutures. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over than 95% of shell height; periphery obliquely straight and base rounded; upper area of body whorl sloping sharply. Base weakly inflated and yellowish-white. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip, interior brown. Columella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with brown callus. Umbilicus open, deep, and broad; callus small, brown, with strong median groove, covering posterior part of wide umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 45 mm, width 41 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: GN, JN, CN.

Specimens examined: 3 specimens (Seonyudo, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do: 13.vi.2000); 4 specimens

(Gusipo, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 13.xii.2011); 7 specimens (Naebalpo, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam- do: 23.v.1998); 5 specimens (Anheung, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 5.v.1994); 5 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 13.ii.1998, 6.v.1999, 28.vi.2001, 25.v.2004). Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Glossaulax 95

A B

C D

Fig. 46. Glossaulax reiniana. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 13 mm.

47. Glossaulax vesicalis (Philippi, 1849) (Fig. 47, Pl. 47)

Bam-saek-bae-kkop-gu-seul-u-reong-i (밤색배꼽구슬우렁이)

Natica vesicalis Philippi, 1848, p. 159. Glossaulax vesicalis: Higo, 1973, p. 100; Majima, 1987, pp. 70, 71, fig. 10; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 148; Higo et al., 1999, p. 145; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 255, pl. 127, fig. 23; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 398; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 66.

Neverita (Glossaulax) vesicalis: Habe, 1964, p. 60, pl. 18, fig. 10; Oyama, 1969, p. 77; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59; Habe, 1977, p. 39, pl. 18, fig. 10; Inaba, 1982, p. 97; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 276. Neverita vesicalis: Dunker, 1882, p. 61; Lee, 1956, p. 73.

Polinices (Neverita) didyma problematica Kuroda, 1928. 96 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 47. Glossaulax vesicalis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 11 mm.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, rounded ovate, short spire, height longer than width. Whorls about 5, weakly convex, low, and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 130 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with broad band of pale brown on yellowish-brown background, and grayish-white on base. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over 95% of shell height; periphery obliquely rounded; base rounded, inflated, and yellowish-white. Aperture large, elongate-semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior brown. Columella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with brown callus. Umbilicus open, deep and broad; callus relatively small, brown, with strong median groove, covering posterior part of wide umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 38 mm, width 34 mm. Type locality: China. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Lunatia 97

Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Korea: GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 3 specimens (Deokpo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 27.iii.2001); 12 spe cimens (Sagaeri, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 19.viii.1999); 32 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 22.iii.1998, 22.iv.1998, 17.x.1998, 10.vi.1999, 18.viii.1999, 19.ix.2001, 24.x.2008).

Genus Lunatia Gray, 1847

Gaet-u-reong-i-sok (갯우렁이속)

Lunatia shells ovate-conic, solid, about 160 mm in height, periostracum weakly developed. Um- bilicus an open slit, semicircular, or circular in outline, sometimes partly or completely covered by collumellar callus. Species of Lunatia are distributed in cold and temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly on muddy-sand substrate on continental shelves. At present, there are 20 living species in Lunatia. Five species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Natica ampullarius Lamarck, 1822.

Species 20 (5 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Lunatia

1. Shell light gray, umbilicus narrow, and without umbilical callus ······································· L. fortunei - Shell yellowish-brown, umbilicus narrow, and slightly covered by umbilical callus ············· L. pila

48. Lunatia fortunei (Reeve, 1855) (Fig. 48, Pl. 48)

Gaet-u-reong-i (갯우렁이)

Natica fortunei Reeve, 1855, pl. 24, fig. 123. Euspira fortunei: Lee, 1956, p. 73; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 146; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 275. Lunatia fortunei: Habe, 1964, p. 58, pl. 17, fig. 7; Oyama, 1969, p. 76; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59; Yoo, 1976, p. 65, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9; Inaba, 1982, p. 97; Kim and Kwon, 1983, p. 322; Kim and Choe, 1988, p. 370; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Higo et al., 1999, p. 143; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 251, pl. 125, fig. 3; Min et al., 2004, p. 171, fig. 388. Natica fortunei Reeve, 1855, p. 9, pl. 24, fig. 123. Neritaeformis fortunei: Shiba, 1934, p. 22.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, ovate-conical; height longer than width. Whorls about 5, weakly convex, low, and 17% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 90 degrees. Proto- conch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface mostly covered with combined shades of gray and light yellow. Surface smooth and weakly glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and 98 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 48. Lunatia fortunei. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 10 mm.

rather large, occupying more than 83% of shell height; upper area obtusely-angulated and base rounded, inflated, and brown. Aperture large, elongate-semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior brown. Columella obliquely straight and rounded posteriorly. Umbilicus open, shallow, and narrow; callus absent. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 50 mm, width 30 mm. Type locality: China. Habitat: Mud substrate on tidal flats. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Lunatia 99

Korea: GG, JB, JN, CN.

Specimens examined: 6 specimens (Sambong, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 13.v.1998, 21.xi.

2001); 2 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 19.iv.1999, 28.vi.2001, 21.xi.2001); 4 specimens (Jeongsanpo, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 7.v.1999); 12 specimens (Chaeseokpo,

Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 8.iii.2000, 25.v.2004); 3 specimens (Jangan, Seocheon-gun, Chung cheongnam-do: 22.x.2009); 4 specimens (Yeoulpo, Boseong-gun, Jeollanam-do: 28.viii.1996).

