9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 18, NO. 5 JOURNAL MAY, 1941 Diplomatic Immunity?

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WRITE TO US FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON ANY FORM OF COVERAGE DESIRED CONTENTS

Cover Picture: Fleet Maneuvers See page 300 c R >/

Uncle Sam’s Eight New Bases Prepared by the Public Relations Branch of the 'gA * * Navy Department 245

Births 249 A good neighbour...

Foreign Service Association Scholarship 249 and a good mixer!

Journal Scholarship 249

The Roarin’ Game Si senor! For BACARDI is not only an By Fraser Wilkins 250 outstanding example of Pan-American African Adventure solidarity in the realm of good taste, By Elsa Denby 252 but the most congenial and versatile Balkan Scenes 256 of all the great liquors of the world. The How and Why of a Color Print It mixes readily and superbly with all By Knowlton V. Hicks 258 fine ingredients, from the sparkling A History of the Consulate General at London simplicity of a highball to the compli¬ By the late Percy R. Broemel 260 cated art of a Coronation Cocktail... Editor’s Column 262 And it gives a new thrill to the old Photographic Contest 262 drinks with its unique, delectable

News from the Department By Reginald P. Mitchell 263

iways correct when News from the Field 266 You ore e BICARDI . ■ u Y° auests ore always The Bookshelf andfettered. BACARD' reputation hoc en¬ Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor 268

among the ^ . Isles of Isolation Con connoisseurs arters By Charles W. Lewis 270 tinents toroveHhrjeq ^ ^

Foreign Service Changes 274 0 C a , "Louq-e." -d - Service Glimpses 275

International Boundary Line—U. S. and Mexico 282 We will

Marriages 297 - dealers. Visitors 300

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ COMPANIA "RON BACARDI," S. A, tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as Santiago de Cuba second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. Schenley Import Corp., N. Y. Copr. 1941

241 ★ Price for price, you will never find in any can, bottle or package better food products than those packed under our “ROYAL SCARLET’’ label. They possess that unique flavor which exalts the appetite of the most discriminating people. We supply many of our foreign Consuls, Embassies and Legations throughout the world, and being equipped with an Export Department thoroughly familiar with the ship¬ ping details, we are in a splendid position to render a most efficient service. We carry a complete line, from caviar to coffee. Your in¬ quiries will be welcomed, but a small trial order will con¬ clusively prove the veracity of our statement. Address your inquiries or orders to the attention of the:

EXPORT DEPARTMENT R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., INC.

25TH STREET AND TENTH AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

242 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS American Export Line*- — 287 American International Underwriters Corporation II Cover American Republics Line — — 282 For the Service American Security and Trust Company 273

Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba — 241 —a typewriter Brewood (Engravers) ----- 292

Calvert School 293 with guts! Campbell Company, W. D. 295 Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 297 Chase National Bank - 295 Clark, Horace F.. & Son - 296 THE same quality which the Service Fairfax Hotel 297 looks for in men, it demands of its Federal Storage Company 290 typewriters . . . Fessenden School, The 292 Firestone Tire & Ruber Co. 244 Outstanding performance under any set of conditions! General Motors Overseas Operations . 281 Grace Line - 278 We of Royal can tell you that these Glide Bros. Co 294 great machines require less servicing I lay-Adams House 294 . . . are weather-resisting . . . and are brutes for punishment. International Telephone & Telegraph Co. Ill Cover But we’d rather refer you to an out¬ Mayflower Hotel — 276 side source. Where typewriters are Metropole Hotel—Shanghai 297 Moore-McCormack Lines 282 pounded and punished and pummelled dav after day, with hardly a letup. National City Bank ... 298 National Geographic Magazine 291 In other words, the 20.000 American New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. ... 292 schools where more Royals are used than Pacific Fisheries. \ssn. of ... - — 292 any other make of typewriter! Packard - 299 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 293 Park Hotel—Shanghai 297 Royal Typewriter Co., Inc. 243 Sapp. Earle W„ C.L.U. . _ 292 Schenley Products 289 Security Storage Company of Washington 273 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. — 279 Turner’s Diplomatic School 294 Tyner, Miss E. J. 29.; Underwriters .. — H Cover Underwood Elliott Fisher Company — 300 United Fruit Company 297 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 296 United States Lines 277 Walcott-Taylor Co., Inc 296 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover Westinghouse Electric International Company 283 Williams & Co., Inc., R. C. 242 Woodward & Lothrop — 280 TYPEWRITER

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL when writing to advertisers.

MAY, 1941 243 IN THE LABORATORY —This revolutionary new tire withstood torture tests far more punishing than you will ever give it.

ON THE PROVING GROUND—It met the exacting requirements of car manufacturers, who adopted it as original equipment.

ON UTAH SALT BEDS— 290 endurance and speed records led to the development of the tougher tread which gives remark¬ ably longer mileage. a? ON INDIANAPOLIS SPEEDWAY—Winning this gruelling race for 21 years led to the development of greater protection (P against blowouts.

AT PIKE’S PEAK — Winning this perilous climbfor 14 years led to the development of this Gear-Grip tread with greater' non-skid protection.

ON THE HIGHWAY—Millions of test miles of punishing service over all kinds of roads proved this the greatest t J tire Firestone has ever built.

' | 'HE nevv Firestone DeLuxe Champion stopping power of the new Gear-Grip -*■ is the world’s first Safti-Sured tire. tread. And it is Safti-Sured for longer It is Safti-Sured against blowouts by a mileageby anew treadrubber compound. new Safety-Lock Gum-Dipped cord body Call on your Firestone dealer or store so amazingly strong, so remarkably cool¬ today and equip your car with a set of running that excessive internal friction the safest, longest-wearing tires Firestone and heat cannot occur. It is Safti-Sured has ever built. Convenient budget terms against skidding by the unequalled can be arranged if you desire. Cow, M. Tile * r .;■> - ~ n t < v y % % t KAsimn ■ M THE \FEItT Set/ii - St*red " l-j

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Prepared by the Public Relations Branch Navy Department

'T-'HE present conflicts raging in Europe and Asia dad. and British Guiana to Guantanamo, the Virgin JL place heavy burdens on the shoulders of dip¬ Islands, and Puerto Rico would help inestimably lomats and military strategists alike. Possible in¬ in making Panama invulnerable to attack. The ex¬ volvement in either or both of these areas finds perience of the Oregon under Captain Clark in her the members of our State, Navy, and War Depart¬ mad dash from one coast to the other by way of the ments conferring closely in common effort. The or¬ Strait of Magellan was romantic adventure in 1898; bits of statesmanship, economics, and national de¬ but it would not serve very well in modern high fense become closely synchronized. On the result¬ speed warfare to have the Canal that holds our des¬ ant rests the governmental, productive, and cultural tiny suddenly put out of action. And when the future of the United States and, to some extent, exchange included an almost straight line of pos¬ of the Western Hemisphere. In this crisis the Presi¬ sible outer defense from Newfoundland to Trini¬ dent dons the prerogative mantle of Connnander-in- dad, there could be no holding back. Chief so as to better coordinate and stimulate the Officer experts of the Greenslade Board were re¬ activities of these three branches of our Govern¬ porting to headquarters their observations of these ment. island acquisitions in an incredibly short space of I he acquisition of island bases from Great Brit¬ time. An original sum of $50,000,000 was allocated ain under ninety-nine year leases in exchange for from the special fund set up for Presidential disposal fifty overage United States destroyers presented a by the Congress to commence construction. test in both statesmanship and military technique. There were a great many things the members How would such a transaction be regarded? Would of the Greenslade Board wished to determine in the original cold shock of surprise be cushioned their trips to these proposed bases. Protected an¬ later in warm majority approval? The diplomatic chorages for aircraft carriers, landing fields for victory attained could then be coordinated with shore-based planes with suitable distances for run¬ practical military procedure. ways, accommodations for communication centers, The Navy did not wait for the temper of our housing or personnel and storage of supplies— country or of Europe to be determined. The an¬ these and other factors entered into their calcula¬ nouncement of the exchange found a group of officer tions. Prevailing winds and weather received con¬ experts embarked immediately on a cruiser at Nor¬ sideration. Deep water was desirable, as was space folk. their destination Bermuda and the Caribbean and natural harbor protection. Seaplanes must be pearls that were to be formed into a diadem which allowed to land in sheltered waters, and long take¬ would guard our eastern coast line. To add bases offs in equally sheltered water must be available. in the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, Trini¬ The same desirable conditions were sought for land

245 1 ^ , v ■" y :=». ; - / ' j- : ; V: ” : ■ ' 1 , ' s ■

i£5S5*3F

Official U. S. Navy photograph

U. S. S. Louisville, Cruiser, from the old fortress at San Juan, Puerto Rioo

planes through large aviation fields and long run¬ it was handed to them, their efforts to be fol¬ ways. Docking facilities for carriers must be lowed shortly by the issuing of specifications and studied, with conveniently located sites for store¬ the award of contracts for dredging, excavating, houses of spare parts, instruments, and repair and building. shops. Why all this speed to develop naval aid air Large transports need berthing space, motor tor¬ bases? A brief outline, involving elements of na¬ pedo boats must be moored to a dock. Destroyers val strategy, will answer this question. and submarines can be moored together in divi¬ War at sea has advanced immeasurably since the sions if only the space is available. Aircraft, Spanish Fleet was sunk at Santiago. Even then, destroyer, and submarine tenders must use these residents of our coastal cities were frightened by bases, as well as ships of the battle fleet if there is the nearness of Cervera’s armada. Today a simi¬ sea room. For comfortable berthing of our rap¬ lar situation could be written down as the begin¬ idly increasing fleet, 15 square miles of water are ning of the end of the United States as a free na¬ necessary with depths of at least seven fathoms. tion. If those were the horse and buggy days of As each site was selected and approved, the next our economic development, they also were rowboat steps — planning and building — went forward days in the rapidly developing weapons which con¬ apace. Other experts, engineers in the Bureau of stitute sea power. Yards and Docks, took up the shuttle as soon as To be able to meet and defeat an enemy as far

246 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL as possible from our own shores was always to be lantic by advancing it at least a thousand miles east¬ desired. With the coming of radio communication ward of our own East Coast. And with longer and the conquering of space in the air at speeds ranges each year for patrol planes it is conceivable never dreamed of by the wildest imaginist, the in the decade to come that Greenland, Iceland, the problem became more acute. shores of Europe, Africa and South America can In the Atlantic, we had Guantanamo, but it was be covered by our eyes above the sea in search of flanked by islands in the hands of foreign powers. the movements of an enemy. In the present war there was to be no assurance Never before has distance become such an im¬ that these islands would always remain in the portant factor to our national thinking and future hands of the same countries. Infiltration of set¬ well-being. It takes less time to travel by air from tlers, agents provocateurs, could come quickly in Dakar in French West Africa to Pernambuco in case of a British or French defeat. Brazil than it would in flying from New York to If the long stretch of sea and the area it con¬ Denver. It is true that our bombers can be flown tains between Newfoundland and Trinidad could to Great Britain in nine hours or less. It is a mere be adequately patrolled, the advance of an enemy 900 miles from Norway to Iceland and about the sea force could be ascertained long before it ever same distance from there to the tip of Greenland. reached our side of the Atlantic. These island bases On to Halifax is only a matter of another 1,300 were the keys to just such a modern conception of mile jump. At 300 miles an hour by air, distances seapower. begin to shrink. The increasing importance of air It has been said that the newest patrol bombers power therefore increases the military value of all have a cruising range of 10,000 miles and that in these points of land, as do the positions of the five years this will increase to 25,000 miles. With Azores, Madeira, the Canaries, and Cape Verde. It such long range aircraft, based at our new Atlantic is well to remember that these groups of strategi¬ bases, this great range will prove more favorable cally located islands are owned by Portugal and to us than it would to an enemy contemplating Spain. We are not interested in possessing these attack. outposts of civilization ourselves, but time and There is good probability that an enemy fleet speed do make it necessary that we become vitally could not leave European shores without our being concerned with who does own them. informed soon after it sailed. And the time is still It is the duty of the Navy to map its strategy with some distance off when armies can be transported regard to the worst of all possible worlds rather from Europe to the 1 nited States by plane and be than the best. And when we consider that domina¬ landed successful!). Control of all the sea lanes tion of the whole of Europe including Great Britain is thus still the by one power basis of sea could destrot power. our foreign Advance bas¬ trade and con¬ es are as neces¬ trol shipbuild- sary to the Na¬ i n g facilities vy as are ships three times the and planes size of our own. themselves. I f the problem of units of our defense for the Fleet can drop future might in at protected well see Bermu¬ harbors in da, St. Helena, Placentia Bay. o r Ascension B e r m u d a, or most important Trinidad, revic¬ spots to any his- tual and refuel, tory of the protected by the world. eyes of the Na¬ Now suppose vy in the air. we project a they have im¬ fleet from one proved their po¬ of our major sition in the do¬ Photo by Marlin E. Smith The Governor reviews the U. S. Marine detachment at bases. It steams main of the At¬ U. S. Naval Base, Trinidad out to sea and

MAY. 1941 247 Formation of aircraft carrier planes, West Coast area

engages the enemy. Following the battle—which we do likewise. If these bases live up to the require¬ will assume for illustrative purposes was without ments of Mahan’s three principles as to location, positive victorious results for either side—our fleet, strength, and resources our ships may reengage the or damaged parts of it, return to base. Resupply of enemy without returning to the coast of the United food, oil, and ammunition becomes the immediate States. The nearness of these bases to the battle, order of the day. Quick repairs must be effected on their ability to work swiftly and efficiently, their injured units as swiftly as possible so that they be coordinated lines of supply, may well hold the des¬ made ready for sea again. Immediately we see tiny of the United States. how important these new island bases could be¬ After the Battle of Jutland, Admiral Jellicoe was come. In northern waters, Newfoundland or Ber¬ able to report four hours after returning to base muda might be so equipped as to fill these wants. that the British Fleet had been refueled and was In the South Atlantic the Bahamas, Antigua, St. ready again to take to the High Seas. Here was a Lucia, Trinidad, Jamaica, and British Guiana could (Continued on page 298)

The Cruiser, U. S. S. Philadelphia, anchored at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

Official U. S. Navy photographs AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIA¬ TION SCHOLARSHIP Applications may now be made for the two Amer¬ ican Foreign Service Scholarships of 1941-42. The awards will be made toward the end of August, based on the scholastic record of the applicants. Applications have occasionally been received in the past too late for consideration and their prompt submission will greatly facilitate the awarding of the scholarships. The Scholarships, both of wihch amount to $200, are open to the children of active members or of deceased former members of the American Foreign Service Association. They may be used only for expenses in connection with regular undergraduate courses at a college or university in the United States. No specific form of application is prescribed, but applicants should submit a biographical sketch indi¬ cating age, previous education, scholastic standing, the college or university which they desire to attend, their proposed course of study, and any personal information they consider pertinent.

Photograph taken in the American Legation al Bo¬ gota, Colombia, in 1911, showing the American THE JOURNAL SCHOLARSHIP Minister, Mr. James Du Bois (right) ; the Colombian Minister of W ar, Don Mariana Ospina (left) ; and Mr. Applications may now be made for the AMERI¬ Francis E. Young of Orangeville, Idaho, who con¬ CAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL’S Scholarship of tributed the photograph (standing). $300 for the academic year. The award is provided for from the net in¬ BIRTHS come of the JOURNAL, and is open to the children ADAM—A son, Douglas Cameron, was born on of members of the Foreign Service who also are March 17 to Mr. and Mrs. Hector Cameron Adam, members of the Foreign Service Association or sub¬ Jr., at Montevideo, where Mr. Adam is Third Sec¬ scribers to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, or to retary and Vice Consul. children of persons who at the time of their death MELBY—A son, Everett Kinne. was born March 4 came within these categories. The scholarship is to Mr. and Mrs. John Fremont Melby in Caracas, intended primarily for children entering preparatory where Mr. Melby is Third Secretary. schools in the Lhiited States, preference being given THOMASSON—A daughter. Isabel Brooke, to Mr. to those entering the final year of such schools. and Mrs. David Thomasson, on April 1 at Lexing¬ In the event no application is received in a given ton, Virginia. Mr. Thomasson is Vice Consul at year for a scholarship in a preparatory school, the Tokyo. amount thereof may be awarded to a suitable and BUSSER—A daughter, Carol Susan, was born on qualified college student. April 3 to Mr. and Mrs. William F. Busser in Application for the sixth award of this scholar¬ Washington, D. C. Mr. Busser is assigned to the ship, for the school year starting during the fall of Division of Controls in the Department. 1941, should be submitted as soon as possible. No MACAULEY—A son, Hugh Osborne, was born on specific form of application is prescribed, but ap¬ February 23 to Mr. and Mrs. Osborne MacAuley in plicants should submit a biographical sketch indi¬ Rome, where Mr. MacAuley is assigned. cating age, previous education, scholastic standing, PETERSON—A daughter, Ellen Marv, was born on the secondary school they desire to attend, plans April 6 to Mr. and Mrs. Avery F. Peterson in after completion of secondary training, and any Ottawa, where Mr. Peterson is Consul. personal information they consider pertinent. HENDERSON—A daughter, Cynthia Diane, was Applications should be forwarded to the Editor of born on April 30 to Mr. and Mrs. George D. Hen¬ the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL by July derson in Washington. Mr. Henderson is assigned 15th, the final date for receipt of applications. to the Foreign Service Officers" Training School.

249 The Roarin’ Game*

By FRASER WILKINS, Vice Consul, Halifax Photographs by Knowlton V. Hicks

LOST: Two blocks of Ailsa Craig granite, one new of the place in which the stone may be expected to broom, one husband, in the vicinity of the Curling come to rest. The skip places his broom two or Club by Mrs. Colin Angus Macdonald. Reward. three feet to one side or the other because, in curling ALTHOUGH Mrs. MacDonald, as the wife of a as the name indicates, the stone will curl one way . confirmed curler, might insert such a notice or the other in travelling down the ice. If, in de¬ in the Lost and Found column, it is unlikely that it livery toward the broom, one gives it a clockwise would produce results and it would be wiser for (inturn) motion, the stone will come to rest to the Mrs. MacDonald to retrieve granite, broom and right of the broom or, if counter-clockwise (out¬ husband in person. turn) motion, to the left of the broom. If Mrs. MacDonald went down to a curling rink, The progress of the stone is facilitated, accord¬ such as the Halifax Curling Club in Nova Scotia, ing to some authorities, by the broom-sweeping of she would find one of those respectable, frame, New two members of the team in front of it as it comes England structures consisting of one large enclosed down the ice. Such sweeping, in any event, pro¬ space and several smaller ones. The large enclosed vides a continuing interest for the other team- space, in which four curling rinks are located, is members, exercise against the cold and a possible approximately sixty feet wide and one hundred and outlet to the more expressive players for their mis¬ fifty feet long and the smaller ones consist of a calculations. locker-room, a billiard and bulletin board room, Each curler plays two stones in each end (or an upper gallery behind plate glass, a dining-room “frame” as in bowling) and after the lead on one and a bar, all of which are situated at one end of team has curled his first stone the lead on the op¬ the curling rinks. posing team delivers his first stone and all of the Each of the four rinks is approximately one other players proceed likewise. hundred and twenty-five feet in length and fourteen As the stones accumulated in and around “The feet in width. At each end of each rink there is a House,” interest is intensified because your own group of four blue concentric circles showing up stone, being nearest the centre or tee of “The through the ice, similar in arrangement to the arch¬ House” invalidates all of your opponent’s stones er’s target, called “The House.” About fifteen feet also in the house; whereas if there are two or three in front of each group there is a straight line drawn of your own stones nearer than any of your op¬ directly across the rink called “The Hog Line.” It ponent’s stones all of them count. is the object of curling to deliver the curling stones It may therefore be seen that the object of curl¬ across this line and within “The House” in a posi¬ ing is to place one’s stones within “The House” tion indicated by the skip or captain of the team. and thereafter guard them in this position by A curling stone weighs forty pounds, is shaped other stones in front of them. Since the proper like a large hamburger and has a short handle placement of a stone is dependent on weight of like a bent pin stuck in the centre of the top. delivery, speed, accuracy and curl, it becomes ap¬ Each team consists of four men, a skip, a mate, parent that a high degree of efficiency is required a second stone man and a first stone man or lead. for good curling. This is particularly true when The lead commences play by delivering his first the mate and skip curl toward the close of each stone to a spot directly in front of the first circle. end when “The House” is congested. This spot is indicated by the skip who stands at So much for the mechanics. Mrs. MacDonald, on the opposite end of the rink and holds his broom whom these details make no impression, sees her in a position two or three feet to the left or right husband across the rink dressed in a Club Coat and a Glengarry bonnet or tarn, suitably decorated with *The term “Roarin’ Game” refers to the sound of the small enamelled silver and brass badges, the in¬ stones moving on the ice. not to the bellowing of the players. signia of other Curling Clubs in Canada, the United

250 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL “THE HOUSE” Vice Consul Wilkins, Consul General Mac- Each ran and Consul Hicks giving “brooms up” for a well played stone.

