CONDE B. Mccullough's OREGON BRIDGES: a TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF
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CONDE B. McCULLOUGH'S OREGON BRIDGES: A TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DESIGNS AND THE PRESERVATION OF HIS LEGACY by ABIGAIL M. GLANVILLE A THESIS Presented to the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Historic Preservation and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master ofScience June 2009 11 "Conde B. McCullough's Oregon Bridges: A Typological Study ofthe Designs and the Preservation ofHis Legacy," a thesis prepared by Abigail M. Glanville in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Master ofScience degree in the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Historic Preservation. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: d M. Roth, Chair ofthe Examining Committee Committee in Charge: Leland M. Roth, Chair Robert W. Hadlow Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School 111 © 2009 Abigail M. Glanville IV An Abstract ofthe Thesis of Abigail M. Glanville for the degree of Master ofScience in the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Historic Preservation to be taken June 2009 Title: CONDE B. McCULLOUGH'S OREGON BRIDGES: A TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DESIGNS AND THE PRESERVAnON OF HIS LEGACY Approved: _ LeIaI1dMRoth Oregon is recognized nationally for its collection ofbridges designed by innovative civil engineer Conde B. McCullough in the 1920s and 1930s. His concern for aesthetic value fostered bridge designs that are unique in their architectural details and enhance their natural surroundings. Unfortunately, several ofMcCullough's bridges have deteriorated with age requiring the Oregon Department ofTransportation to devise solutions which keep these bridges safe for public use and at the same time retain their historic quality. The purpose ofthis thesis project was to develop a typological study of his bridge designs, investigate the results ofstrategies applied to maintain them, and provide an analysis ofthe extent to which they sustain the historic integrity ofstructures they were applied to. It is hoped this study will help inform future decisions made regarding the effective preservation ofMcCullough's legacy. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Abigail M. Glanville PLACE OF BIRTH: Ames, Iowa DATE OF BIRTH: December 1, 1980 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University ofOregon, Eugene, Oregon University ofIowa, Iowa City, Iowa DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Science in Historic Preservation, 2009, University ofOregon Bachelor ofArts in Art History, 2003, University ofIowa AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Preservation Design and Technology Preservation in Transportation PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Michael Shellenbarger Intern, Visual Resource Collection, School ofArchitecture and Allied Arts, University ofOregon, Spring term, 2009 Greg Hartell Intern for Historic Preservation, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon August 2008 through September 2008 Performing Arts Coordinator, Project Art, University ofIowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, August 2004 to June 2007 VI GRANTS, AWARDS AND HONORS: Italy Historic Preservation Field School Scholarship, University ofOregon, 2008 PUBLICATIONS: Glanville, Abigail M. Preservation Guide for Stone Masonry andDry-Laid Resources at Crater Lake National Park. Crater Lake National Park: Summer 2008. Glanville, Abigail M., Adrienne Donovan-Boyd, Tara Ikenouye, and Gregoor Paschier. North Head Lighthouse Condition Assessment. University ofOregon: Spring 2008. Glanville, Abigail M. "The 2007 Pacific Northwest Preservation Field School." AssociatedStudents for Historic Preservation Journal (Spring 2008): 39-42. Vll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere thanks are extended to Leland Roth, Professor ofArchitectural History, and Robert Hadlow, Senior Historian for the Oregon Department ofTransportation (ODOT), for serving on my thesis committee. Their guidance, expertise, and input greatly contributed to the quality ofthe final document and enriched the research process along the way. I would also like to thank Kingston Heath, Director ofthe Historic Preservation Program, for challenging and encouraging me throughout my two years in the program. Those experiences helped prepare me for the challenges ofsuccessfully completing a thesis. I would also like to thank Pat Solomon, ODOT Archivist, and Michele Christian, Iowa State University Records Analyst, for providing access to invaluable information on Conde McCullough; as well as Frank Nelson, former Supervisor ofthe ODOT Bridge Preservation Unit, and Ray Bottenberg, Senior Corrosion Engineer for ODOT, for their willingness to speak with me about bridge rehabilitation. Furthermore, I never would have been able to complete this project without encouragement from a few incredible friends, especially Chad Adams, Abby Boysen, Sara Carlson, Jeremy Davis, Adrienne Donovan-Boyd, Kari Frerk, Jeremy Hobin, Tara Ikenouye, Leslie Jehnings, Amy Taylor, Kathleen Welsh, and Chris Williams. And finally, I am forever grateful to my family for the love and support they provided throughout my time at the University ofOregon, it made all the difference. Vlll To my Mom and Dad, for exposing me to the experiences that have helped inspire my dreams and goals, and for always encouraging my curiosity for "how" and "why," essential ingredients to any research project. IX TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 Background............................................