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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles For Those Yet to Come: Gender and Kleos in the Iliad A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Classics by Celsiana Michele Warwick 2018 © Copyright by Celsiana Michele Warwick 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION For Those Yet to Come: Gender and Kleos in the Iliad by Celsiana Michele Warwick Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Alex C. Purves, Chair In this dissertation, I challenge the dominant narrative in Iliad scholarship that has tended either to disregard feminine voices or to dismiss their relevance to the poem’s overall evaluation of heroic society. My methodology is primarily literary-critical, but I also make use of anthropological and sociological theories of gender, such as R.W. Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity. I argue that feminine voices and perspectives are central to the Iliad ’s moral program, and that the epic uses them to critique the destruction that the traditional masculine values of Homeric warriors cause to community and family ties. The Iliad does not valorize the strict binary between masculinity and femininity that is upheld by certain characters in the epic, but instead suggests that some “feminine” qualities are intimately linked with a warrior’s identity and role as protector. The poem constructs a femininity that both strives to preserve life and is ultimately doomed in this endeavor, but which is nevertheless portrayed as ii more beneficial to society than the kind of warrior masculinity that excludes all aspects of femininity from itself. I further propose that this critique of normative warrior masculinity in the Iliad aligns with a shift in gender roles and warrior identity that appears in the archaeological record of Greece in the late Early Iron Age (c. 800-700 BCE). I suggest that the Iliad ’s evaluation of heroic masculinity reflects societal unease with the ways in which traditional warrior values were beginning to threaten the stability of the emerging polis by prioritizing the pursuit of kleos , “glory,” over all else. iii The dissertation of Celsiana Michele Warwick is approved. Sarah P. Morris Seth Schein Alex C. Purves, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iv DEDICATION For my mother, who has been an inexhaustible source of advice and inspiration during my time in graduate school For my father, who repeatedly dropped everything and flew to L.A. to render assistance above and beyond the call of duty And for Justin, τῷ φιλτάτῳ ἑταίρῳ, τὸν ἐγὼ περὶ πάντων τίω ἶσον ἐμῇ κεφαλῇ v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures................................................................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................xii Biographical Sketch......................................................................................................................xiii Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: The Works of Women’s Hands: Female Kleos in Archaic Epic..................................39 Chapter 2: The Voice of the Loom: Helen as Poet in the Iliad......................................................92 Chapter 3: The Maternal Warrior: Gender and Kleos on the Battlefield.....................................142 Chapter 4: The Price of Kleos : Achilles at the End of the Iliad ..................................................185 Chapter 5: A Crisis of Kleos : Masculinity and the Rise of the Polis ...........................................241 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................292 Appendix......................................................................................................................................301 Bibliography................................................................................................................................303 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Mother Holding Dead Son, Attic White-Ground Lekythos, c. 460-450 BCE.............301 Figure 2: Eos and Memnon, Attic Red-Figure Cup, c. 490-480 BCE.........................................302 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Primary Sources Ad Gr. Oratio ad Graecos Aesch. Aeschylus Ag. Agamemnon Aeschin. Aeschines A.P. The Greek Anthology Apollod. Apollodorus Bibl. Bibliotheca Epit. Epitome Arist. Aristotle Poet . Poetics Pol. Politics Bacchyl. Bacchylides Callim. Callimachus Cic. Cicero Att. Letters to Atticus D. Chr. Dio Chrysostom D.H. Dionysius of Halicarnassus Is. de Isaeo Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus D.L. Diogenes Laertius Emp. Empedocles Epith. Epithalamium Eur. Euripides Hec. Hecuba Med. Medea