青森県佐井沿岸の磯焼け海域からの キタムラサキウニ除去によるマコンブ群落の形成 Occurrence O

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青森県佐井沿岸の磯焼け海域からの キタムラサキウニ除去によるマコンブ群落の形成 Occurrence O Algal Resources(2009)1:45 - 60 青森県佐井沿岸の磯焼け海域からの キタムラサキウニ除去によるマコンブ群落の形成 桐原慎二 *1・藤川義一 *1・今 男人 *2・能登谷正浩 *3 Occurrence of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyceae) communities after removal of Strongylocentrotus nudus (Echinoidea) population from the sea urchin-dominated barren ground (ISOYAKE) on the coast of Sai, Shimokita Peninsula, Japan. 1 1 2 1 Shinji KIRIHARA , Yoshikazu FUJIKAWA , Naoto KON and Masahiro NOTOYA Abstract: Algal succession after removal of Strongylocentrotus nudus population from the sea urchin-dominated barren ground (ISOYAKE) was observed on the coasts of Sai, Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, in order to clarify the procedures for the restoration of edible seaweed communities of Saccharina japonica. Strongylocentrotus nudus population (c.a. 44k-194k) was removed from the eight areas (1.2-4.15 ha) of the depth of 4-13 m in each year of 1994 to 2001. Standing crops and covered ranges of seaweed were measured from February 1995 to June 2002 in the S. nudus removal and non-removal area, respectively. Young sporophytes of S. japonica occurred on February 1995 in the removal area of S. nudus population that was removed on September 1994. After that, S. japonica dominated the standing crops of seaweeds and the maximum standing crop of 10.1kg/m2 was recognized on June 1996. Dominant communities of S. japonica occurred also in other seven removal areas within a year from the removal of S. nudus population. And the S. japonica communities were observed successively for a maximum of eight years, though S. nudus swarmed to graze on them. On the other hand, ISOYAKE had continued in the non-removal area. From these results, the S. japonica communities were considered to be restored by the removal of S. nudus population from ISOYAKE on this investigation coast. Key words: Saccharina japonica, Strongylocentrotus nudus, algal succession, ISOYAKE, sea urchin-barren. 要約 :1994 ~ 2001 年の各年 8 ~ 12 月にキタムラサキウニ 4 万 4 千~ 19 万 4 千個体を除去 した下北半島佐井村沿岸水深 4 ~ 13m の 1.2 ~ 4.15ha の海底の計 8 箇所における入植海藻 を観察し,磯焼け海域からマコンブ漁場へと回復するための方法を検討した。キタムラサ キウニ(現存量 427g/m2)を 1994 年 9 月に除去した海域には翌年 2 月にマコンブが入植し, 3 月以降に優占群落となり,1996 年 7 月に最大現存量 10.1 s/ m2 が得られた。この間,キタ ムラサキウニを除去しなかった海域では,磯焼け状態が持続した。1995 年から 2001 年にか けて毎年キタムラサキウニを除去した 7 箇所でも,いずれも除去翌年には,マコンブ優占 群落が形成された。これらの優占群落はいずれも経年的に縮小した。しかし,キタムラサ キウニ除去後最大 8 年間はマコンブの生育が認められた。上記より,当該磯焼け海域では, キタムラサキウニの除去によってマコンブ漁場へと回復させ得ることが分かった。 キーワード:マコンブ,キタムラサキウニ,植相遷移,磯焼け,ウニ焼け *1 青森県水産総合研究センター増養殖研究所(Aomori Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, Aquaculture Institute, Hiranai, Aomori 039-3381, Japan) *2 株式会社マック(MAC Ltd., Aomori 039-3502, Japan) *3 東京海洋大学海洋科学部( Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan) 45 桐原・藤川・今・能登谷 緒 言 religiosa(Miyabe)C. E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl et G. W. Saunders の生育地帯では,キタムラサ 青森県下北半島の佐井村では, マコンブ キウニを除去した場にフシスジモク Sargassum Saccharina japonica(Areschoug)C. E. Lane, C. confusum C. Agardh が優占群落を形成したことか Mayes, Druehl et G. W. Saunders は沿岸の漁獲物 ら(吾妻ら 1997),津軽海峡沿岸では,ウニ類除 中で最も経済価値が高い魚種のひとつである。