49. Lunatia pila pila (Pilsbry, 1911) (Fig. 49, Pl. 49)

Bam-saek-gu-seul-go-dung (밤색구슬고둥)

Polinices pila Pilsbry, 1911, p. 32. Eunatica pila: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 32, pl. 8, fig. 13. Euspira pila: Lee, 1956, p. 73; Golikov and Scarlato, 1967, p. 47, pl. 11, fig. 2; Higo, 1973, p. 100; Oku- tani and Habe, 1975, pp. 80, 228; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 275; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 251, pl. 125, fig. 4. Lunatia pila: Kanehara, 1931, p. 32; Habe, 1964, p. 58, pl. 17, fig. 6; Okada et al., 1967, p. 86; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59; Habe, 1977, p. 38, pl. 17, fig. 6; Golikov and Sirenko, 1988, p. 15, figs. 10, 28; Choe, 1992, p. 347; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 53, pl. XVI-3; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 66. Lunatia pila pila: Higo et al., 1999, p. 143; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 171, fig. 386; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 67. Neritaeformis pila: Shiba, 1934, p. 22.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, ovate-conical, short spire, height longer than width. Whorls about 5, weakly convex, low, and 10% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 97 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with reddish-brown or yellowish-brown, sometimes with brown axial threads. Surface smooth and somewhat glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size and obliquely straight. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 95% of shell height; upper area slightly oblique and base rounded, inflated, with brown band. Aperture large, elongate-semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip, interior brown. Columella obliquely straight and rounded posteriorly. Umbilicus open, deep and narrow; callus almost absent. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 55 mm, width 42 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Sandy mud substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-150 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Kuril islands. Korea: GW, GB, GN.

Specimens examined: 5 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangreung-si, Gangwon-do: 22.xi.1995, 17.iii.1999);

2 specimens (Namae, Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do: 26.xi.1998); 3 specimens (Gisamun, Goseong- gun, Gangwon-do: 27.iii.2000, 19.iii.2001); 3 specimens (Imwon, Samcheok-si Gangwon-do: 4.iv.

1996); 3 specimens (Jangho, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do: 10.xii.1996); 3 specimens (Dangsadong,

Ulsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 12.vi.1995); 2 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 100 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 49. Lunatia pila pila. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 14 mm.

5.iii.1996, 13.iii.1996); 3 specimens (Juikbyeon, Uljuin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 5.ii.1998, 5.iii.1998).

Genus Mammilla Schumacher, 1817

Gin-bae-kkop-go-dung-sok (긴배꼽고둥속)

Mammilla shells ovate-globular in shape, rather thin, with dark brown inner lip and more-or-less colored spiral band. Body whorl rather inflated and rounded; base inflated and elongated. Um- bilicus not completely filled by callus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, and reddish brown. At present, there are 16 living species in Mamilla. Five species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Nerita melanostoma Gmelin, 1791.

Species 16 (5 in Korea). Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Mammilla 101

Key to the species of genus Mammilla

1. Shell large (up to 40 mm in height), globular ························································································· 2

- Shell small (not more than 25 mm in height), pear-shaped ··················································· M. simiae 2. Surface with 3 spiral brown bands; aperture large ······························································· M. kurodai - Surface with 1 or 3 spiral brown dots; aperture relatively small ············································ M. sebae

50. Mammilla kurodai (Iw. Taki, 1943) (Fig. 50, Pl. 50)

Gal-saek-kin-bae-kkop-go-dung (갈색긴배꼽고둥)

Polynices (Mammilla) kurodai Iw. Taki, 1943, pp. 111, 112. Mammilla kurodai: Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 81, 179; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 148; Higo et al.,

A B

C D

Fig. 50. Mammilla kurodai. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 7 mm. 102 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

1999, p. 145; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 257, pl. 128, fig. 31; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 173, fig. 400; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 67.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, ovate-globular, short spire; height longer than width. Whorls about 4, weakly convex, low, and 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 120 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with 2-3 spiral rows of reddish-brown spots on white background. Surface smooth and glossy, sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size and obliquely straight. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 95% of shell height; periphery and base rounded, inflated, with brown markings in umbilical area. Aperture large, broad-semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip, interior light brown, with exterior spotted pattern showing through. Upper portion of columella reflexed, covering umbilicus, and gently rounded anteriorly. Umbili- cus open, deep and narrow, black-brown; callus almost absent. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 30 mm, width 26 mm. Type locality: Japan. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20-70 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 13 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 24.iv.1998, 11.xi.1999, 19.ix. 2001, 20.iii.2002, 24.x.2008, 20.ix.2012).

51. Mammilla simiae (Deshayes, 1838) (Fig. 51, Pl. 51)

Jag-eun-gal-sac-kin-bae-kkop-go-dung (작은갈색긴배꼽고둥)

Natica simiae Deshayes, 1838, p. 552. Mammilla simiae: Okada et al., 1967, p. 86; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 81, 246; Higo et al., 1999, p. 145; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 257, pl. 128, fig. 30; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 175, fig. 401; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 67. Mammilla simiae: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 148.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, ovate-conical, short spire, height longer than width. Whorls about 4, weakly convex, low, and 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 110 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with irregular reddish-brown blotches on light yellow background, and 1 to 2 usually broad and distinct white spiral bands on body whorl. Surface smooth and glossy; sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size, and obliquely straight. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 95% of shell height; periphery of body whorl and base steeply rounded. Base inflated with dark brown markings in umbilical area. Aperture large, broadly-triangular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior light brown, with exterior spotted pattern showing through. Columella obliquely straight. Umbilical callus large, dark brown, with median groove, covering most of umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nu- Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Mammilla 103

A B

C D

Fig. 51. Mammilla simiae. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 4 mm.

cleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 17 mm, width 13 mm. Type locality: New Zealand. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-30 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Western Pacific, Australia. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 20.iii.2002); 1 specimen (Seong- san, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 6.i.2012). 104 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

52. Mammilla sebae (Récluz, 1844) (Fig. 52, Pl. 52)

Gal-sae-jeom-bak-i-kin-bae-kkop-go-dung (갈색점박이긴배꼽고둥)

Natica sebae Récluz, 1844, p. 214. Mammilla sebae: Higo et al., 1999, p. 145; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 255, pl. 128, fig. 30; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., 2004, p. 175, fig. 403; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 67.