(Center) “WELL CURLED, SIR!” One of the traditions of curling is the hand shake all round after a game when the losing team congratulates the winning team. Consul General MacEachran is shown receiving congratulations from Mr. Arthur Smith, President of the Halifax Curling Club, at the conclusion of a close game.

Slates and Scotland, vigorously sweeping the ice. If her husband happens to he the skip he may be urging his team-mates, no less vigorously, to “Bring her in—sweep her hard!”—followed by a “Weli- curled, sir!” In as much as the usual game of ten ends lasts approximately two hours it may be seen that Mr. MacDonald’s enthusiasm and the length of time re¬ quired make Mrs. MacDonald’s quest a futile one. But the rewards are commensurate because most curling clubs have well-organized schedules of play with appropriate trophies and prizes such as silver spoons, cups, Club Coats and for the unsuccessful members a “stacking of the brooms” or crossing them on the ice momentarily for a doch and doris at the bar. Against this ancient and honorable sport of curl¬ ing Mrs. MacDonald is powerless and it is her fate, from December through April, to listen to many a tale of “If I hadn’t given it so much speed . . .” or “1 f the skip hadn’t given me so much ice . . .” and Mr. MacDonald is lost with or without reward.

“THE CURLER” Consul General MacEachran snapped immediately after delivering a good stone. African .1 */#*#»##/*# rr* By EI,SA DENBY*

WE KOUNDED a final fiend in the road, and to this country in 1850. A very full skirt with a the capital of South West Africa lay before boned high waist, thus giving them an added ap¬ us, a welcome sight after our thousand mile journey pearance of height; a tight fitting blouse and slight¬ by car from Cape Town. ly modified leg-of-mutton sleeves. The dress is usu¬ Windhoek is a sympathetic little town of five ally in two vivid colors, or very often it is patched in thousand people, very continental in atmosphere as many places with pieces of bright materials. When a a heritage from the days when the territory was a group of them is standing or walking together, it German colony. The people still adhere to their own lends a very gay note to the monotone African land¬ mode of life, spending leisurely afternoons in open scape. Around their heads they twist turbans of the air cafes, consuming rye bread and salami sand¬ gaudiest hues and often a sash around their waists wiches washed down by large quantities of excellent to match. It takes twelve yards of cloth to make locally brewed beer! The hotel at which we stopped, these dresses, and as well, under them they wear a rambling, wooden structure with a cool, inviting four petticoats of ten yards each! They are quite terrace, seemed modern and luxurious in compari¬ conscious of their beauty, and although they smile son with the smaller ones we had stayed at on the readily enough, their bearing is amusingly haughty . way, and it was nice to think that we were going to Driving off again, we now saw for the first time spend several days there before going on again. gigantic skyscraper anthills, hundreds and hundreds The roads thus far, through the Cape Province, of them, on either side of the road, a rather poor Namaqualand, and the wide, sandy Orange River road at this juncture, filled with many unexpected valley, had been quite good except for the stretches holes and riviers, which slowed our progress con¬ of deep corrugations characteristic of many South siderably. The weather looked threatening with African roads, but our plan was to continue some great black clouds overhead, and soon the rain de¬ 500 miles farther, through relatively unfrequented scended on us in full force. Solid sheets of it. In country to the Etosha Pan, a vast game reserve ad¬ no time the road was a series of deep pools through joining Ovamboland, whose borders, in turn, are which we floundered, emerging completely bespat¬ contiguous to Angola, Portuguese West Africa. tered with mud. Then in half an hour the rain After five pleasant days in Windhoek, we started stopped as suddenly as it had come. off in fine fettle for the North, with a first stop at We came to a small town, Otavi, which consisted Okahandja. thirty-five miles away, over quite a good of a station, a post office, two houses and a tennis stretch of road winding in and out among gently court on which two men were play¬ rolling hills and koppies where Karacul sheep were ing. We drew up at the post office to grazing. Here, in front of the bank where the tk send a telegram and the two men shipment of lamb skins is financed, I enjoyed came over to us. One was the post watching three Herero women who were seated master, the other the sta¬ crosslegged on the footpath. One of them rose tion master. We asked and sauntered idly up and down them how the game was me as carefully as I was going, by way of enter¬ her, and swaying her ing into conversation. hips from side to side “Oh. very plentiful.” with a great air of self- they replied, which re¬ confidence. These Here¬ called to us the real in¬ ro women are the most terest of this territory to beautiful of all the na¬ most people, namely the tive tribes in Africa. wild life. It was, I sup¬ Immensely tall and state¬ pose, obvious that the) ly, with Rubenesque fea¬ should have thought we tures and a superb car¬ meant that. In fact, just riage, they still wear a outside of Otavi we saw style of dress which the several Kudo, large missionaries introduced slatey grey members of the antelope family, *Wife of James Orr Denby, Consul at Capetown. Giant ant hill grazing beside the road.

252 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL They raised their heads and stared at us with big gentle doe-like eyes, their enormous ears giving them a quaint, quizzical appearance. As we slowed down to look at them, they grew frightened and made off in great leaps and bounds. One drives for hours here without meeting an¬ other car. or seeing any sign of human life, ft was long after dark when we reached the next small town. Tsumeb, where we spent the night in a small, quite comfortable hotel, going to bed by candle¬ light. Almost all hotels in South West Africa are one story high, the main house having a sitting room, dining room and bar, while the bedrooms are in a separate bungalow behind it. The bathroom, which usually boasts a real bathtub but with only- one tap connected to a tank overhead for cold wa¬ ter, is in yet another building. This is just as well, Zebra in Etosha Pan for plumbing is non-existent and the water just runs out of the tub into a groove on the floor which inviting shade of green, but it had masses of yel¬ passes under the door, and then is left to make its low scum around the edges, and another unpleas¬ own way in the unpaved courtyard outside. ant aspect which should have done much to dis¬ A year ago Tsumeb was a thriving metropolis of suade people from swimming there was the great five hundred families, the men working in the cop¬ swarms of flies. The air was thick with them. The per mine around which the little town is built. Now, minute we opened the door of the car they took pos¬ it had every appearance of a deserted village, for session of it, while several clusters attached them¬ the mine was no longer in operation and most of the selves to each of us individually, and although they miners were interned for the duration of the war, were tiny, they were extraordinarily persistent so having been young members of the Nazi Party, re¬ that we had constantly to wave our hands about, cently sent out from Germany. Because of a quarry trying in vain to ward them off. in the neighborhood, the houses were solidly built Sometime after this we stopped at a lonely farm¬ of stone, each having its own little garden where house, the only dwelling place we had passed in bougainvillea and pepper trees flourished luxu¬ eighty miles. The proprietor of the hotel at Tsu¬ riantly. Water is so scarce in these parts that one meb had asked us if we would deliver a message to almost never sees grass, but bright colored flowers these friends of his who lived here. are abundant. The farmer and his wife were very cordial. They Thi s was the last place in which we could buy gave us a strange but pleasant beverage made from gasoline until we had left the reserve, about 250 the cactus fig, dark red in color and tasting faintly miles further on, so, in addition to filling up the of licorice. As in all houses in South West Africa, gasoline tank, we took with us an extra ten gallons one room was devoted to a collection of antlers and in a tin—fortunately for us, as it turned out later, lion, leopard and zebra skins. We were of course encased in a stout wooden box—and as well, a shown these before we left, and heard all the thrill¬ four gallon tin of water for the radiator. ing tales about their shooting. We longed to stay We left at eight o’clock that morning for Nainu- inside the cool and comfortable house after the toni, the Police post on the edge of the reserve. shimmering noonday heat outside, but we had no Occasional dead tree trunks standing upright at time to spare if we were to reach Namutoni before various intervals along the road were all that re¬ dark. mained of an attempted telegraph line. The ele¬ Just a few miles beyond their gate we saw two phants, we were told, had found a very nice pastime wild pig. They are funny looking creatures with in digging them up. small tusks and bristling whiskers and a long thin Soon we came to a mysterious bottomless lake, tail that stands straight up in the air with a shaving Otjokoto. Perfectly oval, it lay shimmering about brush on the end of it. Unfortunately they were a hundred feet below ground level, surrounded by very timid and scurried into the bush as soon as a natural wall of solid rock. Many people had lost they saw us. their lives by attempting to swim in it, for there is It is astonishing to me how animals survive in an invisible whirlpool near its center which draws this arid, sun-scorched land, where one travels mile them under. The color of the water was the most after mile without sign of a tree, over desolate

MAY, 1941 253 stretches of country where the ground is covered The Bushmen posed obligingly while we took with rocks and the sole vegetation consists of clumps some photographs, in return for which we gave of drier yellow grass and occasional thorn bushes. them handfuls of tobacco, bought at Tsumeb for The road, or rather the “pad,” as it is more ap¬ this purpose. On our way back to the Fort we met propriately called in Afrikaans, was better than we a member of the tribe coming home after a day’s had hoped and we reached Namutoni just before hunting. He carried his large bow and quiver of sunset. The outpost was a startling surprise. As arrows in one hand, and over his shoulder he had a we rounded a bend in the road, we saw before us bamboo stick with his kill of the day suspended what might have been a fortress of the Foreign Le¬ from one end of it, several livers and choice bits of gion somewhere in Morocco. Gleaming white, with meat, and his water bag suspended from the other. crenellated towers, and a row of palm trees sil¬ Around his neck was hung a flat bag made of raw- houetted against the sinking sun, it was a most hide, in which he carried his tobacco and pipe, the romantic sight to see on the African veldt. Origi¬ latter carved from a Springbok horn. His skin was nally it had been a fort, built by the Germans in darkened by a coarse, reddish brown powder made their campaigns against the Ovambos, a warlike from the bark of trees, which was rubbed unevenly tribe whose country, Ovamboland, was forty miles over it. In the lobes of his ears he wore bright red away. In 1921, when the Union took over South earrings, and around his neck a string of white West Africa they turned it into a Police Post with beads made of ostrich egg shells. We stopped to a Sergeant in charge and two native constables. speak to him but he did not understand, and only The present Sergeant was a genial Africaner. He held out his hand for tobacco. When we had given gave us a hearty welcome and suggested that we him some, he said “Moro,” which means “Good¬ have a swim in his little pool near the date palms. bye,” and strode away with a fine swinging gait. We were delighted with the idea, and five minutes The following morning we left Namutoni at day¬ later found us almost submerged in delicious cool, break. for that is the best hour in which to see the spring water, with an audience of four or five curi¬ game. When the sun is higher in the sky, they leave ous, unsmiling Bushmen boyrs. the open ground to take shelter in cooler haunts, re¬ After our swim, there was just time before dark treating into the bush, or into forests of Tambuti to visit a Bushmen village a few miles away. As and Mpani, or iron wood trees, where it is diffi¬ Sergeant Kleinhans was a friend of the Chief’s, we cult to detect them. were very warmly received. They are a quaint lit¬ We were well rewarded for our early start, for tle people, a race 10,000 years old, going straight we saw herd after herd of Wildebeeste (these are back to the Stone Age, ill-formed and ugly, but somewhat like the American Bison in appearance) with shrewd, keen eyes. What impressed me most and also Zebra in great numbers, galloping across was the extraordinary cleanliness of their little set¬ the veldt, even crossing directly in front of the car tlement. The small, round, reed huts were spick and so that we had to come to a full stop in order to span. Inside of these, on the ground, were two or avoid running into them. We also saw Springbok three lion or leopard skins on which they slept. at frequent intervals. This animal is the national They cooked their food on a small fire outside of emblem of South Africa and his likeness is repro¬ their huts, where the ground looked as though it duced in the South African coat of arms. They had just been swept. Everything was as neat as are a particularly graceful member of the deer could be, including the Chief’s quarters, which were family, with long spindly legs and the ability to separated from the others by a bamboo fence, and spring four or five feet into the air without appar¬ consisted of three somewhat larger huts. ently the slightest effort. This they do constantly, We watched a group of four men seated on the and it is a joy to watch they as they take the most ground fashioning arrowheads. It was extraordi¬ unbelievably high jumps for no reason whatever, nary how well they worked with the crude, clumsy except possibly from the pure joy of living. tools they used. Some of the points were only a Presently we came to the dry bed of a lake in the quarter of an inch in length. These, I felt certain, center of the reserve. This is the Etosha Pan, an were for what the white man facetiously calls a enormous area, approximately triangular in shape, “Bushmen’s revolver,” a tiny bow and arrow no eighty miles long and eighty miles wide at the longer than the palm of one’s hand. These are broad end of the triangle. A century ago it was a reserved for personal enemies and for shooting at great lake, fed by the Okvango River; then the close quarters. The arrows, as in the case of the river gradually changed its course and the remain¬ larger ones, are dipped in a deadly poison which ing water of the lake was absorbed by the fierce paralyzes instantly and kills in the space of an hour heat of the African sun, so that today, nothing re¬ or two. mains but a salty expanse of grey clay.

254 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL From a distance, the reflection in the air of the ing swiftly with a soft whirring noise, and our car salt crystals on its surface, shimmering in the sun, sank deeper and deeper into the mud. created for us the mirage of an inland sea, always We got out to inspect. It wasn’t mud as W'e gen¬ a few hundred yards in front of us. Now I could erally think of it; it was like thick, grey paint. understand how a man, hot and thirsty, could go on Under a thin surface crust, our feet sank into it up and on, mile after mile, seeking the cool lake which to our ankles, and we could hardly pull them out lay tantalizingly in front of him, but which he again. Every step, therefore, was a problem in could never reach. itself. Leaving the immediate vicinity of the Pan, we We set to work to try to clear a space around came upon the recent spoor of a lion leading to a the wheels, but for each two handfuls that we dug water hole. It would have been an ideal spot in away, another came up from below to take its place. which to wait and watch the game as they came to We explored the area ahead of us, but we couldn’t drink at sunset, but our goal was Okakueyo, sixty see much in the rapidly failing light except that we miles further on, and we wanted to get there before seemed to be in the middle of a wide depression. dark. We had apparently come into an enormous swamp, Up to that point the trail had been fairly good, where it had rained two or three days previously; although at times it was easy enough to lose when a thin layer on the surface was dry, and conse¬ the grass grew too thick and high and covered the quently very deceptive, while beneath it was soft wheel ruts almost altogether, or when it led us and sticky. across sandy wastes and we would have to gauge We saw that further effort to clear the wheels was where we would strike it again at the other side. useless. The only thing to do now was to get into We were so enthralled by all we saw, the wild¬ the car and rest until daylight, when we could start ness of the country, the lovely groves of Tambuti in again. We didn’t like our situation. Fifty miles trees with their fresh green leaves, and the great behind us to the previous outpost, thirty miles in herds of game, that the afternoon passed all too front of us to the next, and the prospect of remain¬ quickly and before we knew it the sun was setting. ing a week or more before someone happened to The terrain also had changed a good deal in char¬ come by. For provisions we had a gallon bottle of acter and the ground was much softer, rather like drinking water and a tin of biscuits. Suddenly in that of the lake bed. As we drove on the going be¬ the midst of these thoughts a loud roar rent the still¬ came heavier and heavier. We wondered at this ness of the night,—then another and then another. and felt slightly uneasy too. Could it be the treach¬ A chill went down my spine. 1 thought of walking erous soil that forms a soft, sticky mass of clay thirty miles in lion country; I thought of all the after the rains? For once the rains come this lurid tales the Sergeant had regaled 11s with the country is impassable. Rut it didn’t seem possible night before—of the three native constables who that i t could had come this have rained, way a month for everything ago, two of about us was as them, the Ser¬ dry as could geant said, had be, and there been attacked wasn’t a sign of by lions and a cloud in the killed. The oth¬ sky. Suddenly' er had man¬ the car skidded aged to climb a sideways; tree, where he it gave us a had hung mis¬ nasty shock. erably for days The ground be¬ before he was neath us grew rescued. Anoth¬ softer and soft¬ er roar; this er, and then we time it sounded heard the sound like ten lions. we dreaded, the Oh. why had I motor straining ever wished to and groaning, see a lion? A the wheels turn¬ Bushmen in their village (Cont. on pg. 287)

MAY. 1941 255 Balkan Scenes

Buildings of the American Farm School just outside Salonika. The house at the left housed the staff of the Consulate after Greece en¬ tered the war. It was for¬ merly the residence of James H. Keeley, Jr. Photo by James E. Henderson

WARTIME STAFF IN ATHENS Left to right—sitting: H. Lawrence Groves, Commer¬ cial Attache; Leslie E. Reed, 1st Secretary and Consul General; The Minister, Lin¬ coln McVeigh; Joseph A. Baker, Military Attache; standing: Burton Y. Berry, 2nd Secretary and Consul; William N. Fraleigh, 3rd Secretary and Vice Consul; Foy D. Kohler, 3rd Secre¬ tary and Vice Consul; Major Demas T. Craw', American Observer attached to the RAF; Cavendish W. Cannon, 2nd Secretary and Consul; and G. Lewis Jones, Assistant Commercial Attache. Courtesy Foy D. Kohler

BOCCIJE DI CATTARO

The steamer in lower right is pulling away from Kotor, where the Diplomatic Corps was staying the middle of April. Photo by James E. Henderson