し 去が直ちにマコンブ群落の回復につながらないと かし,佐井村の天然マコンブの漁獲量は,1965 も考えられる。そこで本研究では,事業規模での 年から1989 年には, 平均574 ton(範囲72 ~ 磯焼け回復技術の開発を目的に,佐井村沿岸の磯 1,485 ton)であったのに対し,1990 年から 2003 焼け海域を対象として,場所や年を変えて一定区 年は平均 118 ton(同 0.6 ~ 324 ton)と 1989 年 画からキタムラサキウニを取り除き,その後に入 以前に比べ 20.5%にまで減少した(青森県企画 植する海藻と底棲動物の現存量の経年変化から, 部 1966-2004)。1993 年 7 月 23 日に著者らは佐井 マコンブ群落の回復効果や効率的な回復手法を検 村地先の水深約 10m 地点を観察したところ,マ 討した。 コンブの生育は全く認められず,またマコンブ以 外の大型海藻類の生育もほとんど認められず,海 材料及び方法 藻現存量が 66.5g/m2 にとどまった。しかし,植 食性動物のキタムラサキウニ Strongylocentrotus 青森県下北半島佐井村地先の磯焼け状態の海域 nudus(A. Agassiz)は現存量が 222g/m2 と高かっ た(青森県水産増殖センター 1993)。 これまでウニ類の摂餌によるコンブ属植物群 落の衰退や消失,ウニ類除去によるそれらの群 落回復は,北米や北欧沿岸で広く観察されており (Lawrence 1975;Harrold and Pearse 1987;富士 1999),磯焼けの発生や持続要因としては,ウニ の食害をあげる報告が多い(三本菅 1994)。東 北地方の太平洋沿岸におけるマコンブ生育地帯 でも,キタムラサキウニとエゾアワビ Nordotis discus hannai Ino が除去された場にマコンブ群落 が形成されたことから,それら植食性動物による 摂餌が磯焼けの持続要因と判断されている(菊池 ら 1975;三木ら 1975;1978;足助 1983)。しかし, Fig. 1. Maps showing the locations of investigation これら報告では,マコンブ群落の回復には植食性 area (A, B). The natural seabed as a control area 動物の排除に加え,親潮系冷海水の接岸や養殖マ (shadow) and experimental areas (stripe, a-h), of コンブからの胞子供給が影響したことも記されて Strongylocentrotus nudus was removed in every いる。また,北海道日本海沿岸のホソメコンブ S. year from 1994 to 2000 (C). ● , the seawater temperature monitoring site. Table 1. Removal periods, depth, size and bottom materials of removal area of Strongylocentrotus nudus and removal number of Strongylocentrotus nudus on the coast of Sai Number Location * Period Depth (m) Size (ha Bottom materials ) (x1,000) a 17 Sep.-10 Oct. 1994 7-12 4.15 Flat bedrock 194 b 25 Aug.-16 Sep. 1995 4-12 2.4 Flat bedrock, artifi cial algal reefs 136 c 18 Sep. -6 Oct. 1996 7-13 1.2 Artifi cal kelp farming fi eld made of stone 80 d 6 Oct.-8 Dec. 1997 7-11 1.4 Bedrock, rocks, boulders 125 e 20 Sep.-25 Nov. 1998 5-12 3.3 Flat bedrock 162 f 28 Sep. -28 Nov. 1999 6-10 2.42 Bedrock, Rocks 142 g 17 Oct. -2 Dec. 2000 4-12 2.25 Flat bedrock 44 h 3 Nov.-13 Dec. 2001 6-13 3.16 Flat bedrock 60 *, Locations shown in map of Fig. 1 46 青森県佐井沿岸の磯焼け海域からのキタムラサキウニ除去によるマコンブ群落の形成 を対象とし,1994 年から 2001 年の各年に,海底 る 1996 年 6 月 17 日,1997 年 7 月 7 日,1998 年 の一定区画からキタムラサキウニを除去した 8 箇 5 月 15 日,1999 年 6 月 28 日,2000 年 6 月 4 日, 所(Fig. 1, a-h)を観察区とした。これら観察区 2001 年 8 月 2 日,2002 年 6 月 26 日に,各観察区 は, Table 1 に示したとおり,水深 4 ~ 13m,面 内の 4 地点において,観察区 a のそれと同様の方 積 1.2 ~ 4.15ha の範囲にあった。このうち観察 法で底棲生物を枠取り採取し,キタムラサキウニ 区 b および c は各々コンクリート製ブロック及び 除去前後の底棲生物相を比較した。なお,各観察 200 ~ 500kg の石材を岩盤上に敷設したアワビ及 区に生育したマコンブは,キタムラサキウニ除去 びコンブ増殖漁場の一部にあたり,その他の 6 箇 から 2 年後の 7 月まで禁漁として保護された後, 所(Fig. 1, a, d-h)は天然の岩盤であった。1 日 毎年夏季から秋季に曳き漁具またはねじり漁具に あたりダイバー 3 ~ 5 人が,各観察区から約 4 万 よって漁獲された。 4 千~ 19 万 4 千個体の殻径 1cm 以上ある視認さ 2000 年 5 月 24 日と 2002 年 6 月 25 日には,観 れたキタムラサキウニを徒手で採りあげた。キタ 察区内に形成された大型海藻群落の縁辺に沿っ ムラサキウニは,各観察区に 1.9 ~ 6.7 個体 /m2 てダイバーを移動させ,船上から移動数メート の密度で生息した。キタムラサキウニ以外の底棲 ルごとにディファレンシャル GPS(Empex map 動物は,除去せず放置した。