Eust. Eustathius Hdt. Herodotus Hes. Hesiod Op. Works and Days Theog. Theogony HH Homeric Hymns HHDem Homeric Hymn to Demeter Hom. Homer Il. Iliad Od. Odyssey Hyg. Hyginus Fab. Fabulae viii Isoc. Isocrates Jul. Julian Caes. Caesares Or. Orationes Lactant. Lactantius Longin. Longinus Luc. Lucian DDeor. Dialogues of the Gods Dom. de Domo Hes . Dialogue on Hesiod Im. Imagines Prom. Es Prometheus Es in Verbis Zeux. Zeuxis Lycoph. Lycophron Alex. Alexandra Men. Menander Dys. Dyskolos Pk. Perikeiromene Sam. Samia Ov. Ovid Fast. Fasti Her. Heroides Met. Metamorphoses Paus. Pausanias Pind. Pindar Nem . Nemean Odes Plin. Pliny the Younger Ep. Epistulae Plot. Plotinus Enn. Enneads Plut. Plutarch Lyc. Life of Lycomedes Mor. Moralia Per. Life of Pericles Quaest. Graec. Quaestiones Graecae Sol. Life of Solon Procl. Proclus Chrest . Chrestomathia Prop. Propertius Quint. Smyrn. Quintus Smyrnaeus S. Sophocles Trach. Trachinian Women ix Sen. Seneca the Elder Controv . Controversiae Stat. Statius Achil. Achilleid Str. Strabo Tert. Tertullian Theoc. Theocritus Thuc. Thucydides Verg. Vergil Aen. Aeneid VH Varia Historia Vitr. Vitruvius Secondary Sources A&A Antike und Abendland ABSA The Annual of the British School at Athens AClass Acta Classica AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJP American Journal of Philology AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung AK Antike Kunst BMCR Bryn Mawr Classical Review CA Classical Antiquity CArchJ Cambridge Archaeological Journal CJ Classical Journal CP Classical Philology ColbyQ Colby Quarterly CQ Classical Quarterly CW Classical World EMC Échos du monde classique FGH F. Jacoby, ed. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker . Berlin: Weidmann (vols. 1-2); Leiden: Brill (vol. 3). 1923-1958. G&R Greece and Rome IG V, 1 W. Kolbe, ed. Inscriptiones Graecae V, 1: Inscriptiones Laconiae et Messeniae . Berlin: G. Reimer. 1913. IstMitt Istanbuler Mitteilungen JDAI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies x JMA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology LfGrE B. Snell, ed. Lexikon des frühgriechischen Epos . Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1955. LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae . Zürich; Munich; Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler Verlag. 1981-1999. L-P E. Lobel and D. Page, eds. Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta . Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1955. LSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. S. Jones, eds. Greek-English Lexicon , 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1940. MD Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society PMG D. Page, ed. Poetae Melici Graeci . Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1962. P&P Past and Present PQ Philological Quarterly SCI Scripta Classica Israelica SIFC Studi italiani di filologia classica SyllClass Syllecta Classica TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Assocation TrGF v. 2 B. Snell and R. Kannicht, eds. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, Vol . 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1981. Other Abbreviations EIA Early Iron Age LG Late Geometric MG Middle Geometric PG Protogeometric xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee for their help during all stages of this project. Back in 2014, Alex Purves first suggested that I write a dissertation on gender and kleos in the Iliad . She has been an extraordinarily generous advisor as I have navigated the challenges of graduate school and the academic job market. Sarah Morris was invaluable in helping with the parts of this dissertation that deal with material culture, and during my visits to Greece she entertained me multiple times on the balcony of her apartment overlooking the acropolis in Athens. Seth Schein encouraged me to write a dissertation about the Iliad almost a decade ago when I was an undergraduate, and he has continued to offer advice and support ever since. I would also like to thank the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz for allowing me to use a photo of an Attic white-ground lekythos from the Antikensammlung at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (inventory number F 2447). Credit for the photo goes to: ANTIKENSAMMLUNG, STAATLICHE MUSEEN ZU BERLIN -PREUSSISCHER KULTURBESITZ- Photographer Johannes Laurentius Finally, I would like to thank UCLA Graduate Division for providing me with a Dissertation Year Fellowship that I used to research and write this dissertation. xii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Celsiana Warwick attended the University of California, Davis from 2008-2012, where she earned
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