'M

The lion and Why of a C olor Print

By KNOWI.TON V. HICKS, Consul, Halifax

THREE men are walking through the snowy screen will give white and they are therefore termed park. One says, the additive colors. “Take another look!” One process of color photography by projection “But of course I’ve looked! All shadows on snow known as the “Mikut” used this principle and con¬ are gray!” sisted of projecting through filters of the three pri¬ “And you,” turning to his other companion the maries the positive slides made from negatives tak¬ questioner asked, “do you too think the shadow on en through three similar filters. The old Kodakolor the snow is gray?” movies (now outmoded by Kodachrome) used this “Well, now that I take another look it seems to same principle. However, to make a print on paper be a purplish blue or bluish purple, though most we cannot project light onto it in a dark room. people would say that shadows on snow are gray.’ Therefore, starting with white paper we must sub¬ The second observer was right. “Things aren’t tract some of the component parts of white light to always what they seem!” On a clear day in winter arrive at a print in color. shadows cast on the snow almost always show The most confusing hurdle, in color photography tinges of blue and violet. And that is just one of on paper, encountered by the experienced amateur the many troubles encountered in making color pic¬ familiar with black and white photography, is the tures on paper. relation between the filter used to produce a nega¬ We are so accustomed to saying that shadows tive and the color used to produce the positive from are gray, grass is green, snow is white, complexions that negative. The negative taken through the red pinkish orange and so on, that a photograph of a filter is printed in cyan (greenish blue), the one beautiful red haired young lady, sitting at a table through the green filter in magenta (bluish red) under a willow tree which shows her hair as very and the one through the blue filter in yellow. This dark brown and her complexion as pale olive drab is because each of the three secondaries is a sub¬ is at once branded as utterly false. However, a tractive or minus color, i. e., careful observer would find that that is the way Cyan (greenish blue) is minus red. the young lady would look. The mind would make Magenta (bluish red) is minus green. corrections but the fact would remain. Yellow is minus blue. Have you ever noticed the polished top of a black automobile? In clear weather it is very definitely Shall we carry this further even though in danger not black but reflects the sky and clouds or trees of making a complex subject confusing? Very well, above it. In colored motion pictures this usually ye hardy-ones! We have, let us assume, a chart to passes unnoticed as the approximation to reality, photograph made up of black, white, yellow, red, due to motion, is much greater than in a colored green and blue squares. As in all forms of three still picture which is examined at leisure. color photography three separate negatives are After this attempted justification of the polychro¬ made of this chart, one through a red filter, one matic monstrosities we amateurs of color prints through a green filter and one through a blue filter. foist upon our long suffering friends, relatives and The result, on development of the negatives, is in¬ acquaintances, it might be advisable to endeavor dicated in the table: to explain just what a color print is from the point Black 1C kite Yellow Red Green Blue of view of the photographer. fled filter negative Clear Black Black Black Clear Clear Briefly, a color print is a combination in varying Green filter nega¬ tive Clear Black Black Clear Black Clear proportions of three prints made in subtractive or Blue filter negative Clear Black Clear Clear Clear Black secondary colors. These colors are magenta I a bluish red), cyan (a greenish blue) and yellow. On printing the three negatives the prints would The term subtractive colors may be better under¬ line up in this manner: stood when it is pointed out that the purpose of Original object Black White Yellow Red Green Blue each of these three colors is to subtract from the Print from Red filter negative Black Clear Clear Clear Black Black white (all colors present I of the paper one of the Creen filter nega¬ three primaries, viz., red. green and blue. These tive Black Clear Clear Black Clear Black latter three when projected together as light on a Blue filter negative Black Clear Black Black Black Clear

258 Now assume these three prints are not finished in black and white but in the three subtractive colors as indicated above and as indicated, to save ref¬ erence, below. Red filter negative in Cyan or greenish blue, Green filter negative in Magenta or bluish red, Blue filter negative in Yellow; then upon superimposing these three prints (trans¬ parent, of course) in register just what happens? Once more (and finally) our chart can help us to see how this gives a reproduction of the original colors by subtracting from white certain primary colors In means of the secondaries:— INo. 1. Photograph taken through a deep red filter. The densi¬ 12 3 4 5 6 ties appearing in the photograph are red densities which, to In- Original object Black White Yellow Red Green Blue reproduced on paper, must he printed in a minus red or Prints in Colors cyan, greenish-blue. This color subtracts red from white and Red filter negative Cyan Clear Clear Clear Cyan Cyan therefore reduces the densities which showed in tin- original Green filter nega- subject. ’■ve Mag’a Clear Clear Mag’a Clear Mag'a Rhie filter negative Yell’w Clear Yell’w Yell’w Yell’w Clear Final Result Black White Yellow Red Green Blue I lie why of this result may be explained a bit. at the risk of being boresome, in this manner: We start with white paper and in the first block the cyan removes all red—leaving blue green; the magenta on top of this removes all green—leaving pure blue; the yellow removes all blue—leaving black. In the second block there is no deposited color, hence white remains. In the third block, only M yellow is deposited and this removes all blue—leav¬ ing yellow. In the fourth block the magenta re¬ moves all green and the yellow removes all blue— leaving only red. In the fifth block the cyan re¬ ■if .1 moves all red and the yellow all blue—leaving only green. And in the sixth block the cyan removes all / red and the magenta all green—leaving only blue. lo illustrate how this works out in practice, con¬ sider the three black and white prints reproduced. No. 1. a print from the red filter negative, shows almost blank in the yellow grapefruit and the same for the orange, whereas a medium deposit No. 2. Taken through a deep green filter thereby recording will be noted in the case of the plums and parts of green densities which, in order to he reproduced on white paper, must be printed in magenta, a bluish-red, which will the pineapple. No 2, the green filter negative, will subtract red light from the white of the paper. show practically no deposit in the case of the grape- fruit, a heavy deposit for the plums and a general deposit in the case of the pineapple. No. 3, how¬ ever. the blue filter negative, shows almost complete blackness in the case of the grapefruit, the same (Continued on page 282)

No. 3. Taken through a deep blue violet fil¬ ter. Records blue densities which, for the purpose of reproduction on paper, must he printed in yellow to subtract blue from the white of the paper. A History of the Consulate General at London

By PERCY R. BROEMEL*

INTRODUCTORY self more fortunate than all my fellow citizens in having the distinguished honour to be the first to In the “Royal Kalender” of 1786 there appears stand in your Majesty’s royal presence in a diplo¬ for the first time the name of “John Adams, Esq. matic character; and I shall esteem myself the hap¬ as the first Minister of the United States to the Court piest of men, if I can be instrumental in recommend¬ of St. James. ing my country more and more to your Majesty’s From a work by Barnard, published in London in royal benevolence, and of restoring an entire es¬ 1822, of which, 1 believe, I possess the only known teem, confidence, and affection, or in better words, copy. I have culled the following charming ac¬ ‘the old good nature, and the good old humour,’ count of the interview^ which Mr. Adams had with between people, who, though separated by an ocean, King George III on presenting his credentials; the and under different governments, have the same account would appear to have been written by Mr. language, a similar religion, a kindred blood. I beg your Majesty’s permission to add, that, although I Adams himself, as it hears his name at the end: have sometimes before been entrusted by my coun¬ “At one, on Wednesday the 1st of June, 1785, try, it was never in my whole life in a manner so the master of the ceremonies called at my house. agreeable to myself.’ When we arrived in the antichamber, the ‘Oeil de “The king listened to every word I said, wfith Boeuf of St. James, the master of the ceremonies, dignity, it is true, but with an apparent emotion. met me, and attended me while the secretary-of- Whether it was the nature of the interview, or state went to take the commands of the king. While whether it was my visible agitation, for I felt more I stood in this place, where it seems all ministers- than I did or could express, that touched him. 1 of-istate, bishops, and all other sorts of courtiers, cannot say; but he was much affected, and answered wait, as well as in the next room, which is the me with more tremor than I had spoken with: and king’s bedchamber, you may well suppose that I said, ‘Sir, the circumstances of this audience are so was the focus of all eyes. I went with his lordship extraordinary, the language you have now held is through the levee-room into the king’s closet; the so extremely proper, and the feelings YOU have dis¬ door was shut, and I was left with his Majesty covered so justly adapted to the occasion, that I and the secretary-of-state alone. I made the three must say, that I not only receive with pleasure the reverences; one at the door, another about half¬ assurance of the friendly disposition of the United way, and the third before the presence, according States, but that I am very glad the choice has fallen to the usage established at this and all the northern upon y ou to be their minister. I wish you, Sir, to courts of Europe, and then addressed myself to his believe, and that it may be understood in America, Majesty in the following words: that I have done nothing in the late contest hut “ 'Sir—The United States of America have ap¬ what I thought myself indispensably bound to do, pointed me their minister-plenipotentiary to your by the duty which I owed to my people. I will be Majesty, and have directed me to deliver to your very frank with you. I was the last to conform to Majesty this letter, which contains the evidence of the separation; but, the separation having been it. It is in obedience to their express commands, made, and having become inevitable. I have always that I have the honour to assure your Majesty of said, as I say now, that I would be the first to meet their unanimous disposition and desire to cultivate the friendship of the United States as an indepen¬ the most friendly and liberal intercourse between dent power. The moment I see such sentiment and your Majesty’s subjects and their citizens, and of language as yours prevail, and a disposition to give their best wishes for your Majesty’s health and hap¬ this country the preference, that moment I shall piness, and for that of your royal family. say, let the circumstance of language, religion, and “ ‘The appointment of a minister from the United blood, have their natural and full effect.’ States to your Majesty’s court, will form an epoch “I dare not say that these were the king’s precise in the history of England and America. I think my- w'ords, and it is even possible that I may have, in some particulars, mistaken his meaning; for al¬ .Mr. Broemel served as clerk in the London Consulate general though his pronunciation is as distinct as I ever from 1920 until his death, September 7. 1938. His manuscript was prepared in 1927 and made part of the JOURNAL archives. heard, he hesitated sometimes between his periods,

260 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and between members of the same period. He was once powerful Republics of Venice and Genoa.- - indeed much affected, and I was not less so, and Hanover and Hesse-Cassel were incorporated in the therefore I cannot be certain that I was so attentive, new Prussia of 1866,—only the “ghosts” of their heard so clearly, and understood so perfectly, as to former entity remaining! be confident of all his words or sense; and I think In 1785 Mr. Adams had his residence in Grosve- that all which he said to me should at present be nor Square, then unnumbered or only partially kept secret in America, unless his Majesty or his numbered, and continued there until 1788; for secretary-of-state should judge proper to report it. 1789 to 1791 no diplomatic or other representative I his I do say. that the foregoing is his Majesty’s for the United States is indicated in the “Royal meaning, as I then understood it. and his own words Kalender. until Mr. Joshua Johnson appeared as as nearly as I can recollect them. a kind of advance guard as Consul in 1791. “The king then asked me whether I came last from France? and, upon my answering in the af¬ PART 1. firmative, he put on an air of familiarity; and smil¬ ing. or rather laughing, said, ‘There is an opinion I. THE BIRTH OF THE CONSULATE among some people, that you are not the most at- In commencing this History of the American Con¬ tac lied of all your countrymen to the manners of sulate in London I have been considerably hampered France.’ I was surprised at this, because I thought by the absence of the first Miscellaneous Record it an indiscretion, and a descent from his dignity. Book, which presumably began about the year 1792 I was a little embarrassed, hut determined not to and extended to 1807, but which has been lost in deny the truth on one hand, nor leave him to infer the course of numerous removals. The wonder is. from it any attachment to England on the other. however, not that any Miscellaneous Record Books I threw off as much gravity as 1 could, and assumed should be missing, but that the Collection should an air of gaiety, and a tone of decision, as far as be as complete and well-preserved as it actualh is! was decent, and said, ‘That opinion, Sir, is not There is. however, a Register of Vessels and Car¬ mistaken; 1 must avow to your Majesty I have no goes dealt with in 1798 by Consul Williams*—all attachment hut to my own country.’ The king re¬ these records are in the shape of printed forms, and plied. as quick as lightning, ‘An honest man will refer to goods landed here from the 49 American never have any other.’ Vessels that arrived in the Port of London in that “The king then said a word or two to the secre- year, and a number of volumes from 1804 to 1817, tary-of-state, which, being between them, 1 did not referring to Impressed Seamen (see Chapter IV I. hear, and then turned round and bowed to me, as I am thus thrown back upon such available sources is customary with all kings and princes, when they of information as the “Royal Kalendar,” Traci H. give the signal to retire. 1 retreated, stepping back¬ Lay’s “Foreign Service of the United States,” and wards, as is the etiquette; and, making my last rev¬ other means provide. The “Royal Kalendar” has erence at the door of the chamber, 1 went my way. indeed proved a friend in need: this publication -ADAMS.” reaches back to the middle of the 18th century and How little did George 111 dream that he would contains much information on the official life of still be reigning, though hopelessly insane, his son the time; it was only owing to the courtesi of the acting as the Regent, when the second war between Chief Librarian of the Foreign Office and the Super¬ England and America broke out in 18121. . . . intendent of the Record Office here that I was en¬ It may be of interest to recall that in 1785 only abled to make the extracts. the following States had Ministers in London, be¬ The origin of a new Institution, of a house, of a district, or of a name is always of extreme interest sides America: to the historian and the present work does not differ Germany and Hungary; Russia; Sweden; Den¬ in this respect materially from similar tasks I have mark; Poland; Prussia; Saxony; Hesse-Cassel; undertaken as a relaxation from the daily incidents Hanover; Holland; Hansa Towns (described as of ordinary life. Agent and Consul only); France; Spain; the Two The first Consulate of the United States in Lon¬ Sicilies; Portugal; Sardinia; Venice and Genoa. don w'as opened in Hertford Street, Mayfair, (built Only German Hungary (bracketed together). in 1764) in the year 1791, but the most persistent Russia, Sweden, and Denmark had properly appoint¬ ed Consuls in that year. *It is curious that in this Record-Book a Consul S. Williams should have signed when he does not appear in the “Royal Kal¬ The above list will show how the map of Europe endar” until 1801, Mr. Joshua Johnson’s name alone being given as Consul between 1791 and 1800. Possibly Mr. Johnson looked in the 18th century; later the Hansa Towns appointed Mr. Williams as Consul during his own absence; only the missing Miscellaneous Record-Book No. 1 could have solved ceased to be independent Sovereign States, the two the mystery. Sicilies became a part of United Italy, as also the (Continued on page 290)

MAY. 1941 261 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN The incidence of world crisis and the resulting evolution of American public opinion in the last twelve months have centered the country’s atten¬ FOREIGN JOURNAL tion very largely on foreign policy. By the enact¬ ment of the Lend-Lease Bill the Congress made effective the popular determination to bolster re¬ sistance to aggression everywhere in the world, in PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN the clear comprehension that by encouraging re¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. sistance elsewhere we minimize the danger here. The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription The eyes of the country are, therefore, directed day- in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ in and day out at the focal points of aggression in pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Europe and Asia. Copyright, 1941, by the American Foreign Service Association The nation’s representatives in those areas are, The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the of course, the officers of the Service, and never be¬ editors. fore has the American public been so conscious of their existence and of their function as it is today. JOURNAL STAFF The daily newspapers follow with passionate in¬ terest the peregrinations of our Minister to Yugo¬ HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman CHARLES W. YOST slavia and his staff as he maintains contact with HERBERT S. BURSLEY Editorial the Government of that heroic nation; when the REGINALD P. MITCHELL Board Athenian populace demonstrates gratefully before LEO D. STURGEON the American Legation, a feeling of pride stirs the EDWARD PACE, JR... JANE WILSON, Managing Editor morning newspaper reader in Louisville, Minneap¬ GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager olis, and Albuquerque; the courage and steadfast¬ WILLIAM E. DECOURCY Treasurer ness of a consular staff in an invaded city or a bombarded port are noted and remembered. The American Foreign Service Association Never before has the Foreign Service played so important a role in the life of our country as it

The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and does today. Phe Service is now indeed the first voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of line of defense. Its officers are privileged to repre¬ the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and sent 130 million Americans in expressing to the to establish a center around which might he grouped the united people among whom they are stationed, on the one efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. hand, resolution and sangfroid and, on the other, sympathy and encouragement. The personnel in Honorary President the field may rest assured that the magnitude and CORDELL HULL Secretary of State difficulties of their tasks and the splendid manner in which they are accomplishing it are appreciated r Honorary t ice-Presidents by everyone at home. SUMNER WELLES Under Secretary of State ADOLF A. BERLE, JR. Assistant Secretary of State BRECKINRIDGE LONG Assistant Secretary of State DEAN ACHESON Assistant Secretary of State PHOTOGRAPHIC CONTEST G. HOWLAND SHAW Assistant Secretary of State Owing to the difficulties and delays in com¬ JOSEPH E. JACOBS. President munications throughout the world as well as S. PINKNEY TUCK Vice-President the great pressure on members of the Service PAUL C. DANIELS ...... Secretary-Treasurer at the present time, it has been decided to postpone the Photographic Contest announced EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE in recent issues of the JOURNAL. AS soon as conditions permit the new dates of the contest GEORGE L. BRANDT, Chairman LOY W. HENDERSON, Vice-Chairman will be published. In the meantime Foreign HERBERT S. BURSLEY, JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, Service officers and their families are urged Alternates to continue to send in photographs suitable CABOT COVILLE, PAUL C. DANIELS for publication as in the past. Readers are reminded that the JOURNAL pays small fees for Entertainment Committee pictures of timely or outstanding interest. GLENN A. ABBEY, J. BARTLETT RICHARDS, EDWARD T. WAILES