A B

C D

Fig. 52. Mammilla sebae. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 9 mm. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Polinices 105 obliquely straight. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 95% of shell height; periphery obliquely-rounded, and gently sloping anteriorly; base white, inflated. Aperture large, long, and broadly semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white, with exterior spotted pattern showing through. Columella tinted reddish or dark brown, obliquely straight. Umbilical callus long, dark brown, without median groove, covering part of umbilicus which is open, deep, narrow, and black brown. Operculum thin, corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 33 mm, width 27 mm. Type locality: Philippines. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Indo-Pacific. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 9 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 24.iv.1998, 11.xi.1999, 19.ix.

2001, 20.iii.2002, 24.x.2008, 20.ix.2012); 2 specimens (Sagye, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 25.x.2008).

Genus Polinices Montfort, 1810

Ban-jjak-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok (반짝구슬우렁이속)

Polinices shells ovate-conic or globular, usually thick, polished, spire moderately elevated, about 30-50 mm in height. Body whorl large and moderately flat, rounded. Base inflated and elongated. Umbilicus large, partly covered by thick internal ridge. Operculum corneous, orange-brown. At present, there are 42 living species in Polinices. Three species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Nerita mammilla Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 42 (3 in Korea).

53. Polinices peselephanti (Link, 1807) (Fig. 53, Pl. 53)

Neolp-eun-gal-saek-tti-gu-seul-u-reong-i (넓은갈색띠구슬우렁이)

Natica peselephanti Link, 1807, p. 140. Polinices peselephanti: Higo et al., 1999, p. 144; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 111; Min et al., p. 171, fig. 390; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 68. Polinices powisianus: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 253, pl. 126, fig. 13. Natica alba Gray, 1827. p. 482. Natica powisiana Recluz, 1844. p. 394. Natica cumingiana Recluz, 1844. p. 394. Natica columnaris Recluz, 1844. p. 394.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, depressed-globular, short spire, width longer than height. 106 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Whorls about 4, flat, low, and less than 3% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 105 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface with wide, white spiral and narrow axial bands on yellowish-brown background, white on base. Surface smooth and glossy, sculptured by several fine axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size, and slightly inflated. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying over than 95% of shell height; periphery smooth and convex, and roundly joining base which is inflated and yellowish white. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white, glossy. Columella obliquely straight and short. Inner lip covered with white callus. Umbilicus narrow to wide, deep, with prominent umbilical pad; callus large, white, without median groove, covering part of umbilicus. Operculum corneous, semicircular, smooth, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

A B

C D

Fig. 53. Polinices peselephanti. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 13 mm. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Sinum 107

Size: Height 48 mm, width 40 mm. Type locality: None designated. Habitat: Sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-50 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Indo-Western Pacific. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 7 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 14.ii.1997, 19.iii.1998, 10.vi.

1999); 2 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 9.xi.1999, 24.v.2001, 17.vi.2003).

Subfamily Sininae Woodring, 1928

Ju-meo-ni-gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-gwa (주머니구슬우렁이아과)

The Sininae typically have spirally striate shells with a corneous, reduced to vestigial, operculum. They are represented by Sinum and Eunaticina.

Key to the genera of subfamily Sininae

1. Shell low-conical (ear-shaped) ········································································································· Sinum - Shell ovate-conical ····················································································································· Eunaticina

Genus Sinum Röding, 1798

Ju-meo-ni-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok (주머니구슬우렁이속)

Sinum shells low-conical, rather thin, sculptured by fine spiral cords, spire low, about 5-40 mm in height. Body whorl large, well-inflated, and rounded. Base flat. Umbilicus closed. Operculum small, corneous, narrowly reniform. At present, there are 61 living species in Sinum. One species is listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Helix haliotoides Linnaeus, 1758.

Species 61 (1 in Korea).

54. Sinum javanicum (Gray, 1834) (Fig. 54, Pl. 54)

Ju-meo-ni-gu-seul-u-reong-i (주머니구슬우렁이)

Cryptostoma javanicum Gray, 1834, pl. 41, fig. 1. Sinum javanicum: Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 83, 260; Higo et al., 1999, p. 150; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 259, pl. 129, fig. 37; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 68.

Sinum (Sinum) javanicum: Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, p. 179, fig. 420. Sigaretus insculptus Adams and Reeve, 1850 in 1848-50. 108 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, depressed, low-conical, short spire, width longer than height. Whorls about 4, flat, low, and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 130 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface covered by light yellowish-brown periostracum; apical region dark purple. Surface sculptured by many fine spiral grooves and irregular axial threads. Whorls flat with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size, and weakly inflated. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 95% of shell height. Upper portion of body whorl obliquely rounded and slightly angulated at base which is inflated, and possesses many closely-speced spiral threads. Aperture large, widely-rounded trigonal, with thin, angulated outer lip, interior white, somewhat glossy. Columella obliquely rounded; inner lip covered with white callus. Umbilicus covered by collumellar lip. Operculum corneous, semicircular, thin, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 28 mm, width 34 mm. Type locality: Indonesia. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-80 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Western Pacific, Indonesia, Australia. Korea: JJ.

