CHAPTER IV the Effect of Protease

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CHAPTER IV the Effect of Protease UNIVERSIDAD DE LA FRONTERA Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales EFFECTS OF PROTEASES INHIBITORS ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, FEEDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF Aegorhinus superciliosus RASPBERRY WEEVIL (GUÉRIN-MÉNEVILLE, 1830) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) DOCTORAL THESIS IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF SCIENCES IN NATURAL RESOURCES VIVIAN ELIETTE MEDEL MEZA TEMUCO – CHILE 2020 EFFECTS OF PROTEASES INHIBITORS ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, FEEDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF Aegorhinus superciliosus RASPBERRY WEEVIL (GUÉRIN-MÉNEVILLE, 1830) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) Esta tesis fue realizada bajo la supervisión del Doctor Andrés Quiroz Cortez, perteneciente al Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad de La Frontera y es presentada para su revisión por los miembros de la comisión examinadora. Dr. Andrés Quiroz Cortez Dr. Andrés Quiroz C. Director del Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales Dra. Marysol Alvear Z. Dra. Mónica Rubilar Director Académico de Postgrado Universidad de La Frontera Dr. Luis Salazar Dr. Eduardo Fuentes Dr. Cristian Figueroa A la memoria de mi Padre Miguel Ángel Medel Ramos, quien me enseñó a mirar la vida de frente, a enfrentar los problemas con entereza y a levantarme cada vez que caía…porque La vida se rinde al valeroso y se ensaña con el que se acobarda…. Agradecimientos Este largo camino recorrido estuvo lleno de dificultades, tantas que ya perdí la cuenta, pero lo que no olvidaré nunca, es que a pesar de todo Dios me regaló la vida por segunda vez y ese día me aferré a esta vida que casi me fue arrebatada y aprendí a disfrutar y vivir intensamente cada minuto de ella. Dar las gracias a veces no es suficiente, pues tendría que vivir tres vidas para pagarles de alguna manera a todos quienes de una u otra forma me ayudaron y estuvieron conmigo en todo momento. Agradezco a DIOS, que en su infinita bondad me permitió llegar a vivir este mágico momento, pues sin duda él tuvo mucho que ver con este logro. A mis padres Miguel Ángel y Mariana, quienes una vez más me han demostrado su amor infinito y su apoyo incondicional, pues se transformaron en mis ojos, mis manos y mis piernas en todo este largo camino, y sin ellos esto no habría sido posible ni siquiera en sueños. A mi Padre, Miguel Ángel quien me dejó demasiado pronto, pero quien mientras estuvo conmigo me profesó un amor profundo e infinito, tanto así que llegó muchas veces a aprender lo que no imaginó para ayudarme en mis ensayos. Hoy que ya no lo tengo conmigo le dedico este trabajo que no estuvo exento de sin sabores y lágrimas, de dolor y angustia, pero que, según él, algún día daría sus frutos. Doy las gracias a mis tres hijos, a Vivian Eliette, por quien siento admiración y orgullo porque es una hija maravillosa, quien en silencio aceptó casi una madre virtual, pero a pesar de eso me apoyó y jamás me criticó. A Diego Alfonso y Paloma Patricia, mis compañeros en la búsqueda de mis insectos y quienes no entendían muchas veces que su madre estuviera ausente o dejara de jugar con ellos por dedicarle tiempo al doctorado, pero que sin ninguna crítica me demostraban su amor con palabras, abrazos y toda su ternura. A mi hermana Edith Mariana i quien a pesar de mi gran falta que casi le cuesta la vida, ha estado conmigo en todo momento compartiendo mis alegrías y también mis penas. A mis sobrinos Jorge Andrés y Miguel Ángel Alonso mis otros tesoros a quienes agradezco todo el amor que me dan. A mi esposo Ramón Eduardo quien me incentivó a realizar el doctorado, pero quien nunca entendió que para una mujer con esposo e hijos es una prueba dura y difícil de lograr, quien criticó muchas veces mi ausencia y no supo entenderme, doy las gracias porque a pesar de