262 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Service Officers April 17. He remained at his home in Washington Richard P. Butrick, until recently Consul at until April 28 and proceeded to New York City, Shanghai, sailed from San Francisco on April 25 where he departed on April 30 on a clipper plane on the S.S. President Garfield for Hong Kong, for Lisbon. He planned to proceed by plane from where he planned to proceed by plane to his new Lisbon to England to assume his new duties as Sec¬ post as Counselor at Chungking. He accompanied ond Secretary and Consul at London. Prior to Ambassador Clarence E. Gauss. He proceeded by leaving Washington he was the guest of honor at a automobile to California with Mrs. Butrick and cocktail party tendered by' the correspondents who their children, Ann, seven years old, and Dickie, “cover the Department. five years old, who planned to reside on the West William W. Butterworth. Jr., until recently Sec¬ Coast. After Mr. Butrick terminated a month’s ond Secretary at London, arrived at New' York City temporary detail in the Division of Far Eastern on April 8 on a clipper plane from Lisbon en route Affairs on April 3 they motored to St. John, New from his post. On April 14 he entered upon a de¬ Brunswick, where he and Mrs. Butrick had been partment assignment, being detailed at the outset to married while he w'as serving as Consul. On this duties in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com¬ present occasion they carried out their wish for merce of the Department of Commerce. their two children to he baptized in the same church John F. Melby, Third Secretary at Caracas, regis¬ in St. John in which they themselves had been tered at the Department or: April 16 and on Apr il married. 18 began a temporary detail of about three months Lowell C. Pinkerton, until recently Consul Gen¬ in the Division of the American Republics. On eral at Wellington, spent the greater part of March leaving Caracas he went by car to Bogota, a diffi¬ and early April in Washington with Mrs. Pinkerton cult and somewhat dangerous journey over a nar¬ and was a frequent visitor in the Department, occu¬ row' mountain road seldom traveled by foreigners. pying a desk for much of the time in the Division He proceeded by plane to Mexico City, then by of Near Eastern Affairs. He and Mrs. Pinkerton train to El Paso, where he joined Mrs. Melby and sailed from New York City on April 9 on the S.S. their two-year-old son, Haldor. who preceded him k. /. Luckenbach via the Cape of Good Hope for a there two months earlier. After spending part port in the Persian Gulf where they intended to pro¬ of his leave there he visited the University of Chi¬ ceed via Baghdad to his new' post as Consul General cago and gave a dissertion before a faculty com¬ at Jerusalem. mittee on his thesis, “The Rubber Boom in the Dorsey G. Fisher concluded a four-year assign¬ Amazon,” for his Doctor of Philosophy degree to ment in the Division of Current Information on be awrarded him in June. Alfred T. Nester, Consul April 16 and on the follow¬ at Guayquil, visited the De¬ ing day began a detail of partment for the first two two to three weeks as a weeks of April following his “watch officer” on night du¬ arrival at New Orleans on ty in the Secretary’s office. March 17 with Mrs. Nester He and Mrs. McGregor on the S.S. Ulua from Pan¬ planned to return by auto¬ ama en route from Guayquil. mobile to Mexico City at the They proceeded to his home end of this detail. in Geneva, New York, to Homer M. Byington, Jr., spend the remainder of until recently Second Secre¬ leave, planning to sail from tary and Consul at Belgrade, New York City for Guayquil registered at the Department on May 23. on March 29 following his Forrest K. Gheerken, Vice arrival at New York City on Consul at Colon, visited the Department on March the preceding day from Lisbon en route from Bel¬ 26 and 27 following his arrival at New York City grade. He joined Mrs. Byington and their seven- on March 22 on the S.S. Cristobal from Panama. year-old son, Homer M. Byington, III, who have He left for Oxnard, near Santa Barbara, California, been making their home in Washington since being to spend leave with Mrs. Gheerken and their two evacuated from Belgrade, and made a trip to Mon¬ children, John, two and one-half years old, and Bar¬ treal for a brief stay with his parents, Consul Gen¬ bara. six months old, who went there from Colon eral and Mrs. Byington. On April 25 he assumed several weeks earlier. his new duties in the Division of Current Informa¬ Raymond P. Ludden, Vice Consul at Canton, ar¬ tion. rived at San Francisco on March 13 on the S.S. Daniel V. Anderson, until recently Vice Consul President Coolidge from Hong Kong on home at Bombay, divided his time in March and early leave. He proceeded to his home at Jamaica Plains, April between Washington and Rehoboth, Dela¬ Boston, and joined Mrs. Ludden, who was evacu¬ ware, and sailed from New York City on April 16 ated from China several months ago. He reported on the S.S. Jamaica for Barranquilla, where he for a month’s temporary detail in the Division of planned to proceed by plane to his new post as Far Eastern Affairs on March 31 and planned to Third Secretary and Vice Consul at Bogota. resume home leave later. Barry T. Benson, until recently Consul at Cal¬ M ax W. Schmidt, until recently Third Secretary cutta, in late March concluded a detail of about two at Tokyo, reported for duty in the Division of Far weeks in the Department of Agriculture and left to Eastern Affairs on March 24, following approxi¬ spend 60 days’ home leave at his home in Sherman, mately three weeks’ leave taken after his arrival at Texas, at the conclusion of which he planned to San Francisco on February 27 from Japan. leave for his new post as Second Secretary and Con¬ Jacob D. Beam, who has been serving for several sul at Bogota. months in the Division of European Affairs, con¬ S. Pinkney Tuck, Counselor at Buenos Aires, vis¬ cluded his duties on April 16 and left on the same ited the Department on March 25 while on home day for a two-day stay at his home in Princeton, leave. He planned to have sailed from New York New Jersey, prior to sailing from New York City City in mid-April in returning to his post. on April 19 on the S.S. Excambion for Lisbon. He George K. Donald, until recently Consul General planned to proceed by the usual plane service from at Southampton, visited the Department in late Lisbon to England to assume his new duties as March while on home leave preparatory to proceed¬ Third Secretary and Vice Consul at London. ing in mid-April to his new post as Consul General James W. Riddleberger, until recently Second at Windsor. Secretary at Berlin, assumed his new duties in the Robert D. Murphy, Counselor and Consul at Division of European Affairs on April 14. having Vichy, arrived at New York City on March 31 on been assigned to the Department while on home the S.S. Exeter from Lisbon following an official leave at his home in Ipswich. Massachusetts. He tour of American consular offices in North Africa. arrived in New York City from Berlin early in He registered at the Department on April 1 for a March. period of consultation. Robert G. McGregor, Jr., Consul at Mexico City, Edward L. Reed, until recently Counselor at who has been on leave visiting his parents at Lake Rome, reported to the Department on April 11 at Placid, New York, registered at the Department on the termination of leave taken following his arrival

264 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL flora Rome in early January and assumed his new Ely E. Palmer, until recently Consul General at duties in the Division of Controls. Beirut, visited the Department for a week during Therraod 0. Klath, Commercial Attache at Bern, the latter part of March following his arrival from assumed his duties on a temporary detail in the Di¬ Beirut. He spent the greater part of April at his vision of Controls on April 14, following his ar¬ home in Providence, Rhode Island, and planned to rival from Bern in late March. leave in May for his new post as Consul General at H. Coit MacLean, who has been serving in the Sydney. offices of Assistant Secretary Long, assumed his Arthur D. Jukes, Vice Consul at Nuevitas, visited duties on a temporary detail in the Division of the Department from April 8 to 17, prior to return¬ Controls in mid-March preparatory to leaving with¬ ing to his post. in a short time for his new post as Commercial V. Harwood Blocker, until recently Vice Consul Attache at Santiago. at Martinique, visited the Department on March 29 William F. Busser, Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, while en route to his home in San Angelo, Texas, to concluded a temporary detail of two and one-half spend leave prior to proceeding to his new post as months in the Division of American Republics in Vice Consul at Porto Alegre. mid-March and began a temporary detail in the Edward Anderson, Third Secretary and Consul Division of Controls. at Ciudad Irujillo, visited the Department for sev¬ Waldo E. Bailey, until recently Vice Consul at eral days in mid-April while on home leave, which Nairobi, left New York City on April 3 on the he has been spending principally in New England "Dixie Clipper” for Lisbon, where he planned to following a brief visit in Eastern Canada. proceed by plane to England en route to his new Robert Y. Brown, until recently Second Secretary post as Vice Consul at London. and Consul at San Jose, registered at the Depart¬ William T. Turner, Second Secretary at Tokyo, ment on April 9 en route to his home in Dothan, registered at the Department on March 22 while on Alabama, to spend leave preparatory to proceeding home leave, which he is spending principally at to his new post as Second Secretary and Consul at Middleburg, Va. Montevideo. J. Wesley Jones, until recently Consul at Rome, Alan N. Steyne, Second Secretary and Consul at visited the Department for several days in mid-April London, visited the Department for several days in following his arrival from Rome. He left for his late March during home leave which he has been home in Sioux City, Iowa, to spend the greater spending principally in New' York City. part of 30 days’ leave prior to assuming his new Glenn A. Abbey, now serving in the Division of duties in the Division of European Affairs. Foreign Service Administration, and Robert D. Coe, North Winship, Counselor at Pretoria, visited the now serving in the Division of European Affairs, Department in mid-April at the conclusion of home plan to proceed in July to London, where each has leave which he and Mrs. Winship spent principally been assigned as Second Secretary and Consul. at their home at Macon, Georgia. John P. Hurley, assigned to the Visa Division of Janies M. Bowcock. Vice Consul at Munich, ar¬ the Department of State, called at the Department rived in New York City on March 22 on the “Dixie on April 30, after an extended illness. Clipper” from Lisbon. He visited the Department JOURNAL RECOGNITION on April 3 and left for his home in Richmond, Vir¬ ginia, to spend the greater part of his leave. In The Dartmouth of April 19 appears an item Marselis C. Parsons, Jr., entitled “Foreign Serv¬ until recently Vice Consul at ice Experiences — Serious Batavia, who arrived in New Shortage of Men,” written York City on February 4 along the lines of the ar¬ from Batavia to spend home ticle which appeared in the leave en route to his as¬ March issue of the JOURNAL signed post as Vice Consul on the subject of shortage at Zagreb, left New York of personnel in the Foreign City by clipper plane on April 23 for his newly-as¬ Service, prepared by the signed post as Vice Consul Division of Foreign Service at Lisbon. He spent leave Personnel. In its article principally in Florida and at The Darthmouth quotes his home in Rye, New from the JOURNAL ma¬

York. J. M. Bowcoek terial.

MAY, 1941 265 i\ews From the Field ^v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v/.v/.v.v.v.w.v.-.v.w.v.v.v.v.v.v.’.v.v.v.v.'.w.v.v.vvv.V

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS § ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay. Paraguay LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR.—Turkey BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru LYON, CECIL B.—Chile COOPER, CHARLES A.-—Japan MCGRECOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain MALEADY, THOMAS J.—Colombia FERRIS, WALTON C.—Great Britain PLITT, EDWIN A.—France FULLER, GEORCE G.—Central Canada PRESTON, AUSTIN R.—Norway and Sweden GROTH, EDWARD M.—India REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines SIMMONS, JOHN FARR—Eastern Canada ROBINSON, THOMAS FT.—British Columbia SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iceland WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil American Embassy, Berlin—Germany

, , , , , ;V,V.V.V/.V.%V.S%V.W.V.Wi .W.V.W . .WAVAVA'/Wi‘.V.V.%V.V.V. iV.WI“. /.V

LISBON

Photograph taken at the time of the presentation of credentials of the Honorable Bert Fish to the President of Portugal. Left to right: Dr. Jaol> de Mendonra, Assistant Chief of Protocol; Major Norman C. Cauni, U. S. A. Military Attache: Frederick P. Hibbard. First Secretary; Minister Fish; General Amilcar Mota, Chiei of the Military Household of the President; Dr. Henrique de Vianna, Chief of Protocol; Commander Ben Wyatt, U. S. Naval Attache; and John C. Shillock, Jr., Second Secretary.

266 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL OTTAWA The Moffats have had a short but well-earned leave of absence of twenty days, dividing their time mainly between Charleston and Washington, with a brief visit to New York before returning to Ot¬ tawa on April 10th. JOHN FARR SIMMONS.

MONTREAL "I he American Minister to Canada, the Honorable J. Pierrepont Moffat. \ isited Montreal on March 10th to present his credentials to the Government of Luxemburg which is established in this city. Amongst the heavier-smoking subordinates on the staff of the Consulate General speculation has since been rife as to the possibility of one of them being made third secretary to the Duchy of Luxemburg, the idea of free entry of cigarettes being it is as¬ sumed of minor consideration in this connection. Senator and Mrs. Claude Pepper spent the first day of spring in Montreal, and while the thermom¬ eter hovered in the neighborhood of zero through¬ out the day the Senator’s party managed to cover considerable ground on a sight-seeing tour of the city. Senator Pepper was the guest of honor at a luncheon of the Canadian Club of Montreal and delivered a stirring address on “Democracy in the Modern World.” Senator and Mrs. Pepper left in the evening for a visit to Quebec prior to their re¬ turn to Washington on March 23rd. Courtesy A. E. Lippincott Colonel William Donovan and Consul General George \fter something like two years of probationary Wadsworth photographed in front of the Consulate training al Montreal, i.e., one year of actual as¬ General at Jerusalem upon Colonel Donovan’s recent signment as specified in the regulations regarding visit there. office hours and approximately one year of overtime work in the immigration visa section, Vice Consuls living in u.s.a. torti tu jer mostli in sidi Los An¬ Wymberley D. Coerr and Alfred If Lovell. Jr., left geles, Calif. Aj med gred mistek aj left u.s.a. tri during March to report to the Foreign Service Of¬ jer bi sun sene aj Kemtu Jugoslavia hev no vork no ficers' Training School on April 1st. moni ajem olmost neget vat aj Ken du nao med Mr. John F. O’Hearn, Internal Revenue Agent plendi moni um u.s.a. spened al in u.s.a. Also from the Boston Office, was assigned to the Mon¬ maj jung laif spen in u.s.a. Also hed redzister in treal Consulate General during the first two weeks u.s.a. Armi najtin hundret seventin San Diego of March to assist local American citizens in the Calif. Kamp Krni end aj hed Kol to serve U.S.A. preparation of their income tax returns. In spite Armi sent taim Vrld Vor voz al over so datve ajant of the nature of his work the staff found him a most veil to serv armi aj vaz Lojal end god sidison alvez welcome addition during his too-brief stay. aj ken pruv tu ju baj Mr Posmajster of sidi RICHARD FORD. Los Angeles hi nozmi mor Tventi fajf jer hi ken (Continued on page 285) teliju abut majself aj justo Bilang to Lagj foresters of Amerika so nao hir in Jugoslavia evri bodi SARAJEVO kolimi Amerikan aj spiging Inglis Spanis Servian The j oil owing is a faithful copy of a letter re¬ som turkis som Hungarian som Italian. Aj hop ju ceived in the Consular Section of the Legation al fajmi som vork in tri ofic jur ofic or Inglis Con- Belgrade. It is a perfect example of English spelt sulat or turkis Konsulat aj bi so tenkiful tu ju Mr. phonetically, from the Serbian point of view. u.s.a. Konsulat Plis aj hop tu tek some Interez (See page 285 for translation) about dis maj leter. Plis helpmi som moc ju ken. Sarajevo. Plis ansver jur truli fiend” “ai tod tu rod ju fju lain abat maj self Aj bin —Courtesy Robert B. Macatee.

MAY. 1941 267 The HooksIM M

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF. Review Editor

DIPLOMAT BETWEEN WARS, by Hugh R. Wilson, not growing, but decreasing. Certainly there is Longmans, Green and Co., New York. 1941, pp. 344. nothing left of his program and his policies. He $3.00. boasted that he knew how to w in the peace, but he Ambassador Hugh Wilson has now published the did not know. He failed the common people of the second volume of his experiences as a diplomat and world and no possible excuse that he had to com¬ suggests that there may he a third volume which promise in order to get something can avail him. will presumably cover that part of his life as a Mr. Wilson has also changed his mind in regard member of the Foreign Service since his appoint¬ to our entry into the League of Nations. He now ment as Assistant Secretary of State in 1937. He thinks it would have been a grave mistake and that promised in his first book, The Education of a we could not have helped to make the League work. Diplomat, that this second chapter of his life would The Ambassador is outspoken in his opposition to be a different kind of story and of a different per¬ the polic\ of non-recognition of the results of suc¬ son, and that has come true. The first, he truly cessful aggression, and he is particularly down on says, was a book of youth, and this is a book of ma¬ those of our statesmen and Presidents who denounce turity, so it is not as charming and not as engaging, other nations. He thinks we should never condemn and will not make the career of a professional dip¬ those that do wrong unless we are willing to fight lomat as enticing as the story of his education in and that it inevitably drives the damned to come the service. together with unnatural allies “who can unite in Undoubtedly this is in part flue to the somber¬ their hatred of the smug and respectable nations.” ness of the years of which he treats, the bitterness He avers that “it is exasperating without being effi¬ of the disappointments that came after the World cacious,” and he is particularly upset that we have War. While he frequently cannot resist the temp¬ condemned Japan. The “hard facts” are against tation to show how often he was right and others the American ideology of blessing a foreign regime w-ere wrong, he is justified in pointing out that he only when we can approve it. “Our policy has been, went to Paris from Berne, where he was stationed and is today, one of the principal factors which ten years, to urge Colonel House to induce the poison our relations with Japan.” All of which w ill American delegation engaged in treaty-making to hardly add to Mr. Wilson’s popularity in the State return to the United States since defeat was in sight. Department. That he has been w illing to be so out¬ Colonel House gave him the soft answer which was spoken is very much to his credit. the chief stock of his trade, and explained why it 1 cannot find depth in this book, but I have found was that the President felt that he must stay on and much of great interest, and it must take its place in save what he could of the wreck. Today, Hugh libraries as one of the memoirs of the period cov¬ Wilson writes that, though at that time he blamed ered which the historian must read, since many of Mr. Wilson bitterly for creating hopes and then the reports are those of an eyewitness, and an honest shattering them, and the failure to put up a real one. But his inability to criticize people except in a fight to carry through his convictions, he now few cases, and his eagerness to admire become tir¬ knows that he was mistaken. He now feels that “the ing, and it is not possible to say from the evidence stature of President Wilson becomes ever greater here presented that Mr. Wilson has really been through the passing of years, but the greatness of conscious of the deep underlying currents which the President lay in his lofty ideals and the beauty have motivated the terrible developments we are and force of the language with which he presented witnessing today. As for the Foreign Service, Mr. them.” As a result he thinks that the world has had Wilson criticizes its “stratification into numerous a “glimpse” and a “vision” of what the world might classes, and its promotion by seniority only in the become if human beings were only big enough and lowrer classes.” He thinks that it is highly unlikely unselfish enough to make the dream come true. Of that intelligent and ambitious young men will be course there are very many observers who cannot content “with the slow promotion and the uninspir¬ agree with him. including some of us who were at ing drudgery of junior office.” He would not have Versailles and feel that, with everything that the entered the service had present conditions existed President achieved in ruins, Mr. Wilson’s stature is when he joined it. He thinks the loss of men from 268 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL this cause was heavy from 1923 to 1929, and that, Villard’s earliest despatches were filled with pain¬ if a period of brilliant business oppportunities re¬ ful apprehension of the difficulties that Lincoln curs. the service will lose many of its best young would encounter, and he doubted Lincoln’s capacit\ men. The old system “offered the probability of “for the task of bringing light and peace out of the work of immediate interest, of considerable respon¬ chaos that will surround him. A man of good heart sibility. ' None the less the present system he finds and good intention, he is not firm. The times de. “too successful to scrap.” The remedy, he feels, mand a Jackson.” ( November 19, page 17.) A few lies in proper administration. days later, Villard revealed some shift of view, by OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD. then realizing the greatness of Lincoln’s common Henry Villard. LINCOLN sense, his consciousness, ON THE EVE OF ’61. A his ability, humor and JOURNALISTIC STORY, edited by Harold G. and WORTHWHILE BOOKS capacity for growth. He Oswald Garrison Villard, began to see how far HOLMES-POLLOCK LETTERS. The Correspon¬ Alfred A. Knopf, 1941, Lincoln had grown since pp. viii. 105. $1.25. dence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Sir Fred¬ the days when he and erick Pollock, 1874-1932. Edited by Mark This little hook is one eight other six-footers— DeWolfe Howe. Two Volumes. Vol. I, 275 of charming literary the “long nine”—repre¬ pp.; Vol. II, 359 pp. Cambridge: The Har¬ sented the Springfield quality and is in partic¬ vard University Press. $7.50. ular notable for its vivid district in the legislature picture of Lincoln be¬ Life, Letters and the Law discussed bril¬ of Illinois in the years of tween his first election liantly over a period of 58 years by two of the 1837 and 1838. Within and the taking of his world’s greatest minds. three weeks Villard re¬ oath of office. MURDERS IN VOLUME 2, by Elizabeth Daly. ported his new convic¬ Aside from introduc¬ Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., New York. 1941. 308 tion as to Lincoln: tory notes, the volume pp. $2.00. “Mediocrity will no consists of despatches Locale—New York, today. longer do. The innermost that Henn Villard sent resources of the highest f r o m Springfield, Il¬ Ingredients—An old man; and the relatives who need his money. statesmanship will be re¬ linois, to the New York quired. Illusion will be no Herald. This young jour¬ Mystery No. I—Did the girl who vanished more in place. Difficulties nalist was twenty-five in 1840 really come back in 1940. still carry¬ will have to be looked years of age at the time, ing her copy of Byron, Volume 2? boldly and squarely in the and had left the Palatin¬ Mystery No. 2—Who committed the mur¬ face. To believe, then, as ate as a rebel only seven ders in Volume 2? 1 do. that Mr. Lincoln will be found but little want¬ years before. He had THE HERITAGE OF HATCHER IDE, by Booth ing in these several re¬ mastered the vernacular Tarkington. Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc., spects, is certainly no English language by the New York, 1941. 310 pp. $2.00. mean source of gratifica¬ time of the Lincoln- Booth Tarkington presents in his competent tion. Having closely ob¬ Douglas debates,—at the and smoothly-written style a story of the strug¬ served him since the elec¬ time w h e n Lincoln’s gles of a well-to-do, 100% Middle-West Amer¬ tion, and well noted the highest ambition was ican family to lick the Depression. Refresh¬ impressions made u p o n still the United States ingly cheerful and optimistic after a long diet him by the secession Senate. Villard. not yet phases of the present im¬ of defeatist novels a la Grapes of Wrath. Pub¬ broglio. I dare say that a citizen, showed amaz¬ lished serially in SalEvePosl as The Man of ing insight into the char¬ there are dormant qual¬ the Family. ities in ‘Old Abe’ which acter of the railsplitter occasion will draw forth, and as well a political develop and remind peo- artist s talent for uncov¬ nle to a certain degree of ering the heart of American democracy. the characteristics of ‘Old Hickory.’ ” The reader will recapture through these word- Henry Villard later went on from journalism to scenes a sense of the virility of frontier democracy. nation building. He completed the Northern Pacific He will also see its defects, especially the license Railroad, and left an educational monument at the taken by importunate, boorish seekers after office University of Oregon, Villard Hall. His two sur¬ who hounded Lincoln, directly or through Mrs. viving sons have edited, slightly but excellently, Lincoln, during the weeks of crisis that Lincoln their father’s despatches. Oswald Garrison Villard. should have had free for thought. (Continued on page 292)