Specimens examined: 25 specimens (Hwasun, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 24.iv.1998, 11.xi.1999, 19.ix.

A B

C D

Fig. 54. Sinum javanicum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 11 mm. Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Eunaticina 109

2001, 20.iii.2002, 24.x.2008, 22.vii.2011, 20.ix.2012); 6 specimens (Seongsan, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do: 9.xi.1999, 24.v.2001, 17.vi.2003).

Genus Eunaticina Fischer, 1885

Huin-gu-seul-go-dung-sok (흰구슬고둥속)

Eunaticina shells pyriform, fairly thick, with thin light-brownish periostracum, and sculptured by fine spiral grooves. Spire moderately elevated, about 25-30 mm in height. Body whorl large, moderately flat, rounded. Base inflated and elongated. Umbilicus partly covered by callus. Opercu- lum small, corneous, with double whorls. At present, there are 16 living species in Eunaticina. Two species are listed for Korea (Lee and Lee, 2014). Type species: Nerita papilla Gmelin, 1791.

Species 42 (3 in Korea).

55. Eunaticina papilla papilla (Gmelin, 1791) (Fig. 55, Pl. 55)

Huin-gu-seul-go-dung (흰구슬고둥)

Neverita papilla Gmelin, 1791, p. 3675. Eunatica papilla: Nomura and Hatai, 1928, p. 98; Kanehara, 1931, p. 33; Azuma, 1961, p. 199, pl. 13, fig. 5; Habe, 1964, p. 61, pl. 18, fig. 14; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 30, pl. 8, fig. 3; Okada et al., 1967, pp. 85, 245; Kang et al., 1971, p. 59; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 123(E), 188(J), pl. 109, fig. 10; Okutani and Habe, 1975, pp. 83, 260; Habe, 1977, p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 14. Eunaticina papilla papilla: Higo et al., 1999, p. 150; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 113; Min et al., 2004, p. 179, fig. 21; Lee and Lee, 2014, p. 69. Eunaticina papilla: Inaba, 1982, p. 98; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 279; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 99; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 257, pl. 128, fig. 35.

Natica (Naticina) papilla: E.A. Smith, 1891, p. 414. Naticina papilla: Dunker, 1861, p. 14; Dunker, 1882, p. 63.

Sigaretus (Eunaticina) papilla: Yokoyama, 1922, pp. 84, 85. Sigaretus papilla: Reeve, 1864, Sigaretus, sp. 19; Lischke, 1871, p. 169; Lischke, 1874, p. 54. Sinum papilla: Lee, 1956, p. 73.

Shell medium-sized, thin and not solid, ovate, short spire, width longer than height. Whorls about 3; flat, low, and less than 5% total shell height. Shell with apical angle about 105 degrees. Protoconch less than 1 mm in diameter and slightly pointed. Surface covered by thin light-brownish periostracum; apical area mainly white. Surface sculptured by fine spiral grooves and axial threads over entire surface. Whorls flat with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size, and weakly inflated. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying more than 95% of shell height; periphery obliquely rounded, and rounded also at base which is weakly inflated, and with many low spiral grooves and axial threads. Aperture large, semicircular, with thin, rounded outer lip; interior white. 110 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

A B

C D

Fig. 55. Eunaticina papilla papilla. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scales: 7 mm.

Columella obliquely straight; inner lip covered with thick white callus. Umbilicus narrow, covered by upper collumella lip. Operculum corneous, semicircular, thin, brown, with eccentric nucleus and a few spiral coils.

Size: Height 28 mm, width 23 mm. Type locality: Southern India. Habitat: Fine sand substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. Distribution: Korea, Japan, Indo-Western Pacific, Australia. Korea: CN, JB, JN, GN, JJ.

Specimens examined: 2 specimens (Daepo, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do: 19.iii.1997); 1 specimen

(Hongnong, Younggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do: 16.i.2002); 2 specimens (Naebal-ri, Goheung-gun, Sorbeoconcha: Naticidae: Eunaticina 111

Jeollanam-do: 25.v.2004); 2 specimens (Yeoulpo, Boseong-gun, Jeollanam-do: 28.v.2012, 27.v.2012); 12 specimens (Gusipo, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do: 13.iv.1995, 22.x.2009); 2 specimens (Yeonpo, Taean- gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 28.vi.2001); 4 specimens (Sambong, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do: 6.v.1999, 10.ix.2002). 112 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