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement................................................................................................. 2 Research Methodology.......................................................................................... 4 Benefits 5 Notes 6 II. THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATION IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN 7 Early Uses ofCement and the Development ofConcrete Blocks 8 The Development ofReinforced-Concrete............................. 9 Early Experimentation with Reinforced-Concrete in Architecture....................... 11 Early Reinforced-Concrete Bridge Design 12 Further Developments in Concrete.. 15 Notes 16 III. McCULLOUGH'S ACADEMIC TRAINING AND EARLY WORK EXPERIENCE 18 Academic Training at Iowa State College................... 18 Early Work Experience with the Marsh Engineering Company........................... 23 Iowa State Highway Commission.......................................... 24 Teaching at Oregon Agricultural College.............................................................. 25 Oregon State Highway Department........................................ 25 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 29 Notes 29 x Chapter Page IV. A TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF McCULLOUGH'S OREGON BRIDGES 31 What Is a Typological Study? 32 Site Visit Selection................. 34 Stylistic Influences................................................................................................. 40 Type 1 Structures 42 Type 2 Structures................................................................................................... 46 Type 3 Structures 50 Type 4 Structures 52 Notes 58 V. THE EFFORT TO PRESERVE McCULLOUGH'S LEGACy............................ 60 Reuse ofHistoric Bridge Components. 63 Cathodic Protection................................................................................................ 71 Alteration to Accommodate Modem Traffic Needs and Safety Standards 73 Recommendations and Conclusions...................................................................... 77 Notes 81 APPEJ\TDICES 83 A. DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF McCULLOUGH BRIDGES SURVEYED........ 83 B. DATA PAGES FOR BRIDGES SURVEyED................................................. 88 BIBLIOGRAPHy 130 Xl LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Shepperd's Dell Bridge, 1914................................................................................ 14 2. Mosier Creek Bridge, 1920.................................................................................... 14 3. South West Vista Avenue Viaduct, 1926.............................................................. 14 4. Distribution map ofMcCullough bridges surveyed............................................... 35 5. Balustrade on Rogue River (Rock Point) Bridge, 1920......................................... 43 6. Balustrade on Dry Canyon Creek Bridge, 1921 43 7. Balustrade on Fifteenmile Creek (Adkisson) Bridge, 1925................................... 44 8. Balustrade on Rocky Creek (Ben F. Jones) Bridge, 1927 44 9. Dry Canyon Creek Bridge, 1921 45 10. Calapooya Creek (Oakland) Bridge, 1925............................................................. 45 11. South Umpqua River (Winston) Bridge, 1934 47 12. Wilson River Bridge, 1931 47 13. Pedestrian walkway at Cape Creek Bridge, 1932. 47 14. North Umpqua River (Robert A. Booth) Bridge, 1924......................................... 47 15. Pedestrian balcony on North Umpqua River (Robert A. Booth) Bridge, 1924..... 47 16. Substructure of Cape Creek Bridge, 1932 48 17. Balustrade on Deschutes River Bridge, 1929........................................................ 49 18. Rogue River (Caveman) Bridge, 1931................................................................... 49 ------------------------------------- xu Figure Page 19. Balustrade on Rogue River (Caveman) Bridge, 1931 49 20. Egyptian-style obelisk at Willamette River (Albany) Bridge, 1925...................... 50 21. Primary entrance pylon at Siuslaw River Bridge, 1936......................................... 51 22. Secondary entrance pylon at Siuslaw River Bridge, 1936....................................