MAY. 1941 269 Isles of Isolation

By CHARLES W. LEWIS, Department of State

(Or an Account of My Voyage to the Galapagos Islands on the USS Charleston)

This Story Received Honorable Mention in the Journal Manuscript Contest

WE sighted Chatham, the easternmost island ol ihe Ecuadorians call San Cristobal. They have the archipelago, a little after dawn the third names of their own for all of the islands, of which day out of Panama. The sea was calm and the sky there are an even thirteen—a number which un¬ clear. doubtedly accounts for the withering blight that Our course now lav in a southwesterly direction hangs over the group, although some people less past North Cape, Finger Point and Kicker Rock, knowing say it is the Humbolt current. A cold cur¬ coasting along the north side of the island. The rent from the Antarctic, it cools the air. and while chart speaks of Terrapin Road, which called to mind the cool air on the equator makes the temperature the gigantic tortoises which find a dwelling place agreeable it brings, in this part of the vast expanse on these parched, isolated islands of the Pacific. of the Pacific, little precipitation. That is one phase Hobbs Reef, Stephens Bay and Dalrymple Rock of the blight. The other is the tremendously vol¬ are names, too, which quicken the imagination. canic character of the islands. They rise out of They tell us without ornamentation that salty Eng¬ the sea like immense slag heaps, spotted with cone lish sailors once navigated these shores. Maybe they after cone from which have boiled out rivers of W'ere pirates, for wre know' that many an English¬ leva, some black because fresh, some brown because man of this profession, beating a westward course old. You cannot make steel-hard lava, black or from New Spain with his loot, hove to in the coves brown, yield fruit. of the Galapagos. Freshwater Bay is also a name In time the aides returned to report that the com¬ which stirs the mild: for what was precious loot mandant of the garrison w ould call on the Admiral. without fresh water? They who have written of the However, as he had no means of getting to the ship islands in former days recount w'oeful tales of he would like to borrow the ship’s boat. So the thirsty seamen searching for a drink on the thirsty boat was sent back. It returned bearing the Colonel Galapagos, some to find it and live, others to fail I for such was the commandant’s rank) and a num¬ and die. ber of his officers. Wreck Bay w'as our destination. The uncharted The garrison at Wreck Bay has as its symbolical shores of the islands lay in former times like a hun¬ purpose the preservation of the sovereignty ol the gry octopus to seize the unwary or storm-tossed archipelago for Ecuador; its practical purpose is stranger. The charts of today, based in no small to preserve law and order in a region where there degree upon the sea tragedies of yesterday, unveil are few people to violate the law or to cause dis in a measure the hidden dangers. Nevertheless, order. even with his chart and his expert navigator and I he officers told us, after they had been received all the appurtenances of modern navigation, the In the Admiral with the honors due them, that their captain of the ship took no chances as he swung tour of duty on the island is one year. After that her into the open roadstead of this place of the they are relieved and go back to the mainland. ominous name. He slackened speed, sailors for¬ Likewise the soldiers remain only one year. 1 say ward swung their ropes and sounded. The ship, “onl\but we gathered from what we heard that throbbing softly, felt its wray ahead with caution. for officers and soldiers alike the assignment is well Then the anchors went dow n, and we came to a stop, nigh banishment and the time almost eternity. Ihe a mile off shore. officers told us, however, that for the sacrifice they The island is inhabited. Along the sandy, semi¬ are rewarded with promotion. The soldier’s re¬ circular beach, on and behind the dunes, are a few' ward, I understand, is escape from detail to one of houses. A boat was lowered and the Admiral’s the steaming interior posts in Ecuador. aides put out for shore. 'I he commandant had no guns with which to sa¬ Chatham Island, like all the others in the Gala¬ lute the Admiral when the call was returned. He pagos group, belongs to Ecuador, and this island did. however, present him a small turtle with a

270 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 79 f

q i/yi THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

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string tied ti> its leg. Left in its native environ¬ brush and leafless, dwarfed trees. Darw in landed ment this little fellow would I if the wild dogs of the at this place a hundred years or so ago. On a dune island did not devour it first) become one of the by the commandant’s house a concrete pedestal sur¬ great galapagos from which the islands have taken mounted by a bust of the evolutionist commemo¬ their name. The commandant said that there were rates his visit. not many of these creatures left. The pirates and Two thousand feet above the sea. a few’ miles seamen of former times had grealh reduced their inland from Wreck Bay, where spreads a spot of numbers by catching them for food, sailing away verdure observable from out at sea. lies Progreso, with their holds full for future meals. Now, he the one place in the whole archipelago which might said, the wild dogs are the turtles’ scourge, catch¬ be termed a village. Towns and cities in these in¬ ing them and eating them before they pass their fertile islands are beyond (he pale of remote pos¬ tender years. sibility. though Destiny may yet wing its way here There is not much at Wreck Bay—an old wooden to found a guarding outpost for the Americas. pier, the sandy beach, a few shacks along the dunes, Progreso was at one time a penal colony. Today a few families, no drinking water. Beyond the its one hundred inhabitants enjoy the right to pur- fringe of sand dunes lie forbidding lava and thorny (Continued on page 278)

MAY. 1941 271 Photo courtesy Consul General Walter A. Foote

THE LAST DINNER PARTY HELD AT TANAH ABANG OOST 75, BATAVIA For more ihan thirty years this was the address of the combined residence and office quarters. Immediately following this dinner party, however, the “Commercial and Reporting section” at Kali Besar West 2 (for¬ merly the office of the Trade Commissioner) was fully amalgamated with the Consulate General and the residence was moved temporarily to the Hotel des Indes. Mrs. Foote is at the end nearest the camera. Be¬ ginning at Mrs. Foote’s right and reading around the table, the names and ranks are: Vice Admiral Helfrich, Mrs. van Mook, Consul Van Wickel, Mrs. von Frevtag-Drabbe, Vice Consul Schefer, Mrs. Collins, Mr. E. F. Koch, General Pesman, Mrs. Kiveron, Consul General Foote, Mrs. Helfrich, Dr. H. J. van Mook, Director of Economic Affairs; Jonkheer de Villeneuve, President Ondernemers Bond; Mrs. Van Wickel; Lieutenant von Frevtag-Drabbe, Aide-de-Camp to the Admiral; Vice Consul Collins; Mr. Crena de Iongh, Head of For¬ eign Exchange Bureau; Mrs. Pesman; and Mr. Kiveron, Secretary General of the Netherlands Indies.

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The following changes have occurred in the For¬ American Consul and Second Secretary of Embassy eign Service since March 15, 1941: at Rome, Italy, to serve in dual capacity. Cecil M. P. Cross of Providence, Rhode Island, Basil D. Dahl of Wisconsin, American Consul at First Secretary of American Embassy and Ameri¬ Batavia, Java, Netherlands Indies, has been as¬ can Consul at Paris, France, has been assigned signed American Consul at Wellington, New' Zea¬ American Consul General at Sao Paulo, Brazil. land. Cavendish W. Cannon of Salt Lake City, Utah, William Clarke Vyse of Washington, District of Third Secretary of American Legation and Ameri¬ Columbia. American Consul at Shanghai, China, has can Consul at Athens, Greece, has been assigned been assigned American Consul at Buenos Aires, for duty in the Department of State. Argentina. Dorsey Gassaway Fisher of Maryland, now serv¬ R. Horton Henry of Arizona, American Consul ing in the Department of State, has been designated at Buenos Aires, Argentina, has been designated Second Secretary of American Embassy and Ameri¬ Second Secretary of American Embassy at Buenos can Consul at London, England, and will serve in Aires, Argentina, and will serve in dual capacity. dual capacity. C. Burke Elbrick of Louisville, Kentucky, Ameri¬ The assignment of Ralph J. Blake of Portland, can Vice Consul at Lisbon, Portugal, has been Oregon, as American Consul at Taihoku. Japan, has designated Third Secretary of the American Lega¬ been canceled. Mr. Blake will remain at Tokyo. tion at Lisbon, Portugal. Japan, as American Consul. Henry E. Stebbins of Massachusetts, American John L. Bankhead of Florida, American Vice Vice Consul at London, England, has been desig¬ Consul at Mexico City, Mexico, has been assigned nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy at American Vice Consul at Vancouver, British Colum¬ London, England, and w ill serve in dual capacity. bia, Canada. Glen W. Bruner of Sterling, Colorado, American Paul E. Geier of Cincinnati, Ohio, having been Vice Consul at Kobe, Japan, has been assigned appointed American Foreign Service Officer, Un¬ American Vice Consul at Taihoku, Japan. classified; Vice Consul of Career, and Secretary iti William E. Cole, Jr., of Fort Totten, New York, the Diplomatic Service of the United States, has American Vice Consul at Naples, Italy, has been been assigned American Vice Consul at Tangier, assigned American Vice Consul at Rome, Italy. Morocco. Livingston D. Watrous of Fort Hamilton, New York, American Vice Consul at Agua Prieta, Mexi¬ Non-Career co, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Linton Crook of Anniston, Alabama, American Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Vice Consul at Palermo, Italy, has been appointed Charles W. Adair, Jr., of Xenia, Ohio, Ameri¬ American Vice Consul at Marseille, France. can Vice Consul at Nogales, Mexico, has been as¬ signed American Vice Consul at Mexico City, The follotving changes have occurred in the For¬ Mexico. eign Service since March 22, 1941: Irven M. Eitreim of Mt. Vernon, South Dakota, The assignment of Wesley Frost of Berea, Ken¬ American Vice Consul at Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, tucky, as American Consul General at Wellington, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Mexico New Zealand, has been canceled. Mr. Frost has now City, Mexico. been appointed American Minister to Paraguay. W. Horton Schoellkopf, Jr., of Miami, Florida. Thomas D. Bowman of Smithville, Missouri. American Vice Consul at Mexicali, Mexico, has American Consul General at Naples, Italy, has been been assigned American Vice Consul at Ciudad assigned American Consul General at Rome, Italy. j uarez. A. Dana Hodgdon of Leonardtown, Maryland, David H. McKillop of Chestnut Hill, Massachu¬ American Consul at Naples. Italy, has been assigned setts, having been appointed American Foreign

274 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

Service Officer, Unclassified; Vice Consul of Ca¬ reer. and Secretary in the Diplomatic Service of the Lnited States, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Zurich, Switzerland. Thomas B. Clark of Texas, American Vice Con¬ sul at Shanghai, China, has been appointed Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Agua Prieta, Mexico. Paul C. Seddicum of Washington, District of Columbia, American Vice Consul at London, Eng¬ land. has been appointed American Vice Consul at Toronto, Ontario, Canada. William J. Porter of Fall River, Massachusetts, American Vice Consul at Baghdad, Iraq, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Beirut. Leb¬ anon. Joseph M. Roland of Pennsylvania, has been ap¬ pointed American Vice Consul at Vienna, Germany. Herman Moss of New Y ork. has been appointed American Vice Consul at Genoa, Italy.

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since April 5, 1941: Richard P. Butrick of Lockport, New York, American Consul at Shanghai, China, has been designated Counselor of the American Embassy at Peiping, China. Curtis T. Everett of Nashville, Tennessee, Ameri¬ can Consul at Geneva, Switzerland, has been desig¬ nated First Secretary of the American Embassy at Paris, France. Washington's James P. Moffitt of New York. New York, Ameri¬ can Consul at Amsterdam, Netherlands, has been assigned American Consul at Caracas, Venezuela. Warden McK. Wilson of Indianapolis, Indiana. Finest Hotel First Secretary of the American Legation at Lis¬ bon. Portugal, has been designated First Secretary ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ of the American Embassy at Rome, Italy. eign Service men in the Nation’s Edwin Cary Kemp of St. Petersburg, Florida. Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ American Consul General at Bremen, Germany, has partment of State. Convenient to been assigned American Consul General at Halifax. all points of interest in Washing¬ Nova Scotia, Canada. H. Colt MacLean of New York, now serving in ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous the Department of State has been designated Com¬ food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail mercial Attache at Santiago, Chile. Lounge. Air Conditioned in the Clarence C. Brooks of New Jersey, Commercial summer. Attache at Santiago, Chile, has been assigned Single Rooms from $4 American Consul at Buenos Aires. Argentina. Double Rooms from $6 Don C. Bliss, Jr., of Mississippi, American Con¬ Suites from $15 sul at Calcutta. India, has been assigned American Consul at London, England. Walter H. Sholes of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. .nVFLOUiER American Consul General at Lyon, France, has WASHINGTON, D. C. been assigned American Consul General at Basel, Switzerland. C. J. MACK, General Manager The assignment of Marshall M. Vance of Dayton, Ohio, as American Consul at Basel, Switzerland.

276 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL has been canceled. Mr. Vance has now been as¬ signed American Consul at Lyon. France. Glenn A. Abbey of Dodgeville, Wisconsin, now Why not a serving in the Department of State, has been desig¬ nated Second Secretary of the American Embassy and American Consul at London, England, and will iwrttntl Or run Trip? serve in dual capacity. James W. Riddleberger of Woodstock, Virginia, So delightfully different . . . Second Secretary of the American Embassy at Ber¬ lin. Germany, has been assigned for duty in the costs so little. Department of State. Robert D. Coe of Cody, Wyoming, now serving in the Department of State, has been designated • It’s worth a fortune to you in sheer Second Secretary of the American Embassy and American Consul at London, England, and will pleasure, care-free relaxation and re¬ serve in dual capacity. newed health to take an ocean trip on the Homer M. Byington, Jr., of Norwalk, Connec¬ palatial new s s America. ticut. Second Secretary of the American Legation and American Consul at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, has • For a surprisingly low rate per day, been assigned for duty in the Department of State. your fare covers not only stateroom and Barry T. Benson of Texas, American Consul at Calcutta, India, has been designated Second Secre¬ meals, but gala entertainment too—pre¬ tary of the American Embassy and American Con¬ view movies, deck sports and varied pro¬ sul at Bogota. Colombia, and will serve in dual fessional entertainment aboard for each capacity. glorious day. A aldo E. Bailey of Jackson. Mississippi, Ameri¬ can \ ice Consul at Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa, • In less than one short year of service has been assigned American Vice Consul at Lon¬ the America has delighted thousands of don, England. people. They have taken the gala cruises Jacob D. Beam of Princeton, New Jersey, now through the peaceful, fascinating Carib¬ serving in the Department of State, has been desig¬ bean, seen colorful Puerto Rico, the nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy and American Vice Consul at London, England, Virgin Islands. Haiti and Havana. and will serve in dual capacity. • On this new all-American liner . . . Daniel V. Anderson of Dover. Delaware, Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Bombay, India, has been desig¬ the finest in passenger service . . . you nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy enjoy the world’s highest standards of and American Vice Consul at Bogota, Colombia, ship accommodations, cuisine and serv¬ and will serve in dual capacity. ice. H. Bartlett Wells of North Plainfield, New Jer¬ sey. Third Secretary of the American Legation • See your travel agent, now, and let and American Vice Consul at Managua, Nicaragua, him book you for an All-American has been assigned American Vice Consul at Reyk¬ Cruise on the America. Get away from javik. Iceland. worrying about the world and enjoy a Randolph A. Kidder of Beverley Farms, Mas¬ sachusetts. American Vice Consul at Sydney, Aus¬ restful, never-to-be-forgotten vacation. tralia, has been designated Third Secretary of the American Legation at Canberra. Australia, and yy ill serve in dual capacity. The following have been appointed American U. S. LINES Foreign Service Officers, Unclassified; Vice Con¬ One Broadway, New York City suls of Career; and Secretaries in the Diplomatic Telephone: DIgby 4-5800 Service of the United States; and they have now been assigned American Vice Consuls at the posts indicated:

MAY, 1941 27' Philip H. Bagby, Richmond, Va.—Casablanca. Don V. Catlett, Birch Tree, Mo.—Ciudad Trujillo. Ralph N. Clough, Seattle, Wash.—Toronto. William A. Crawford. Meadville, Pa.—Habana. Juan de Zengotita, Philadelphia, Pa.—Habana. Thomas P. Dillon, Clinton. Mo.—Toronto. George McM. Godley, 2nd, Rye, N. Y.—Mar¬ seille. Caspar D. Green. Hiram, Ohio—Habana. David H. Henry, 2nd, Geneva, N. Y.—Montreal. Oscar C. Holder, New Orleans, La.—Montreal. J. Jefferson Jones. III. Newbern, Tenn.—Mexico City. Richard B. Mudge. Belmont, Mass.—Barran- quilla. Richard A. Poole, Summit, N. J.—Montreal. Hubert 0. Sanderhoff. Pasadena, Ca.—Van¬ couver. Harold Shullaw, Wyoming 111.—Windsor. Temple Wanamaker, Jr., Seattle, Wash.—Bar¬ celona. Robert H. Macy of Washington, District of Columbia, American Vice Consul at Acapulco de Juarez, Mexico, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Monterey. Mexico. (Continued on page 286) NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA ISLES OF ISOLATION (Continued from, page 271) CENTRAL AMERICA sue life, liberty and happiness in the same manner as other Ecuadorians. CARIRREAN Some of us expressed a wish to visit the village. The commandant responded hv ordering one of his PANAMA CANAL soldiers to fetch some horses. The soldier saluted Consult your Travel Agent or and departed. He had a long walk, for the horses were at Progreso. But when he returned, hours later, he seemed to bear us no grudge; indeed, he was a GRACE LINE good-natured fellowr and offered now to he our guide 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or to show us the way up. 10 Hanover Square, New York Puffing and blowing but always sure footed, our 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. small and scrubby mounts, sons and daughters of wild forefathers, carried us up through the wilder¬ Agents and Offices in all principal cities ness. From the dusty road the one road in all the islands for the one automobile which kicked and bucked and died long before our time—we searched the roadside and peered through the thorny, leafless, twdsted jungle in anticipation of the sight of a giant tortoise, or an iguana, or one or another of the many fabulous monsters which we had read about as flourishing on these desolate isles. Instead, we saw only gentle little birds. They must have known we were strangers, and they must have seen something curious about us, for they fol¬ lowed close beside us fluttering from limb to limb, chirping and chattering to themselves, discussing