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Rep. Surv. Nat. Envir. Korea, 7: 355-396. Kim, H.S. and I.H. Kim, 1985. Marine invertebrate fauna of Komundo I., Taesambudo I. and Sangpacekdo I. Res Surv. Nat. Envir. Korea, 4: 183-206. Kim, H.S. and I.H. Kim, 1986. Marine invertebrate fauna of Chujado Islands Rep. Surv. Nate. Envir. Korea, 5: 309-332. Kim, H.S. and D.H. Kwon, 1982. Marine invertebrate fauna in the vicinity of Wando Island. Rep. Surv. Nat. Envir. Korea, 2: 187-206. Kim, H.S. and D.H. Kwon, 1983. Marine invertebrate fauna in the vicinity of Jindo Island. Rep. Surv. Nat. Envir. Korea, 3: 313-336. Kim, H.S. and D.H. Kwon, 1987. Marine invertebrate fauna of Huksan Islands, south-western coast of Korea. Rep. Surv. Nat. Envir. Korea, 6: 285-314. Kim, H.S. and B.J. Rho, 1971. On the distribution of the benthic animals of Korean coastal seas. 1. Jeju Island region. Rep. IBP., 5: 1-21. Kim, H.S. and B.J. Rho, S.Y. Hong, I.H. Kim, S. Shin and C.H. Han, 1979. The marine invertebrate fauna in the southern part of Geoje Island and it’s adjacent five islands. Rep. KACN, (14): 103-126. Kim, H.S. and M.K. Shin, 1986. Marine mollusks and arthropods from Dolsan Island in south sea of Korea. Nat. Conserv., (55): 31-40. Kira, T., 1959. Coloured Illustrations of the shells of Japan. Enlarged and Revisied Edition. Pub. Hoikusha, Osaka, pp 7+ix+240. Kira, T., 1977. Colored illustrated of the shells of Japan. Hoikusha Pub. Co. Osaka, pp. 1-240, pls. 1-71. Kuroda, T., 1941. A catalogue of molluscan shells from Taiwan (Formosa), with description of new species. Mem. Fac. Sci. and Agri., Taihoku Limp. Univ., 22(4): 65-216, pls. 7. Kuroda, T., 1961. Diagnoses of new Japanese Naticidae. Venus, 21(2): 123-135; 21(3), pl. 18. Kuroda, T. and T. Habe, 1949. On Natica janthostoma and an allied species which was confused with it. Venus, 15(5-8): 69-72. Kuroda, T. and T. Habe, 1952. Check List and Bibliography of the Recent Marine Mollusca of Japan. Pub. Leo Stach, Tokyo, pp. Map+(1)+210. Kuroda, T. and T. Habe, 1954. New genera of Japanese marine gastropods. Venus, 18(2): 84-97. Kuroda, T., T. Habe and K. Oyama, 1971. The seashells of Sagami bay. pp. 741, Maruzen Pub. Co., Tokyo. pp. 1-741 (in Japanese), pp. 1-489 (in English), 121 pls. Kwon, O.K., G.M. Park and J.S. Lee, 1993. Coloured Shells of Korea. pp. 445, Academy. Co., Seoul. Lai, K.Y., 1986. Marine gastropods of Taiwan (1). Taiwan Museum, Taipei, pp. 1-49, pls. 33. Lai, K.Y., 1987. Marine gastropods of Taiwan (2). Taiwan Museum, Taipei, pp. 1-116, pls. 33. Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M., 1804. Annals du Museum d’ Histoire naturelle (Paris), 4(22): 295. Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M., 1815-22. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Paris. 1 (1815); 2 (1816); 3 (1816); 4 (1817); 5 (1818); 6(1), 343 pp. (1819); 6(2), 232 pp. (1822); 7. 711 pp. (1822). Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M., 1835-45. (Ed. Deshayes & Milne-Edwards): Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Revised ed., 8(1838). 1-657. Lischke, C.E., 1871. Japanische Meeres-Conchylien, 2: 1-184, pls. 1-14. Lischke, C.E., 1874. Japanische Meeres-Meeres-Conchylien, 3: 1-123, pls. 1-9. Lee, B.D., 1956. The catalogue of Molluscan Shell of Korea. Bull. Pusan Fish. Coll., 1(1): 53-100. Lee, B.D., 1958. Unrecorded species of molluscan shells in Korea. Bull. Pusan Fish. Coll., 2(1): 15-26. Lee, J.S. and D.K. Min, 2002. A Catalogue of Molluscan Fauna in Korea. Korean J. Malacol., 18(2): 93-217. Lee, J.S. and D.K. Min, 2013. First record of Littorina (Littorina) kasaka (Littorinidae: Sorbeoconcha: Gastropoda) 116 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