観察区 a では,キタ 21EX)を用いて 1000 分の 1 秒までの緯度,経 ムラサキウニを除去する前の 1994 年 7 月 20 日と 度を求め,測位結果を縮尺千分の 1 の海底地形 除去後の 10 月 15 日,1995 年 2 月 25 日,3 月 20 図(電源開発株式会社佐井村海域漁場環境図)に 日,4 月 29 日,6 月 23 日,7 月 27 日,9 月 8 日, 記し,画像解析ソフトウエア(NIH image 1.62f) 10 月 24 日,12 月 4 日,1996 年 1 月 13 日,3 月 を用いて観察区中の大型海藻群落の面積を算出し 8 日,6 月 14 日,7 月 16 日,11 月 20 日,1997 年 た。2002 年の調査では,キタムラサキウニ除去 3 月 18 日の計 16 回,視認できるサイズの海藻類 範囲が相互に重複する観察区 a,g,h を除く区で, を 0.25 m2 枠で,底棲動物を 1m2 枠で 4 地点から 海藻群落の面積を求めた。また,この調査時には, 各々 2 枠分ずつ採取し,種ごとに現存量(湿重量) 各観察区内の海藻群落中各々 4 地点から前述の方 を求めた。ただし,無節サンゴモ類などの殻状海 法で底棲生物を採取し,現存量を求めた。 藻は採取しなかった。ウニ除去後の計 15 回の観 調査期間中の水温の変化は,佐井漁港沖の水深 察時には,同時に対照区とした同じ水深にあって 5mから汲み上げた海水温の半旬平均値から求め 近傍の天然の岩盤域(Fig. 1)の 4 地点から,上 た(青森県水産総合研究センター 1981-2003)。 記同様に底棲生物を採取し,その現存量を観察 区と比較した。なお,枠取りは重複採取を避け, 結 果 当該域の現存量を代表する場で行った。観察区 b ~ h では,Table 1 に示す各々のキタムラサキウ 水温変化 佐井地先における 1994 ~ 2002 年の水 ニ除去開始日及び除去から 221 ~ 299 日後にあた 深 5mから汲み上げた海水温の半旬平均値を Fig. Fig. 2. Seasonal change in the seawater temperature of 1994 to 2002 at the coast of Sai. 47 桐原・藤川・今・能登谷 Table 2. Biomass (g/m2) of seaweeds and benthic animals on each research date and their mean values at the area in which Strongylocentrotus nudus was removed on September 1994 Before S. nudus removal After removal of Species 1994 1995 1996 1997 July Oct. Feb. Mar. Apr. June July Sep. Oct. Dec. Jan. Mar. June July Nov. Mar. Plantae Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae Cladophora stimpsonii 0.2 1.9 Cladophora sakaii 0.5 6.1 0.3 Codium arabicum 1.3 Heterokontophyta Phaeophyceae Dictyota dichotoma 4.0 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 Dictyopteris divaricata 1.1 Dictyopteris undulata 0.3 0.3 Padina crassa 0.1 0.7 Sphaerotrichia divaricata 1.3 Colpomenia sinuosa 0.5 0.7 5.1 Desmarestia viridis 94.0 8.2 345.0 95.0 0.2 11.8 Saccharina japonica 5.0 50.0 1,697.2 4,242.8 4,041.0 4,592.1 2,272.2 1,266.8 1,925.1 3,593.6 9,078.4 10,080.7 1,921.3 113.5 Costaria costata 4.3 0.6 129.7 Undaria pinnatifi da 0.7 0.4 0.5 Myagropsis myagroides 0.8 3.3 Sargassum horneri 26.4 651.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 38.8 19.8 2.0 Sargassum fulvellum 2.3 7.2 Sargassum confusum 18.5 0.2 4.5 Sargassum macrocarpum 9.7 20.1 Sargassum micracanthum 22.6 Sargassum siliquastrum 5.9 2.0 0.2 1.5 0.8 Rhodphyta Rhodophyceae Gelidium elegans 0.6 Gracilaria textorii 0.4 Tichocarpus crinitus 0.2 Ahnfeltiopsis paradoxa 0.1 Bonnemaisonia hamifera 0.2 Ceramium boydenii 0.6 2.5 Campylaephora hypnaeoides 16.0 0.1 Ceramium japonicum 2.7 Laurencia pinnata 0.1 0.3 1.7 Polysiphonia morrowii 18.5 Acrosorium yendoi 0.1 0.7 0.6 Heterosiphonia pulchra 0.7 Dasya sessilis 0.1 Symphyocladia latiuscula 4.2 Total 98.4 1.6 13.2 50.0 2,069.2 5,005.6 4,092.7 4,596.6 2,272.3 1,266.8 1,931.1 3,599.4 9,080.1 10,120.1 1,990.3 297.2 Animalia Mollusca Gastropoda Aplysia kurodai 0.2 14.7 Turbo cornutus 6.6 23.0 18.0 0.8 6.3 8.2 21.3 Homalopoma amussitatum 2.4 0.3 Calliostoma multiliratum 0.4 Cantharidus jessoensis 0.1 0.3 Omphalius pfeifferi carpenteri 2.2 1.4 Acmaea pallida 3.0 0.9 Thais clavigera 0.6 Neptunea arthritica 9.0 8.2 Kellettia lischkei 6.4 1.7 Fusitriton oregonensis 2.0 Searlesia modesta 0.3 Ceratostoma burnetti 4.5 Arthropoda Crustaceae Anomura spp.
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