278 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL perhaps whether we were really friends or really foes. Near the summit of the island the rain and the dew and the sun have combined their forces through the ages to break down the ancient lava into a cov¬ CONFIDENCE ering soil, where guava trees thrive and some ba¬ nana. orange and coffee trees find a footing. Here the inhabitants make a small living by agriculture. Further inland herds of wild horses and wild cattle roam the grassy, moorland slopes. The people shoot the cattle to supply their wants for meat. In that region, too, the wild dogs gang up on the calves and colts to supply their own wants. It may even be that Darwin was inspired to his theory of the survival of the fittest by what he observed in this hard, pitiless environment. A few hundred yards from the village we came upon Mr. Raysbrook, a Canadian who first landed on the island some forty years before and has re¬ mained on it more or less ever since. He was glad to see us, the first outsiders he had seen in a long time, he said, and he asked about the war and Joe Louis. He continued on up the hill with us, past the old abandoned sugar mill, a relic of penal days. At the \illage store, where since the last ship the local de¬ mand had cleaned the shelves of all but some FOR the past 75 years, America’s lead¬ brooms, where the storekeeper sits and whittles and ing machine and equipment builders waits until time doth bring another vessel, we dis¬ have recommended the use of Gargoyle mounted. Nearby is the village faucet, where all of Industrial Lubricants. the inhabitants, those at Wreck Bay included, get their water, piped from a pond further up the hill. Important, too, is the fact that plant It is plain that Mr. Raysbrook’s house, like the engineers the world over specify Gargoyle sprawling village of thatched huts, has seen better Lubricants for the valuable equipment or at least more prosperous days. It is hidden in their care. Today, Soconv-Vacuum amidst banana and coffee trees on the estate of Senor Manuel Lobos, son of the man who was once products protect leading plants in more the island’s king. One day the king was murdered than 100 different industries! by the convicts, unhappy under their burden of This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants labor. Manuel, educated in Paris, has continued on, though not as master of the island. hv technical men—builders and engi¬ Mr. Raysbrook introduced him to us. He told us neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ that his wife was in Ecuador. Her name is Karin, tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in and she is a Norwegian. She came to the islands Socony-Vacnum products ... of confi¬ some years before as an immigrant, settling with some other Norwegians at Post Office Bay, on Flor- dence in the name, eana Island. That island, like this one and others, Socony-Vacuum. This has been a burial ground of frustrated hopes. The confidence is Socony- colony was a failure and dispersed. It was then that Vacuum’s most Karin married Manuel Lobos. They farm for a liv¬ ing, and sell some of their coffee on the mainland. valued asset. Mr. Raysbrook, on the other hand, is a crafts¬ man. His specialty is the carving of horn. When¬ ever he wants to carve a horn he searches the hills SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. for a cow’s skull. He has no customers for his carved horn on the island. But he explained to us

MAY, 1941 279 that he sometimes sells a few items when a ship puts in at Wreck Bay, which is not often. WOODWARD & LOTHROP There is something dreary and lonely about Pro¬ greso. The sun shines, but Progreso does not smile. 10th, 11th, F and G Streets To me it seemed lonelier still when we mounted our Washington, D. C., U. S. A. horses and turned our backs upon it. Far to the west we could see Indefatigable Island and Floreana "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” and beyond these the faint outlines of the lofty peaks of Albemarle, tipping the western horizon. Hazih in the southern expanse of sea lay Hood Island. The sight of these islands does not lighten the bur¬ Profit Now by densome weight of isolation and desolation. Only three of the islands besides Chatham are inhabited. The inhabitants on them are few, and the currents gay 5 between are strong and treacherous. It is five hun¬ dred miles to the mainland. For practical social NOTIONS purposes each of the islands might as well be a thousand miles apart, because it is to the mainland —through May 15th and not to each other that the inhabitants of the islands look. It is the mainland that is the lifeline. As between one and another the islands are but Buy now—and save on your personal and shadows on the horizon, with no more meaning household needs. Quantities in some cases than the distant clouds which rise to the heavens are limited. Here are some representative and then fade away. items— But for some people, it seems, the weight of iso¬ lation is not burdensome. Mr. Raysbrook said he Sta-Rite Bob Pins.— 3 cards 23c would live nowhere else. Manuel Lobos signified Setwell Trouser Hangers 28c his contentment also. However, they were glad to see the movies aboard ship that night and to earn Setwell Skirt Hangers 38c away some magazines and newspapers. When these Shu-Shinc White Shoe Cleaner 20c were read and laid aside the mists would once more Spee-Dee-Kleen—2-gallon can 95c close in upon them and they would return again to their detached place in the world. Wooden-handle Knitting Bags $1 The children of the officers and soldiers were also Kleinert’s Tourist Bags ... 78c glad to see the movies. Earlier in the evening they had been glad that Santa Claus, in the person of Swaggerette Household Gloves 45c the Captain as it happened, had come. On the Print Fiber Waste Baskets . 85c beach he had drawn out of his great bag mam a Khaki Cotton Rug Bags 81.78 wondrous thing—mouth organs, horns and whistles; and there was candy, too, and nuts. By the calen¬ Woodward & Lothrop Cleansing Tissues— dar, Christmas was yet nearly a month away, but to 250 double 9 x 10-inch sheets. 28c the youngsters at Wreck Bay Christmas is when the presents arrive. 3 packages 78c The sands of the hourglass are now running low, Kleinert’s Cotton Uniform 78c and so I must hasten on. There is much to be cov¬ Shoulder Extenders—3 pairs. 22c ered with few words. Woodthrop Napkins to!" 55c, 2 boxes. $1 At Academy Bay, where the ground is foul and ships must lie far off shore, a little band of Euro¬ 30-inch Skirt Markers 85c peans, scratching the unresponsive soil of Indefati¬ NOTIONS, AISLES 21 AND 22, FIRST FLOOR gable Island for a living, were succored in the nick of time. Besieged by scarcity, they had no salt, no flour, no sugar, no coffee, no cigarettes or tobacco. Address your communications to Woodward Finnsen, the Icelander, had been reduced to smok¬ 8C Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.; attention Personal Shopping Supervisor. ing weeds in his pipe; the Angermeyer men from Germany were barefooted and shirtless; the Swiss etomologist said they had not seen bread in seven

280 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CcM

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weeks; Mrs. Kluber regretted that her husband was In pitch darkness we made the beach at Post “in the bush but hoped that we would leave him Office Bay and dropped our letters in the celebrated some cigarettes. For one of the Angermeyer men post box, supported on a post driven into a sand and his wife the toothache was worse than the dune. The box was adorned by a bleached skull scarcity. Their swollen jaws revealed their agony. of a wild cowr, glistening white under the rays of Happih. the ship’s dentist, signaled ashore with the ship’s searchlight. Without that light playing his forceps, soon had this situation under control. on the beach we would never have made the land¬ As thankful as our new friends were for the good ing- fortune that had now brought them, as by a miracle, We did not see the Wittmers, the German and his some supplies and some news it was a sad blow to wife who are said to have played a part in the them when they learned from us that the “San tragedy of the notorious Baronness and her lover. Cristobal, the little vessel tied up disabled at the Robert Phillipson. The “Empress of Charles pier at Wreck Bay, would not call for weeks, not Island” and her caveman paramour dwelled not far until repairs came from the mainland. On it. they from Dr. Ritter’s place; what happened to them told us. was their mail from home. the Wittmers will not tell. Nor w ill mortal man On the western slope of Floreana, hard by a hear the tale from the lips of the cast off lover. frowning volcanic cone, we saw the paradise of Dr. Alfred Rudolph Lorenz; his lips were sealed in Hitter, he who in 1929 abandoned Berlin and wife death by thirst on the w7aterless island of Marchena. and with Frau Dore Koerwin and a set of steel far to the north. May the Baroness and her lovers teeth came here to seek the perfect peace. His house rest in peace. was in ashes, the spring was nearly dry, but a few As I say, we did not see the Wittmers. Nor did palms and a few untended flowers and vegetables we see the Conways, the young American couple remained, vestiges to remind us of the works of a w7ho complete the settled population of Floreana departed soul. We restored the headstone over his and life, like the Wittmers, by the sweat of their grave, then hastened back by the long winding trail brow, tilling the soil somewhere in the interior. through the brush to our motor boat on Black The last grains of the hourglass stay my hand. Beach, for the night w as fast coming on. I will not therefore attempt—I could not achieve

MAY, 1941 281 success even if lime and words were at my com¬ mand- to bring to you a picture of the awe-inspir¬ ing islands which we next visited, Albemarle, Nar- borough and James, where time and again all of the terrible fires of Satan’s inferno burst loose from the bowels of the earth to boil the sea and scorch the heavens. In their then calm and bountiful waters we fished and caught many fish. The one 1 wrestled with and finally caught off Albemarle Point, by the equator, weighed a thousand pounds in the sea. On the scales it weighed eighty-three. And so, after pleasant days, we sailed back to the mainland.

THE HOW AND WHY OF A COLOR PRINT (Continued from pc’ge 2591 for the orange with only a little on the upper part of the pineapple and relatively heavy in the case of the plums. From this it is evident that were these three black and white prints printed in the colors 38-DAY CRUISES indicated underneath and superimposed one on the ON 33,000-T0N other, the final result would be a semblance of AMERICAN REPUBLICS LINERS reality in so far as color is concerned. After all the semi-technical data given above you a7 shall be spared a description of how the colors are BARBADOS actually put on paper. Suffice it to say it is being RIO DE JANEIRO done by a small but growing number of amateurs SANTOS and by a limited number of professionals. It is a MONTEVIDEO process full of “bugs for a variation of a few per BUENOS AIRES Fortnightly Sailings from New York SANTOS (SAO PAULO) cent in any one of several stages will spoil the re¬ RIO DE JANEIRO CRUISE RATES; $360 TOURIST; $480 sult and sloppiness is out of the question. Should TRINIDAD FIRST CLASS. ($550 CERTAIN SEASONS) there be even one other “color bug” in the Service. Consult your Travel Agent or I should like to hear from him and exchange sam¬ ples of work done. My own favorite process is wash-off relief due to the flexibility of the process MfiORE-IMIRltfcK and the opportunity to compensate for slight errors. Other processes offer no chance for correction. Should anyone have read this far and still be in¬ terested in the subject of color photographs on paper. I would recommend the following: Natural Color Processes, by Carlton E. Dunn, published h\ American Photographic Publishing Company. Bos¬ ton, Massachusetts, $2.00; Color Printing with East¬ man Wash-off Relief Film, obtainable gratis from the Graphic Arts Department of the Eastman Ko¬ dak Company, Rochester, New York; Trichrome Printing by the Autotype Carbro Process, obtain¬ able front Willoughbys, 110 West 32nd Street. New York, N. Y., for about 40 cents, and The Chroma- tone Process, also obtainable from Willoughbys. for 25 cents. Also, several other books and booklets are available and Willoughbys will be glad to sup¬ ply them as well as lists of what is in print on the subject.

282 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL EVERY HOUSE NEEDS WESTINGHOUSE

You simply set the dial for the fabric to be ironed: linen, cotton, wool, silk or rayon. The "brain" selects the right heat—and maintains it automatically. Perfect ironing is easier, faster. See the Westinghouse Streamline Adjust-o-matic Iron at your Westinghouse Distributor's showroom, or write for free lea flet to Westinghouse Electric International Company, 40 Wall Street, New York, U. S. A. (Room 2301-S)

• This iron is the finest ever made . . . to make a useful product more useful, a good The perfection of its design is something you product better. can feel, as well as see. You get more out of Westinghouse products, It is so well made—it probably will last a because Westinghouse puts more into them. lifetime. WESTINGHOUSE PRODUCTS It costs a little more than ordinary irons. But Refrigerators • Radios • Ranges • Water Heaters • Fans • Irons Washers • Ironers • Vacuum Cleaners • Air Conditioning • Com¬ it tvorks so much better that more than a million mercial Refrigeration • Lamps and Lighting Equipment • Switches women already have bought it—and will have and Sockets • Elevators • X-Ray Equipment • Meters • Relays Lightning Arresters • Circuit Breakers • Generators • Steam Turbines no other. Motors • Transformers • Insulators • Rectifiers • Transportation Equipment • Arc Welding Equipment This iron is symbolic of the way Westinghouse LISTEN TO Westinghouse International Short Wave Station WBOS combines experience, talent and craftsmanship Boston, U. S. A.—11,870 kc., 25.26 meters.

MAY, 1941 283 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION—UNITED STATES AND MEXICO— EL PASO—FEBRUARY 2. 1941 Left lo right: George C. Robinson, Assistant Secretary, United States Section; Mervin B. Moore, Chief Clerk and Secretary, United States Section; Culver M. Ainsworth, Consulting Engineer, United States Section; Joseph L. Burkholder, Senior Engineer, United States Section; Lawrence M. Lawson, Commis¬ sioner for the United States; Ing. Gustavo P. Serrano, Commissioner for Mexico; Ing. Rafael Fernandez MacGregor, Consulting Engineer, Mexican Section. Waters; Ing. Joaquin C. Bustamenle, Consulting En¬ gineer, Mexican Section, Boundaries; Jose Hernandez Ojeda, Secretary, Mexican Section; Horatio G. de Partearroyo, Assistant Secretary and Translator, Mexican Section.

International Konndarvw Sane— I nited States and Ile\iro Many very excellent general and topographic When it is considered that if the vertical scale maps have been prepared by both public and pri¬ were the same as the horizontal scale, a mountain vate agencies in both the United States and Mexico 6,000 feet high would only rise about l/7th of an which delineate the cartographic and topographic inch above the surrounding mesa land, the necessity features of each nation on either side of the inter¬ for exaggeration of differences in elevations is ap¬ national boundary line. While these maps are in¬ parent. In the relief map of the boundary, the verti¬ valuable for the purposes for which they were made, cal scale was, therefore, made 1:71,500, and the it has been felt for some time that a map was needed same mountain appears one inch high on the map. which would convey not only to the layman, but to This is an exaggeration of about 7:1 and results in the geologist and engineer as well, a more adequate its being possible to distinctly show hills as low as conception of this vast region. 300' in height, as well as every change in elevation The relief map recently completed by the Inter¬ amounting to 300 feet, or more. national Boundary Commission is designed to meet In a map covering this large an area, the curva¬ the need for a three dimensional map. It has been ture of the earth’s surface must necessarily be taken made in five sections, measuring 3' by 4’, com¬ into consideration. If the entire earth were repre¬ bined to form one map 4’ wide and 15' long. Its sented by a sphere of the same scale to which this scale is 1:500,000; that is, each inch on the map map was made, its diameter would be a little over represents 500,000 inches, or very nearly eight 82'. That part of the great circle passing through miles on the ground. The strip of land represented the long axis of this map contains over 1/17th of in the map is 384 miles in width and 1,440 miles in the earth’s circumference. The curvature shown has length, containing an area of 553,000 square miles. been geodetically computed and is accurately repre¬ This is greater than the combined areas of Ger¬ sented. many, Austria, and the Sudetenland and is twice When one is standing 6' in front of the map the the area of the State of Texas. eyes see as much of the earth’s surface as they 284 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL would from an altitude of 575 miles, assuming it There has been an increased demand on the part were possible for man to rise to such a height and of aliens in the United States for information re¬ that the eyes could see such a distance. As a matter garding visaes. of fact, in this case, the inequalities of the earth’s In spite of restrictions, due to the war situation, surface would be much more apparent on the map the Canadians expect the usual influx of tourists to than on the earth itself, because of the exaggera¬ see one of the Wonders of the World, the famous tion in the vertical scale of the map. Falls at Niagara. It is possible also that the con¬ struction now going on of the modern steel bridge NEWS FROM THE FIELD will attract many. LYNN W. FRANKLIN. (Continued from page 267) NIAGARA FALLS TRANSLATION OF LETTER ON PAGE 267 Vice Consul Frank C. Niccoll managed to get “I thought to write you few lines about myself. over from Milan via Barcelona and Lisbon, with his I been living in U.S.A. thirty two year, mostly in wife and two very fine boys, and is now busy sur¬ city Los Angeles, Cal. I made great mistake. I veying applications for immigration cases. Due to left U.S.A. Three years he soon since I came to his arrival it was possible to allow Vice Consul Yugoslavia. Have no work, no money, I m almost Murray home leave. When last heard from Mur¬ naked. What can I do now? Made plenty money in ray was basking in the sun on the Florida beaches, U.S.A. Spent all in U.S.A. Also my young life while we were snowed under with other things be¬ spent in U.S.A. Also had register in U.S.A. Army, side snow. Due to increased demand for visaes the nineteen hundred seventeen, San Diego, Cal.. Camp staff has been doubled. Almost daily we have evan¬ Kearney, and I had call to serve U.S.A. Army same gelists. princesses, counts and barons coming over time World War was all over so that we ain t went from the United States in order to make applica¬ to serve Army. I was loyal and good citizen al¬ tions for visaes for permanent residence in our ways. I can prove to you by Mr Postmaster country. of city of Los Angeles. He knows me more twentv Near the office the new Rainbow Bridge over the five year. He can tell you about myself. I used Niagara River is being built. It will be remembered to belong to Lodge Foresters of America so now that in 1937 the old Honeymoon Bridge was pushed here in Yugoslavia everybody call me American. down by the ice floe. There lias been a great deal I speaking English, Spanish, Serbian, some Turk¬ of blasting going on during office hours. The in¬ ish, some Hungarian, some Italian. I hope you creased work is really caused by the requirements find me some work in three offices, your office of that persons not Americans have some sort of visa English Consulate or Turkish Consulate. 1 be so or identification card, just like one has to have for thankful to you Mr. L.S.A. Consulate. Please I his auto or even his dog, and the fullest coopera¬ hope you take some interest about this my letter. tion is being accorded on all sides, by applicants Please help me some, much you can. as well as issuing offices, to expedite this work. Please answer your truly friend"

THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE GROUP VISITING CHILE IS RECEIVED BY PRESIDENT AGUIRRE CERDA

Seated, left to right, William II. Dossier (ex-F.S.O.) now Cincin¬ nati Enquirer; Ambassador Row¬ ers, President Aguirre, Mr. Mal¬ colm Davis of the Carnegie Endowment, Professor Samuel Dale Myers, Southern Methodist Univ., Dr. II. L. Waltster, Dean of the North Dakota Agricultural Col¬ lege. Directly behind Professor Myers is Professor Graham Stuart of Stanford University, author of American Diplomatic ami Consu¬ lar Practice.