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Kanto Area. Paleontological Society of Japan, Special papers, 17, 148+57 pls. Park, T.A., Y. Eun, H.J. Kil, S.G. Lee and C.H. Yi, 2011. A checklist of Marine Invertebrates (Polychaetes, Amphipods, Decapods and Molluscs) of Goseong-gun Gangwon-do Area. J. Korean Nature, 4(4): 229- 253. Pease, W.H., 1860. Descriptions of Forty-seven New Species of Shells from the Sandwich Island in the collection of H. Cuming. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (1859): 431-438. Pease, W.H., 1868. Descriptions of marine Gasteropodae inhabiting Polynesia. American J. Conchology, 4: 71-80, 91-102, pls. 7-9. Philippi, R.A., 1841. Auszüge aus einigen in der Sitzung gehalteen Vorträgen. Funfter Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit des Vereins für Naturkunde zu Cassel: Cassel, Germany, pp. 8-10. Philippi, R.A., 1842-51. Abbildungen und Beschrei bungen neuer oder wenig gekannter Conchylien unter Mithelfe mehrerer Deutscher Conchyliologen, 1: 77-201 (1844). Philippi, R.A., 1844. Descriptions testaceorum quorundam novorum maxime chinesium. Zeit. Malakozool., 1: 161-167. Philippi, R.A., 1846. Descriptions of a new species of Trochus and eighteen new species of Littoria in the collection of Hugh Cuming Esq. Pro. Zool. Soc. of London, (1845): 138-143. Philippi, R.A., 1847. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekannter Conchylien unter Mithelfe mehrerer Deutscher Conchyliologen. Cassel, T. Fischer. V.2: 153-232, 48 Tfl. Philippi, R.A., 1849. Centuria tertia Testaceorum novorum. Zeit. Malakozool., (1848) 5: 151-176; 186-192; 6: 17-26; 33-35. Philippi, R.A., 1851. Centuria quarta Testaceorum novorum. Zeit. Malakozool., 8 (1852): 29-32; 39-48; 49-64; 65-74. Pilsbry, H.A. (ed.), 1888-96. Tryon’s manual of Conchology. Vol. 10-16. Pilsbry, H.A., 1895. Catalogue of the marine mollusks of Japan with descriptions of new species and notes on others collected by Frederic Streams, pp. Viii+196, 1-11 pls. Pilsbry, H.A., 1901. The Japanese marine land and fresh-water Mollusca. Proc. Aca. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 53: 385-408, pls. 19-21. Pilsbry, H.A., 1911. New Japanese Naticidae and Scalariidae. Nautilus, 25(4): 32-34. Pilsbry, H.A., 1929. Neverita reclusiana (Desh.) and its allies. Nautilus, 40(4): 109-113. pl. 6. Pilsbry, H.A. and E.G. Vanatta, 1909. Notes on Polinices didyma, with description of a new Australian species. Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 60: 555-559, pl. 29. Qi, Z.Y., X.T. Ma, Z.R. Wang, G.Y. Ling, F.S. Xu, Z.Z. Dong, F.L. Li and R.H. Lü, 1989. Mollusca of Huanghai and Bohai. Agric. Pub. House, BeiJing, pp. 309+14, 1-13 pls. Rosewater, J., 1970. The family Littorinidae in the Indo-Pacific, pc. 1, The subfamily Littorininae. In: Abbott, R.T. (ed.), Monographs of Marine Mollusca, Amer. Malac., Ins. Greenville, 2(11): 417-506. Rafinesque, C.S., 1815. Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés Palerme. pp. 1-223. Récluz, M.C., 1844. Descriptions of new species of Navicella, Neritina, Nerita and Natica in the Cabinet of H. Cuming Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, part 11 (130) (1843): 197-214. Récluz, M.C., 1853. Description de coquilles nouvelles (generes Turbo, Triton et Mitra). J. de Concho., vol. 4: 245-249, pls. 7-8. Reeve, L.A., 1843-1865. Figures and descriptions of the shells of Mollusks; with remarks on their affinities, sysnonymy, and geographical distribution. Conchologia Iconica, vol. 9: Spondylus, Neritina, Natica, Navicella, Siphonaria, Neritia, Latia (1856). Reid, D.G., 1986. The littorinial molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region. The genus Littoraria. Pub. Brit. Mus. (Nat. His.), London, pp. xv+228 pl. 1, figs. 99. 118 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

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Plates

1. Liotina (Liotinaria) semiclathratula

2. Turbo (Batillus) cornutus

3. Turbo (Callopoma) excellens

4. Turbo (Lunella) coronata coreensis

5. Astralium (Astralium) haematragum

6. Bolma (Harisazaea) modesta 7. Guildfordia triumphans 8. Pomaulax japonicus

9. Littoraria (Littoraria) undulata

10. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) scabra

11. Littoraria (Littorinopsis) intermedia

12. Littoraria (Palustorina) articulata

13. Littorina (Littorina) brevicula

14. Littorina (Littorina) kasaka 15. Nodilittorina exigua 16. Nodilittorina leucosticta biangulata 17. Peasiella habei 18. Epheria decorata 19. Stenotis cariniferus 20. Stenotis smithii 21. Stenotis uchidai 22. Lacuna turrita 23. Phasianella solida 24. Tricolia variabilis 25. Homalopoma nocturnum 26. Homalopoma amussitatum 27. Homalopoma sangarense 28. Homalopoma granuliferum 29. Collonista glareosa 30. Collonista amakusaensis 31. Bothropoma pilula

32. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) figurata

33. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) ranzii

34. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) russa

35. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis

36. Cryptonatica (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae

37. Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostoma

38. Cryptonatica (Sulconatica) janthostomoides 39. Natica gualtieriana 40. Naticarius alapapilionsis 41. Naticarius concinnus 42. Glossaulax bicolor Plates 121

43. Glossaulax didyma didyma 44. Glossaulax didyma ampla 45. Glossaulax didyma hosoyai 46. Glossaulax reiniana 47. Glossaulax vesicalis 48. Lunatia fortunei 49. Lunatia pila pila 50. Mammilla kurodai 51. Mammilla simiae 52. Mammilla sebae 53. Polinices peselephanti 54. Sinum javanicum 55. Eunaticina papilla papilla 122 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

1 2

A B A B

C D C D

3 4

A B A B

C D C D

5 6

A B A B

C D C D Plates 123

7 8

A B A B

C D C D

9 10

A B A B

C D C D

11 12

A B A B

C D C D 124 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

13 14

A B A B

C D C D

15 16

A B A B

C D C D

17 18

A B A B

C D C D Plates 125

19 20

A B A B

C D C D

21 22

A B A B

C D C D

23 24

A B

C D 126 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

25 26

A B A B

C D C D

27 28

A B A B

C D C D

29 30

A B A B

C D C D Plates 127

31 32

A B A B

C D C D

33 34

A B A B

C D C D

35 36

A B A B

C D C D 128 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

37 38

A B A B

C D C D

39 40

A B A B

C D C D

41 42

A B A B

C D C D Plates 129

43 44

A B A B

C D C D

45 46

A B A B

C D C D

47 48

A B A B

C D C D 130 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

49 50

A B A B

C D C D

51 52

A B A B

C D C D

53 54

A B A B

C D C D Plates 131

A B

C D 132 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Index to Korean Names