MAY, 1941 285 A n c. °n

Courtesy Earl L. Packer

AMERICAN LEGATION, BUDAPEST Left to right: Mr. Schott, Mr. Packer, Mr. Travers, Hon. John F. Montgomery, Major Partridge, Mr. Horsey, Mr. Rewinkel, Mr. Poiutnik. Taken March 14, 1941, a few days before Mr. Montgomery’s departure for the United States.

FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES signed Second Secretary of the American Embassy (Continued irom page 278) at Mexico City, Mexico. Carl E. Christopherson of Iowa, now serving in The following changes have occurred in the For¬ the Department of State, has been assigned Ameri¬ eign Service since April 12. 1941: can Consul at Calcutta, India. George R. Merrell of St. Louis, Missouri, Ameri¬ James E. Parks of Rocky Mount, North Carolina, can Consul at Hrabin, Manchuria, has been as¬ American Consul at London, England, has been as¬ signed American Consul at Calcutta, India. signed American Consul at Colon, Panama. Harold Shantz of Rochester, New York, First Perry Ellis of Riverside, California, American Secretary of the American Legation and American Vice Consul at Habana. Cuba, has been assigned Consul General at Helsinki. Finland, has been desig¬ American Vice Consul at Singapore, Straits Settle¬ nated First Secretary of the American Embassy at ments. London, England. Charles S. Millet of Richmond, New7 Hampshire, Samuel R. Thompson of Los Angeles, California. American Vice Consul at Harbin, Manchuria, has American Consul at Cardiff, Wales, has been as¬ been assigned American Vice Consul at Shanghai, signed American Consul at Valencia, Spain. China. Herve J. L’Heureux of Monchester, New Hamp¬ William 0. Boswell of New Florence, Pennsyl¬ shire, American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium, has vania, American Vice Consul at Georgetown, British been assigned American Consul at Lisbon, Portugal. Guiana, has been designated Third Secretary of the Dale W. Maher of Joplin, Missouri, American American Legation at Lisbon, Portugal. Consul at Cologne, Germany, has been assigned Alfred J. Pedersen of Boston, Massachusetts, American Consul at Lyon, France. American Vice Consul at Bilboa, Spain, has been James P. Pilcher of Dotham, Alabama, Second appointed American Vice Consul at Shanghai, Secretary of the American Embassy at Peiping, China. China, has been assigned American Consul at Charles H. Stepan of Staten Island, New York, Amoy, China. American Vice Consul at Tokyo, Japan, has been Sheridan Talbott of Bardstown, Kentucky, Amer¬ appointed American Vice Consul at Kobe, Japan. ican Consul at Valencia, Spain, has been assigned Henry P. Kiley of Bridgeport, Connecticut, Amer¬ American Consul at Cardiff. Wales. ican Vice Consul at Montreal, Canada, has been Edward K. Trueblood of Evanston, llli nois, now appointed American Vice Consul at Port-au-Prince, serving in the Department of State, has been as¬ Haiti.

286 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL AFRICAN ADVENTURE

(Continued from page 255) hyena laughed, and then we had silence again. We dozed fitfully and very uncomfortably dur¬ ing the night. Four o’clock came and the sky was no lighter than at midnight. Then suddenly the sun popped up without a warning and it was daylight. Very providently a strong wind had blown through¬ out the night, so, if anything, the ground was slightly firmer. Our feet still stuck in it though, which greatly hampered our activity. The car had sunk to the running boards and the problem was to raise it high enough to place the four canvas sacks we had with us under the wheels. But we had nothing to rest the jack on in that soft clay. Then we thought of taking off the broad shields that covered the rear wheels. Laboriously we dug out a hollow beneath the rear bumper, where we placed the shield and on top of it the jack. By thus raising the bumper a few inches, we were able to push under it, on one side, the crate con¬ taining our reserve supply of gasoline, and on the other side, a wooden box which earlier in the trip had contained provisions. This brought the car high enough to enable us to place the shield and the jack under the rear axle. It took us five hours to do this. We had been working since dawn and were by now beginning to feel the intense heat of the sun’s penetrating rays. But we were at last able to put NEW WEEKLY DIRECT the bags, and the great piles of brush, which it had been my job to collect during most of these opera¬ PASSENGER SERVICE tions. under the rear wheels. The same process was carried out with the front wheels and towards noon BETWEEN NEW YORK AND we were ready to try backing the car carefully onto the higher ground. We had also covered with brush LISBON, PORTUGAL the ten yards of soft track behind us where we had By the entered the swamp, and we hoped in this way to EXCAMBION EXCALIBUR and back out and return to Namutoni. EXETER SIBONEY We put into the tank what remained of our extra weekly on Saturdays supply of gasoline and started the engine. The wheels turned round but our hearts sank as the car Fare $350 remained stationary. We tried again; the sorel) tried engine groaned and the temperature of the From Neulral Portugal connections can be made by air or rail to many parts of Europe. water in the radiator rose ominously but this time Detailed information on application the car began to move slowly backward. If it THE SECURITY OF stopped, there was no means of moving it again, and watching, I held my breath as it went on hesi¬ AMERICAN SHIPS tatingly, yard hv yard, until it was on firm ground. 4LWAYS IMPORTANT It took us about an hour to collect everything TODAY IS EMPHASIZED MORE THAN EVER and at last, we were off. headed for Namutoni. The demand l»y relatives and friends here for prepaid tickets to America from all Europe demonstrates it. Once again we arrived there at sunset. The Sergeant was greatly surprised to see us. “Man, man,” he ex¬ AMERICAN EXPORT LINES claimed, when we told him of what had happened, “you can thank your lucky stars that you didn’t 25 Broadway, New York stick there for good!” Balto. Office: 203 Kevser Bldg. CAlverl 0340 i And so indeed we did.

MAY. 1941 287 • « / \ *

Wjlfjereas tlje ©Sinbsor Hotarp £Iub -+■*-+■ has been privileged to number among its Membership the American Consuls who have been stationed here and who have each • * contributed much to this City - and whereas this Club is losing from its roll the present .American Consul who for eight years has proven his sterling worth as a Member of our Club and as a valuable nssei to the Community - having exhibited those qualities of heart and mind which have, I’ll of parrlimeul presented to Mar¬ endeared him to ill who have known him in his official capacity or in the more intimate fellowship of Rotary. shall M. Vance, Consul at Windsor, at a dinner on February 17, 1941, given in Boto therefore be it rtsolbrb th=t we express to 3HatSi)aIi Bl. Dance his honor by the Windsor Rotary Club and to his family our sincere regret in their departure from this Citv ♦ '■ congratulating him on his prior to his departure for his new post. assignment to fields of greater responsibility . • _ assuring him of out ontiriued interest in him and in his service to the United States of America.

• , . V

as te m

as, "a Bn; ti‘.

GALVESTON, TEXAS .... Galveston’s winter carnival, which dates hack here to 1867, turned a completely new leaf by dedicating itself to the Pan- Anierieas, instead of fictional royalty.

The event was heralded as the most novel of its kind, this being the first American city to take its cue from the trend of the times by focusing upon a Pan-American theme for a motif.

Herewith is shown, which is believed to be for the first time, an assemblage of eight Pan- American girls, four of whom are daughters of ambassadors, the others daughters of em¬ bassy officials, holding the ban¬ ner of their respective country, with the American flag in the background.

Left to right they are: Erma Castillo Najera, daughter of the t \ i \ m ); Y S? V- . ambassador of Mexico; Teresa i , . •• ••• V X \ Labarthe, daughter of the naval ■ i \ • VA :v.>v- '7^5 attache in the Peruvian em¬ 7 «' - 7 -rr ; V j bassy; Cristina Michels, daugh¬ r ) ter of the ambassador of Chile; Matilde Pastoriza, daughter of the minister ot the Dominican Republic; Laura Recinos, daughter of the minister of Guatemala; Graciela Guerra, daughter of Cuba’s delegate to the Inter-American Advisory Com¬ mittee; Leda Fernandez, daughter of the minister of Costa Rica; and Susana Larguia, representing Argentina, who was a representative at the 1938 Lima Conference.

288 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL &erve american Whiskues

The finest American Whiskies, products of the great states of Pennsylvania and Kentucky, are now available for worldwide distribution and are actually being served in many American Embassies, Legations and Consulates. These diplomatic missions, in serving Old Schenley American whiskies in either Rye or Bourbon or both, not only are serving their guests a traditional made-in-the United States product, but they are also reminding their guests that, after the lapse which occurred during the prohibition era when expor¬ tation of American whiskies was prohibited, high quality American whiskies are again being distilled and bottled for worldwide consumption.

Old Schenley Whiskey represents the highest traditions of the art of distilling American whiskey, thus insuring its fine quality and superb flavor.

If you want to taste real fine American Rye and Bourbon, or if you want to add to the choice beverages you already provide your guests, you may order from the nearest Schenley agency or from us for shipment direct.

The whiskey advertised herewith is intended only for export distri¬ bution in bond.

AMERICAN RYE WHISKEY

Schenley International Corporation, Empire State Building, New York City

MAY, 1941 289 A HISTORY OF THE CONSU¬ LATE GENERAL AT LONDON (Continued from page 261) researches anil enquiries have failed to identify the house. At that time few London streets were num¬ bered—numbering did not begin until about 1764 and then only in a haphazard manner, without anv definite plan or direction. Hertford Street was not numbered, as shown by Horwood’sMap,until 1794;* the house probably still exists, since this street is one of the few that have escaped the all-devouring desire for re-building which has destroyed so many of the historic landmarks of London. The first systematic street numbering for Mayfair was not FEDERAL STORAGE undertaken until 1819, and then only bv the Insur¬ ance Companies of the time; numbering by the au¬ thorities did not become general until 1826 and COMPANY there have been re-numberings at various later dates —finally by the London County Council in 1888. Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling The plans for 1790 to 1800 have been examined by and Care of Household Treasures the plan-holding Estate Offices, but no entry record¬ ing the name of the first American Consul. Mr. Joshua Johnson, or of the first regular Minister, Private Rooms for Furniture Mr. Thomas Pinckney, could be found. I also made Cold Storage for Furs a personal search in the Rate-Books of the “Out¬ Rug Cleaning and Storage ward, Parish of St. George’s, Hanover Square, with¬ Vault for Silverware in the Libertx of the City of Westminster,” from 1791 to 1794, inclusive, but only the names of the Home Inspection and Insurance Service Tenants are given, which proves that Johnson and Fumigation Chambers Pinckney were only sub-tenants, paying a certain Piano and Art Section sum in rent, including rates, the original Tenant paying the rates, so that his name also continued to Local and Long Distance Moving appear in the Rate-Books. This is a great pity, as Packing and Shipping a photograph of the housing of the first Consulate, Lift Vans for Foreign Removals and some details as to the rent and rates paid then would have been of particular interest. However, it ♦ appears that the rents of the 38 houses—now there are 49. ranged from 30 to 240 pounds a year and 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 the rates from 5.19.0 pounds to 51 pounds, for "Poor and Highways, Watch. Paving, Cleaning and WASHINGTON, D. C., U.S.A. Lighting.” In noting that the first Consul, Mr. Joshua John¬ Officers Directors son. appears in the “Royal Kalendar” for 1791, I E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD could not fail to be struck by the circumstance that President CHARLES S. BAKER an American Consul was already appointed for Lon¬ HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBEE r, Vire-Pres. a d Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN don and apparently functioning, when the Act estab¬ JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENDERSON S. DUNN Vice-Pres. anti Treasurer lishing an American Consular Service was not HENRY P. ERWIN H. RANDOLPH BARBEE D. P. GAILLARD passed, according to Lay’s “The Foreign Service of Secretary PAUL E. TOLSON JAMES M. JOHNSTON the United States” (New York, 1925) until April Asst. Vice-Pres. HAROLD N. MARSH 14th. 1792. An explanation may possibly he found S. WEBSTER ADAMS ALLISON N. MILLER CARROLL MORGAN Asst. Vice-Pres. *But no numbers are given in the Rate-Book for 1794; the A. RUSSELL BARBEE E. K. MORRIS explanation is probably to be found in the fact that the num¬ Asst. Treasurer DONALD F. ROBERTS bers given in Horwood’s map were not always official, but were, RAYMOND O. BABB CHARLES G. TREAT as was often done in those days, placed on the houses by the Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD owners or tenants themselvs, witoout reference to the local au¬ thorities—this practice appars to have been rather common in Mayfair,;until proper official numbering was taken in hand at a later date; this has. of course, greatly increased the difficulty of identifying houses.

290 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL in the assumption that the passing of the Act being a certainty, the opportunity was seized upon, hav¬ Describe — Photograph ing perhaps a suitable gentleman already on the spot, and taking the uncertainty of the means of — for The Geographic— communication into consideration, of “taking time by the forelock." The French Revolution was then in full swing and piracy, or its camouflaged equiva¬ lent. “privateering,” was running its merry course. Another explanation may be that the Act (Chap. WII., page 128, U.S. Statutes), Approved Jul\ 1st. 1790, re. the establishment of Ministers Pleni¬ potentiary, Charges d’Affaires, and Secretaries of Legation with salaries was already operating, and that it was thought desirable to appoint an Agent in advance to prepare the ground for the advent of the new Minister and to get the machinery of the Consular Department in London into working or¬ der. Whatever the cause may have been, the fact remains that Mr. Joshua Johnson was installed in Hertford Street in 1791, although Mr. Thomas Pinckney did not appear on the scene until 1793; in the same year the Consulates at Liverpool and at Poole were opened—why such importance should have been attached to Poole, is a mystery, which cannot be solved without a knowledge of the condi¬ tions then prevailing. The Legation and the Con¬ sulate in Hertford Street were lodged in the same building, in conformity with the practice of some modern States, usually of minor importance, of hav¬ ing a Consular Department attached to the Legation. No change appears to have taken place until 1796. when Mr. Johnson, Consular business having presu¬ mably increased meanwhile, w'as assigned a “Secre¬ tary” in the person of Mr. Deas, and additional Con¬ sular offices were opened at Bristol and Falmouth. In 1797 Mr. Pinckney finds himself replaced by Mr. Rufus King as Minister Plenipotentiary. In this \ear “dear Lady Romance” entered into the family life of Mr. Joshua Johnson, when his daughter, Louise, was married at All Hallows’ Church. Lon¬ don, to Mr. John Quincy Adams, the son of the She turns her corn burden into a golden crown, John Adams who had presented his Credentials in in Celebes, Netherlands Indies. A National Geo¬ 1785 to George III and later became the second graphic photograph by Maynard Owen Williams. President of the l nited States of America—-Louisa Johnson's husband himself became later Sixth Presi¬ RAVEL observations of Foreign Service Officers dent. after being American Minister to Holland, Ger¬ well be of timely, educational interest to the million many. Russia, a negotiator at Ghent and the first reader families ol the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. American Minister in London after the War of 1812- That is the reason for this announcement, inviting you to co-operate. Personal narratives and human-interest photo¬ 1815; he also served a term as Secretary of State— graphs from Foreign Service Officers are always cordially but these are matters of history. welcomed. Liberal payment is made for all material accepted I To be continue I in a subsequent issue of the JOURNAL) for publication. Before preparing a manuscript it is advis¬ able that you submit a brief outline of your proposed article.

NOTE- -In 1797 there were in the City of London several churches bearing the name “All Hallows,” all within a short distance of Cooper’s Bow, where Mr. Johnson was established THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE as a merchant, although carrying on his Consular work at Hert¬ ford Street. Mayfair, until 1798. Some of these churches have GILBERT GROSVENOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor been demolished, or only the tower left standing, their parishes being joined to neighboring churches still existing. Washington, D. C.

MAY. 1941 291 THE BOOKSHELF IT MAY NOT BE TOO LATE FOR YOU TO ACT (Continued from gage 269) We can assist many officers in service in the Western Hemisphere in obtaining further insurance protection at this the famed editor of the Nation, has followed in his time. Many years’ experience with the conditions and re¬ quirements of Foreign Service have enabled us to cooperate father's footsteps in journalism. Harold Villard, effectively both in extending coverage and in best arranging economist and lawyer, was for years the editor of present policies, in whatever company, to meet particular needs. the Nautical Gazette. A grandson of Henry, son of Under present world conditions, we wish especially to emphasize the advisability of prompt action in keeping life Harold, named Henry Serrano Villard. lias con¬ insurance programs in order. We shall welcome your corre¬ tinued the tradition of national service; Foreign spondence, or a call when you are in Washington. Service Officers know him as Assistant Chief of the Earle W. Sapp, C.L.U., General Agent Near Eastern Division of the Department. Henry A. Hirsh, Associate New England Mutual Life Insurance Company This little volume is not for burial on a library 405 Colorado Building. Washington, D. C. shelf, but to be kept in sight. It reminds of the Phone NAtional 3211 matchless, surprising strength of a democracy in which the uncommon man can find opportunity. THE FESSENDEN SCHOOL HARLEY NOTTER. WEST NEWTON MASSACHUSETTS AMBASSADOR DODD’S DIARY, Harcourt Brace and Company, pp. 464, XVI. $3.50. For Young’ Boys The Fessenden School was founded in 1903 to Ambassador Dodd’s diary written during his term prepare boys of six to fourteen for the secondary I of service in Berlin from 1933 until late 1937 con¬ schools. Tt is particularly designed to give these young boys a wholesome introduction to school 1 tains tragic personal premonition of impending life. American diplomatic and consular officers who I horror. It reproduces clearly the atmosphere of desire to offer to their sons early in life the best tension, fear, and frustration which prevailed at traditions of American education are cordially in- i vited to write for a catalogue. that time among the foreign diplomats and the cir¬ cle of their German acquaintances in Berlin. Al¬ though it may be held that Dr. Dodd’s personalih and background prevented him from playing a lead¬ ing role in effectively combatting the approaching Canned Salmon menace, he emerges with a clear record of integrit) and consistency. Dr. Dodd’s standpoint in politics An Appetizing, Nu¬ was that of the old American liberal and no reader tritious, Easily Kept of his journal can deny him the respect due to him and Transported for the way in which he stuck by his traditional Sea Food beliefs, even somewhat naively at times in his at¬ tempt to evaluate and project a solution of the com¬ ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC plicated European situation on the basis of his FISHERIES academic knowledge of American history. SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Although the diary has apparently been carefully condensed and edited, it remains essentially as writ¬ i ten originally and lacks that quality of considered writing and rewriting which distinguishes the ac¬ & counts of earlier Ambassadors to Germany, in par¬ Members of the American Foreign Service ticular Gerard and D’Abernon. It may therefore be can depend upon this firm promptly to held to be of doubtful historical permanence as it is fill orders for Engraved cards, Invitations deficient in specific references and important texts Stationery, etc. and is likewise marked by minor inaccuracies which ct may be excused, however, on the ground that the B)\mem«3Dna> author may not have been writing for publication. ENGRAVERS Incidentally, it may be remarked that the editors in to Washington's Most Distinguished Residents their choice of citations and quotations bear a heaw Reasonable Prices responsibility toward future American Ambassa¬ 1217 G STREET : WASHINGTON, D. C. dors to Germany, not to mention many of the per¬ sons named in this diary.