ㄱ ㅁ

갈라진배꼽쥐방울고둥 44 무늬총알고둥속 37 갈색긴배꼽고둥 101 갈색띠구슬우렁이 82 갈색점박이긴배꼽고둥 104 ㅂ 갈색쥐방울고둥 47 갈색쥐방울고둥속 42 바퀴고둥 18 갯우렁이 97 바퀴고둥속 17 갯우렁이속 97 반짝구슬우렁이속 105 고복족목 9 반짝구슬우렁이아과 87 구슬우렁이과 68 밤고둥상과 9 구슬우렁이속 81 밤색구슬고둥 99 구슬우렁이아과 69 밤색배꼽구슬우렁이 95 긴갈색쥐방울고둥 42 방울고둥 49 긴배꼽고둥속 100 방울고둥속 49 배꼽고둥 94 복족강 9 ㄴ 분홍무늬팥알고둥 63 분홍유리고둥 54 난쟁이총알고둥 40 분홍유리고둥속 54 납작뿔소라속 21 분홍유리고둥아과 54 납작소라 23 빨강구슬우렁이 73 납작소라속 23 뾰족탑구슬우렁이 76 넓은갈색띠구슬우렁이 105 높은탑큰구슬우렁이 91 누더기팥알고둥 59 ㅅ 눈알고둥 16 산팥알고둥 60 소라 13 ㄷ 소라과 11 소라속 12 덮인배꼽큰구슬우렁이 92 쇄팥알고둥 67 돌구슬우렁이 80 쇄팥알고둥속 66 돌우렁이 78 돌우렁이아속 78 두드럭총알고둥 28 ㅇ 둥근얼룩총알고둥 31 둥근입고둥 10 악어가죽팥알고둥 62 둥근입고둥과 9 알락수수골뱅이 26 둥근입고둥속 10 얼룩총알고둥 30 얼룩총알고둥속 26 Index to Korean Names 133

연체동물문 9 총알고둥과 25 옆줄구슬우렁이 70 총알고둥상과 25 옆줄구슬우렁이속 70 총알고둥속 33 옆줄구슬우렁이아속 70 총알고둥아과 25 예쁜눈알고둥 14 월계관납작소라 21 유리고둥 52 ㅋ 유리고둥과 51 유리고둥상과 51 콩총알고둥속 40 유리고둥속 52 큰구슬우렁이 89 유리고둥아과 51 큰구슬우렁이속 87 이색구슬우렁이 88 큰돌우렁이 75

ㅈ ㅍ

작은갈색긴배꼽고둥 102 팥알고둥 57 잔뿔소라 20 팥알고둥과 56 잔뿔소라속 19 팥알고둥속 56 점구슬우렁이 85 점구슬우렁이속 83 점줄구슬우렁이 83 ㅎ 좀총알고둥 46 좀총알고둥속 44 흐린띠구슬우렁이 72 좁쌀무늬총알고둥 37 흡강목 68 주머니구슬우렁이 107 흰구슬고동 109 주머니구슬우렁이속 107 흰구슬고동속 109 주머니구슬우렁이아과 107 흰띠총알고둥 35 쥐방울고둥아과 42 흰반점무늬총알고둥 39 흰팥알고둥 65 흰팥알고둥속 63 ㅊ

총알고둥 33 134 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Index to Korean Names as Pronounced

A Dung-geun-ip-go-dung-gwa 9 Dung-geun-ip-go-dung-sok 10 Ak-eo-ga-juk-pat-al-go-dung 62 Al-rak-su-su-gol-bang-i 26 E

B Eol-ruk-chong-al-go-dung 30 Eol-ruk-chong-al-go-dung-sok 26 Bae-kkop-go-dung 94 Ba-keui-go-dung 18 Ba-keui-go-dung-sok 17 G Bam-go-dung-sang-gwa 9 Bam-saek-bae-kkop-gu-seul-u-reong-i 95 Gaet-u-reong-i 97 Bam-saek-gu-seul-go-dung 99 Gaet-u-reong-i-sok 97 Bang-ul-go-dung 49 Gal-la-jin-bae-kkob-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung 44 Bang-ul-go-dung-sok 49 Gal-sae-jeom-bak-i-kin-bae-kkop-go-dung 104 Ban-jjak-gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-gwa 87 Gal-saek-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung 47 Ban-jjak-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok 105 Gal-saek-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung-sok 42 Bog-jog-gang 9 Gal-saek-kin-bae-kkop-go-dung 101 Bun-hong-mu-nui-pat-al-go-dung 63 Gal-saek-tti-gu-seul-u-reong-i 82 Bun-hong-yu-ri-go-dung 54 Gin-bae-kkop-go-dung-sok 100 Bun-hong-yu-ri-go-dung-a-gwa 54 Gin-gal-saek-jwi-bang-ul-go-dung 42 Bun-hong-yu-ri-go-dung-sok 54 Go-bog-jog-sang-mok 9 Gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-gwa 69 Gu-seul-u-reong-i-gwa 68 Gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok 81 C

Chong-al-go-dung 33 H Chong-al-go-dung-a-gwa 25 Chong-al-go-dung-gwa 25 Heup-gang-mok 68 Chong-al-go-dung-sang-gwa 25 Heu-rin-tti-gu-seul-u-reong-i 72 Chong-al-go-dung-sok 33 Huin-ban-jeom-mu-nui-chong-al-go-dung 39 Huin-gu-seul-go-dung 109 Huin-gu-seul-go-dung-sok 109 D Huin-pat-al-go-dung 65 Huin-pat-al-go-dung-sok 63 Deop-in-bae-kkop-keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i 92 Huin-tti-chong-al-go-dung 35 Dol-gu-seul-u-reong-i 80 Dol-u-reong-i 78 Dol-u-reong-i-a-sok 78 I Du-deu-reok-chong-al-go-dung 28 Dung-geun-eol-ruk-chong-al-go-dung 31 I-saek-gu-seul-u-reong-i 88 Dung-geun-ip-go-dung 10 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 135

J Nun-al-go-dung 16

Jag-eun-gal-sac-kin-bae-kkop-go-dung 102 Jan-ppul-so-ra 20 P Jan-ppul-so-ra-sok 19 Jeom-gu-seul-u-reong-i 85 Pat-al-go-dung 57 Jeom-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok 83 Pat-al-go-dung-gwa 56 Jeom-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i 83 Pat-al-go-dung-sok 56 Jom-chong-al-go-dung 46 Ppal-gang-gu-seul-u-reong-i 73 Jom-chong-al-go-dung-sok 44 Ppyo-jok-tap-gu-seul-u-reong-i 76 Jop-ssal-mu-nui-chong-al-go-dung 37 Ju-meo-ni-gu-seul-u-reong-i 107 Ju-meo-ni-gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-gwa 107 S Ju-meo-ni-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok 107 Jwi-bang-ul-go-dung-a-gwa 42 San-pat-al-go-dung 60 So-ra 13 So-ra-gwa 11 K So-ra-sok 12 Swae-pat-al-go-dung 67 Keun-dol-u-reong-i 75 Swae-pat-al-go-dung-sok 66 Keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i 89 Keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok 87 Kong-chong-al-go-dung-sok 40 W

Wol-gye-gwan-nap-jak-so-ra 21 M

Mu-nui-chong-al-go-dung-sok 37 Y

Yeon-che-dong-mul-mun 9 N Yeop-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i 70 Yeop-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i-a-sok 70 Nan-jaeng-i-chong-al-go-dung 40 Yeop-jul-gu-seul-u-reong-i-sok 70 Nap-jak-ppul-so-ra-sok 21 Ye-ppeun-nun-al-go-dung 14 Nap-jak-so-ra 23 Yu-ri-go-dung-a-gwa 51 Nap-jak-so-ra-sok 23 Yu-ri-go-dung-gwa 51 Neolp-eun-gal-saek-tti-gu-seul-u-reong-i 105 Yu-ri-go-dung-sang-gwa 51 Nop-eun-tap-keun-gu-seul-u-reong-i 91 Yu-ri-go-dung-sok 52 Nu-deo-gi-pat-al-go-dung 59 Yu-ri-go-dung 52 136 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea · Gastropods III

Index to Scientific Names

A bicolor 88 didyma didyma 89 Astralium 17 didyma ampla 91 (Astralium) haematragum 18 didyma hosoyai 92 reiniana 94 vesicalis 95 B Guildfordia 21 triumphans 21 Bolma 19 (Astralium) haematragum 18 Bothropoma 66 H pilula 67 Homalopoma 56 nocturnum 57 C amussitatum 59 sangarense 60 Colloniidae 56 granuliferum 62 Collonista 63 glareosa 63 amakusaensis 65 L Cryptonatica 70 (Cryptonatica) figurata 70 Lacuna 49 (Cryptonatica) ranzii 72 turrita 49 (Cryptonatica) russa 73 Lacuninae 42 (Cryptonatica) wakkanaiensis 75 Liotiidae 9 (Cryptonatica) zenryumaruae 76 Liotina 10 (Sulconatica) janthostoma 78 (Liotinaria) semiclathratula 10 (Sulconatica) janthostomoides 80 Littoraria 26 (Littoraria) undulata 26 (Littorinopsis) scabra 28 E (Littorinopsis) intermedia 30 (Palustorina) articulata 31 Epheria 42 Littorina 33 decorata 42 (Littorina) brevicula 33 Eunaticina 109 (Littorina) kasaka 35 papilla papilla 109 Littorinidae 25 Littorininae 25 Littorinoidea 25 G Lunatia 97 fortunei 97 Gastropoda 9 pila pila 99 Glossaulax 87 Index to Scientific Names 137

M Pomaulax 23 japonicus 23 Mammilla 100 kurodai 101 simiae 102 S sebae 104 Mollusca 9 Sininae 107 Sinum 107 javanicum 107 N Sorbeoconcha 68 Stenotis 44 Natica 81 cariniferus 44 gualtieriana 82 smithii 46 Naticarius 83 uchidai 47 alapapilionsis 83 Sulconatica 78 concinnus 85 Naticidae 68 Naticinae 69 T Nodilittorina 37 exigua 37 Tricolia 54 leucosticta biangulata 39 variabilis 54 Tricoliinae 54 Trochoidea 9 P Turbinidae 11 Turbo 12 Peasiella 40 (Batillus) cornutus 13 habei 40 (Callopoma) excellens 14 Phasianella 52 (Lunella) coronata coreensis 16 solida 52 Phasianellidae 51 Phasianellinae 51 V Phasianelloidea 51 Polinices 105 Vetigastropoda 9 peselephanti 105 Polinicinae 87