292 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Although as remarked above. Dr. Dodd was a liberal in his political thinking, he was curiously intolerant in his social relationships. He was emi¬ nently suspicious of those American businessmen concerning whose treatment he complained so fre¬ quently to Dr. Schacht and he was inclined to doubt the motives of foreign military observers who were impressed by Germany’s developing military prow¬ ess. The American Foreign Service comes in for rough treatment at Dr. Dodd’s hands although the sting of the indictment set forth on page 300 of the diary is dulled by the recognition that the burden borne by his staff members in their efforts to keep our Government and Dr. Dodd properly informed made it “almost impossible for anyone who hopes to keep his health. JACOB D. BEAM.

HAITI AND THE UNITED STATES 1714-1938. by Lud- well Lee Montague, Duke University Press, Durham. North Carolina, 1940. pp. Xll. 308. $3.00. t his history of United States strategic diplomacy in the Caribbean is timely and significant in that the Windward Passage is one of the most important gateways in our Antillean ramparts. Despite the existence of important commercial relations, with political implications, that go back to the time when both were colonies and subject to the mercantilist practices of the mother countries, Haiti, the only Negro republic, the only French- School With American republic and the first American republic, "Classrooms" All after the United States, to establish its independence, did not receive diplomatic representation from the Over The World l nited States until 1862. The fluctuations of United States domestic policy Give Your Child a Broad, and public opinion regarding racial problems and Useful Education Wherever their effects on political developments in the Island You May Be of Hispaniola are carefully chronicled. Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of State, was embarrassed to For 31 years, Calvert Home Instruction Courses have been used by Foreign Service Officials, Army and Navy Officers, missionaries, and receive and act favorably upon the appeal of the others traveling or living in foreign countries, to provide their children French Colonial Assembly for aid in putting down education right in their own homes. More than 5 5,000 children have been educated through these Courses, in 40 different countries. a Negro insurrection. But southern plantation FROM KINDERGARTEN UP TO HIGH SCHOOL owners cited the affairs of the Island of Saint Calvert Home Instruction Courses give your child superior education— Domingue as a horrid example of the effect of a sound foundation in fundamentals and a broad cultural education as well. Calvert instruction keeps them well ahead, enabling them to enter French revolutionary theories upon an enslaved pop¬ the best American schools, without loss, on return to the States. ulation. Jefferson, champion of the Rights of Man, The Courses are the same as used in the famous 42-year-old Calvert Day School at Baltimore, especially adapted for home instruction and whose writings advocated recognition of de jaclo used successfully the world over. Supplied complete, with guidance and grading by the school, instructions for the parent, all books and governments, as President in 1806 led his Congres¬ other materials, at very low cost. No previous teaching experience sional followers in passing a bill to prohibit trade needed by parent. Write today for Catalog giving complete informa¬ with any portion of Saint Domingue that did not tion. Give the age of your child and schooling up to present time. accept the authoritv of France (page 45). This special embargo against Haiti, re-enacted in 1807 and 1808, was undoubtedly inspired by the need for CALVERT SCHOOL the diplomatic support of France in the then current I 3 5 TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD, U. S. A. boundary disputes with Spain.

MAY. 1941 293 Within a year after recognition, the right to de¬ posit coal for United States warships at Cape Hai¬ tian had been accorded, although the Navy Depart¬ ment was desirous of greater privileges. Five years later President Salnave offered the use of Mole St. Nicolas to the United States in return for its as¬ sumption of the Haitian debt to France, hut the offer was refused by Secretary of State Seward. Nation's Capital However, by 1891 when interest was again aroused in a Panama Canal. U. S. Admiral Gherardi pro¬ ceeded to Port-au-Prince with instructions to lease the Mole. The l nited States Minister, Douglass, HAY-ADAMS HOUSE complained to the State Department that the pres¬ A hotel of distinction superbly ence of American warships at Port-au-Prince made situated directly opposite the a most unfortunate impression on the entire coun- White House facing Lafayette try and Haitian officials refused to go through with Park. Splendid accommodations the arrangements. Dr. Montague describes the af¬ and an atmosphere of luxury. fair as “one of the more unsavorv episodes of the Convenient to everything of im¬ history of American diplomacy.” portance. The readers of this JOURNAL are undoubtedly familiar with the numerous literature covering the COMPLETELY AIR CONDITIONED period of the American occupation, a fertile subject FROM $3.50 SINGLE $5.00 DOUBLE for both advocates and the critics of United States Caribbean policy. Professor Montague devotes a chapter to the situation that culminated in the as¬ I6TH STREET AT H sassination of President Sam and the arrival of the U.S.S. Washington on July 28, 1915, “on account WASHINGTON, D. C. of the utter collapse of self-government in a land where the strategic interests of the l nited States could not permit such a condition to exist. 1 wo weeks later the Literary Digest reported that all WHEN YOUR HEART SAYS “REMEMBER” Nothing Takes the Place of comment in the United States press on the interven¬ r: tion bv United States Marines had been favorable. A twenty-year occupation was begun. Admiral (97clowers Caperton. largely on his own initiative, transformed Wire Flowers through Gude Bros. Co. a temporary interposition at Port-au-Prince into a Authorized F.T.D. Member formal and unlimited military occupation of the entire republic which lasted until a White House NAtional 4276 conference between Presidents Roosevelt and \ in- cent in 1934 as a result of which the Marines were \*i ashing!on, withdrawn in August of that year. D. C. Montague concludes that “no fundamental change had been wrought in the economic, social and politi¬ cal character of the community; the basic problems of 1915 were still the problems of 1935. The Ameri¬ FOREIGN SERVICE CAREERS cans, however, had made a beginning and had set an example, if not of democratic procedures, at A fully equipped Institution devoted exclusively to the preparation ^ of college graduates for the written examination for the Foreign ^ least of benevolent despotism and social sendee.” Service. Teaching staff of 12 experienced university instructors. Summer Review Course begins Montague relates the story of economic distress Monday, June 23rd. of the country which received in 1938 a five-million For further information and bulletin, address dollar credit through the Export-Import Bank for COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director. a program of public works. Reference is also made TURNER’S to the decided shift in Haiti’s foreign trade, illus¬ Diplomatic School trated by her coffee market, now New York rather than Le Havre. But trade figures for the greatly 1774 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. changed years of 1939 and 1940 are not available in this volume.

294 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL l)r. Montague, who holds a reserve commission in the United States Army, is Assistant Professor of History in Virginia Military Institute. He brings to his subject a scholarly approach which is balanced b\ a military background so necessary for an un¬ derstanding of Haiti’s history. Frequent reliance is placed by the author on newspaper sources and on occasion he is prone to generalize. However, a com¬ plete survey of Haitian-American relations extend¬ ing over more than two centuries is presented in this volume for the first time. It fills a long felt need. A footnote for the historical minded: The Haitian Foreign Office with all of its papers was destroyed by fire in 1883. WILLARD F. BARBER.

TRADE AGREEMENTS, A STUDY IN DEMOCRATIC METH¬ ODS. by John Day Larkin, Columbia University Press, New York, 1940. pp. 135. $1.00. Mr. Larkin’s discussion of the trade-agreements program, coming as it did when the extension of the program for another three-year period from June 1940 was the subject of active debate in the Con¬ gress. was particularly timely. The points around which that debate largely centered, namely, the con¬ stitutionality of the Trade Agreements Act and the question of the procedure followed in the negotia¬ tions, are well covered in this study. After summarizing the provisions of the Act Mr. Outstanding Larkin in Part One answers those yvho oppose the program on the ground that it is unconstitutional by Foreign Banking Facilities shoyving that it is founded upon the best American The foreign banking organization of The traditions of law and custom. Chase National Bank includes branches Part Two, devoted to the organization and proce¬ and representatives on three continents dure employed in the negotiation of trade agree¬ supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ ments. is a thorough and accurate presentation dents. Branches are located in London, yvhich not only shows that the negotiation of trade Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San agreements is in skilled hands but refutes the some¬ what time-worn argument that agreements are nego¬ Juan. In addition, the bank maintains tiated behind closed doors. offices for its representatives in Rome, Berlin and Mexico City. Through an A comparison of the present system of tariff ad¬ affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are justment with previous methods of tariff-making is operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong to be found in Part Three of Mr. Larkin’s book and and Tientsin. is convincing evidence that the present method is both effective and democratic. THE For those yvho do not yvish to make an exhaustive CHASE NATIONAL BANK study involving analysis of the congressional hear¬ ings and debate. Mr. Larkin’s book provides an ex¬ OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK cellent. concise, and succinct discussion. Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation C. L. SIMERING.

MAY, 1941 295 THE UNITED STATES NAVY, by Merle Armitage. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 282 pp. $5.00. Merle Armitage in The United States Navy has done the layman a good turn. In clear concise lan¬ guage he has given an over-all picture of the Navy which shows meticulous research over a w ide field of information. He opens the book with an outline of the men who have been most active in bringing the Navy to its present high standing, from John Paul Jones, through Preble, “founder of the American Navy,’’ Decatur, Oliver Hazard Perry, Farragut. Matthew C. Perry, who was a diplomat as well as a naval officer, Mahan. Dewey, up to “Fighting Bob’’ Evans, and William Sowden Sims. who. in the Spring of 1917, suggested the convoy system. He then goes on with a detailed description of the various phases of naval development. W ith regard to disarmament, Armitage is strong in his belief that had the United States been less idealistic in its disarmament leadership, the condi¬ tions prevailing today in the Far East might never have occurred; that our diplomacy is only as strong as our naval backing in the present stage of civili¬ zation. Approximately one-quarter of the book is devoted to naval aviation which, while never fully tested in a major war. he considers of prime importance in military considerations. The l nited States Naval Air Force is stated to equal the combined strength of the aviation units of any two other navies of the To the Joreign Service Officers world. This is not out of keeping with the responsi¬ bilities of our Navy in the protection of the twenty- of the United States five thousand mile coastline of the Americas. There is a considerable discussion of the oft- ♦ recurrent proposal to divorce aviation from the Army and Navy (or Navy and Army as he usually THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ says it) and set it up as a separate defense unit. ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ The arguments on both sides are given quite with¬ ice in writing your bond. Special attention out bias and without conclusion. is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ Armitage’s description of naval strategy and tac¬ ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes tics is particularly well done and enlightening. It is inconceivable to him that any enemy could attack in this service. the United States successfully even though our Navy ♦ were defeated and the Air Force destroyed since no two potential enemies (except the British) have UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND sufficient ships or transports which could carry more GUARANTY COMPANY than 200,000 troops to our shores. In this supposi¬ Lee H. Bowen, Manager tion. he ignores the possibility of capture of the British fleet, but the case as he describes it is at 1415 K ST., N. W„ WASHINGTON, D. C. least encouraging. The discussion closes with a hypothetical battle at sea. Telephone—National 0913 The need for an increasingly strong Navy is Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide." stressed not only because “we are the richest prize on this globe” but because the other American Re¬ publics are developing rapidly and becoming more

296 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and more the objective of covetous speculation by European powers seeking markets. Support of the principles set forth in the Monroe Doctrine there¬ "GREAT fore becomes a matter of increasingly serious pro¬ portions. In conclusion, it is stated that “Not only is the formidable Navy of the United States a powerful arbiter of peace and a necessary force behind our diplomacy, but its mere presence assures one hun¬ dred and thirty million Americans of the imported products necessary to our economy. The Navy af¬ fords the best protection yet devised for American civilization and guarantees the perpetuation of those vast and imponderable abstract and material values which make up the fabric of our society. FRANCES M. DAILOR. AMERICAN FLAG LINERS ietving TECHNICAL AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION Paul G. Minneman, Foreign Service Officer sta¬ HAVANA • PANAMA • JAMAICA tioned in Washington, has returned from Cuba af¬ COSTA RICA • HONDURAS • COLOMBIA ter completing a survey of Cuban agriculture dur¬ ing January, February and March. Mr. Minneman GUATEMALA • BRITISH HONDURAS was appointed as a member of a five-man technical For information apply to any Authorized Travel Agent or agricultural commission to make the survey re¬ UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, quested by the Cuban Government. 1514 K Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. Also offices in New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston Mr. Homer Brett, F.S.O., retired, informs his friends in the Foreign Service and the Department of State that he is now engaged in the automobile business specializing in Chrysler-Plymouth sales and service with the “Sid” Welboni Motors, 8000 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland. P. 0. Box 464, Silver Spring.

MARRIAGES DOUGLAS—SOWELL—Miss Jane Howard Sowell, daughter of Ashley B. Sowell, Commercial Attache at Panama, was married on January 15 to Robert L. Douglas, of Sewickley, Pennsylvania. • CHINA GIBBS—JONES—Miss Marion Barr Jones and Mr. Frederick R. Gibbs of Washington, D. C., were The Most Modern Hotel in the Orient married on April 19 in Fairfield, Connecticut. Miss PARK HOTEL —SHANCHA I Jones was at one time assigned to the Embassy in Opposite the Race Course in the heart of Shanghai Paris and later at the Department of State. 203 rooms and suites, all with hath GRILL ROOM and SKY TERRACE on 14th Floor- COLQUITT—ROWLAND — Miss Mary Middleton Cables: PARKHOTEL Rowland and Mr. Adrian B. Colquitt, assigned to the Department of State, were married in Savannah, Georgia, on April 26. SHANGHAI’S LEADING HOTELS SCHERER—PALMER—Miss Marjorie Clark Palmer CATHAY HOTEL THE METROPOLE and Mr. George F. Scherer were married on April 250 Rooms and Suites 200 Rooms 25 in Cambridge, Mass. Mr. Scherer is assigned to Amer. & European Plan Amer. & European Plan the Division of American Republics at the Depart¬ Cable Add.: Cathotel Cable Add.: Methotel ment.

MAY, 1941 297 UNCLE SAM’S EIGHT NEW BASES (Continued from page 2481 perfect example of teamwork between base authori¬ ties and the Fleet itself. When the war broke out in 1914, Great Britain in spite of its highly indus¬ trialized shore line had no fleet base capable of administering to the Grand Fleet as a whole. Fleet bases and lines of supply were developed only after war was declared. On the assumption that the worst could happen, let us suppose that the combined fleets of Europe suddenly were in a position to attack the eastern seaboard of the United States. It has been de¬ cided that units of our Pacific Fleet must be shift¬ ed post haste to the Atlantic. The defense of Pana¬ ma becomes of vital necessity; foreign bombers may have the range to attack it. Foreign ships in the vicinity of the Canal may be sunk in an attempt to block its entrances. With long range aircraft in Antigua, Bermuda, and San Juan we are scour¬ ing every mile of the open sea for enemy raiders. A lone plane may discover squadrons of foreign bombers flying toward Panama somewhere west of the Madeiras. Their position, speed, and course are radioed to every island base, as well as to the mainland. Squadrons of our own patrol planes go out to follow and harass them if possible before they reach this side of the Atlantic. 100 miles east of Martinique they are intercepted by our fighter planes, and destroyed before they can carry out their mission. Enemv shipping in the vicinity of Panama is likewise located and destroyed. Our planes return to their island base, refueb take on ammunition, and are ready for another attack. It has long been recognized that a fleet attacking us from Europe would have greater chance of vic¬ tory if it had a base located in the Caribbean area. In time of war, just as attacking planes could be warded off while still far from their objective, so would an attacking fleet be discovered in any at¬ "ZTif tempt to establish a base in the Western Hemi¬ Community branches throughout Greater sphere and become engaged by our ships of the line New York; overseas offices, affiliates before it could reach its objective. and correspondent banks in every com¬ In the present war German raiders are faced with the acute problem of being unable to supply mercially important city in the world. themselves at sea because of inadequacy or com¬ plete lack of bases in some of their spheres of THE NATIONAL CITY BANK operation. Wholly dependent on stopping enemy OF NEW YORK merchantmen and refueling and supplying them¬ "Your personal representative throughout the world" selves, the problem of morale for crews becomes un- solvable. In lack of bases, men at sea in war are Head Office: 55 Wall Street doomed to eventual death. There is no final es¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation cape for them. One of the major problems of national defense

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MAY, 1941 299 from the naval point of view is that of more and better naval and air bases. With the acquisition of the eight bases from Great Britain the riddle of UNDERWOOD this problem becomes easier to solve. These bases, effectively equipped, weigh heavily in the per¬ Types fect defense of the United States and our neigh¬ bors to the South. They are a long step toward Better procuring safetv for the Western Hemisphere. Tetters COVER PICTURE Fleet maneuvers viewed through the wings of a ship based plane. Photo courtesy Navy Department.

VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: March Hiram A. Boucher, Geneva 4 Foy Allen Des Pnrtes, Guatemala City.. 4 Leon D. Gaithe, Mexico, 1). F. 5 11. Lawrence Groves, Athens 6 Warden McK. Wilson, Lisbon 6 Alfred R. Thompson, Hamburg 6 Horace 11. Smith, Shanghai 6 Edward S. Maney, London —. 7 • Of course you want your letters to be good Joseph A. Frisz, Santiago de Chile Richard F. Boyce, Lima 7 looking, distinguished and representative of Barry T. Benson, Calcutta 8 you. But are they? Ernest K. Griffin, Department of State 10 Dee Davis. Department of State 10 Right now you can take the first step to¬ Donald Bloomingdale, Department of State 10 Rudolph Peltzer, Bucharest 11 ward finding the true answer to this ques¬ Waldo E. Bailey, Nairobi 11 John Ordway, London 11 tion. Just say to your secretary: "Telephone James W. Riddleberger. Berlin 12 Underwood and ask them to send over a Carl A. Fisher, Zurich 12 Boaz Long, Quito 18 newUnderwood Typewriter and show what Gladys Wells. Madrid 14 the Underwood will do in a Letter-for- Franklin C. Gowen, London 15 \drian B. Colquitt, Martinique 17 Letter Test with our present machine.” Gunnard Hahn, Department of State 17 Louis M. Hirschfield, Department of Slate 17 Underwood has specialized on the job of Louis Edward Schaefer, Department of State 17 producing better letters. That is why Under¬ William B. Murray, Niagara Falls 17 Gladys Powell, Department of State 17 wood has created many features that insure Robert F. Kelly, Department of Slate 17 Roy W. Baker, Bristol 17 precision type alignment, clean-cut and uni¬ Harold Shantz, Helsinki 18 form type impressions. But, to satisfy your¬ James A. Howell, Department of State 19 Ely E. Palmer, Sydney 19 self, ask for the Letter-for-Letter Test today. Loyd V. Steere, London 20 William T. Turner, Tokyo 22 Raymond P. Ludden, Canton 22 UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY Max Schmidt, Tokyo - 24 Homer S. Fox, London 24 Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines Mrs. Nelson Johnson, Peking 24 Carbon Paper, Rihho>is and other Supplier Alan N. Steyne, London - 24 Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets Cleveland B. McKnight, Department of State 25 S. Pinkney Tuck, Buenos Aires 25 Washington, D. C. Rupert A. Lloyd. Jr., Department of State 26 Sales and Service Everywhere G. K. Donald, Windsor 26 Edwin C. Wilson, Montevideo 26 Archibald A. McFadyn, Shanghai 26

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