eso fue mi compañero en la colecta de mis insectos y me hizo entender que soy capaz de hacer cosas que no creía posibles. A quienes llegaron a mi vida sin pensarlo, tal vez sin quererlo y trabajaron conmigo de manera desinteresada llegando a convertirse en personas muy queridas y a quienes debo momentos maravillosos y todos los conocimientos obtenidos en estos años, a Don Eduardo Gutiérrez, quien fue el primero en tener paciencia y voluntad para apoyarme con la bioquímica y quien me incentivó a creer en mis capacidades, al Dr. Héctor Rocha, un hombre bondadoso, quien dedico muchos fines de semana para trabajar conmigo, quien me enseñó que la bioquímica no es una tortura sino un reto, quien creyó en mí y me apoyó en todo este largo trabajo y por quien siento cariño y admiración. A don Benedicto Molina, parte importante de esta tesis, quien me abrió las puertas del laboratorio de histología, me permitió realizar las muestras histológicas, quien me apoya incondicionalmente hasta hoy y a quien aprendí a querer como a un amigo. A don Jorge Seguel, quien con paciencia y su experiencia me ayudó en la realización de las muestras histológicas, gracias por su tiempo y sus enseñanzas. Al Dr. Ramón Rebolledo Ranz, quien fue gestor intelectual de gran parte de esta tesis, quien ii facilitó su laboratorio y todos los implementos necesarios para realizar mis ensayos, gracias a su apoyo este trabajo pudo ser concretado. A mi Tutor el Dr. Andrés Quiroz Cortez, quien por travesuras del destino me recibió como tesista y en los momentos más duros del doctorado me apoyó incondicionalmente, creyó en mí y me permitió lograr mis objetivos. Gracias profundamente a la Dra. Marysol Alvear Zamora, a quien conozco desde mis años de estudiante de pre grado y quien ha sido una persona especial para mí, quien me ha aconsejado, enseñado y también entregado su cariño. Gracias por sus consejos y por ser esos brazos tiernos que se necesitan cuando las cosas salen mal. A la Sra. María Eugenia Osses, quien fue mi concejera más allá del inglés de mis textos, su paciencia y dedicación la hicieron ganarse mi corazón y mi cariño. A mis amigos quienes estuvieron conmigo en las malas y en las buenas, aún en la distancia y a quienes no les faltó el cariño, el abrazo o las palabras de ánimo fundamentales para que yo pudiera seguir adelante. A Henry Villagra, un hombre noble y sencillo, quien sin pensarlo se convirtió en mi amigo, en compañero de muchas vivencias, quien ha estado ahí siempre para solucionar mis problemas, gracias por tu maravillosa amistad, que en estos años ha sido fundamental, a Neftalí Faúndez un hombre bondadoso y paciente, quien me entregó su amistad y sus conocimientos… Gracias porque sin ti…esto no habría sido posible. A mis “amigas locas deschavetadas”, Pilar Vera, a pesar de que partiste antes que concluyera este trabajo, desde ese lugar especial sé que estas celebrando por esto…estarás en mi corazón y en mi alma por siempre.. y a Paulina Cabrera…quien me torturó constantemente para que pudiera terminar este trabajo…Gracias a ambas porque me enseñaron a creer en mí, a valorarme como profesional, como ser humano y me engrandecieron con su amistad. iii Un agradecimiento especial para todas aquellas personas anónimas de la Comisión Nacional Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) del Gobierno de Chile, quienes me otorgaron la Beca de doctorado y la beca de término de tesis, sin las cuales este sueño no podría haberse hecho realidad. A todas aquellas personas que aparecieron en mi camino y me brindaron su sonrisa… A todas aquellas personas que en la distancia tenían sentimientos positivos para mí… A todos aquellos seres generosos que me entregaron una palabra de ánimo cuando estaba desahuciada… A todos quienes ayudaron a levantarme cuando caí… A todos esos seres maravillosos que pudiera olvidar, y que en algún momento se cruzaron en mi camino y caminaron junto a mi…. Finalmente expreso mi gratitud a todos aquellos que simplemente estuvieron conmigo, cerca, lejos, aquí o allá y que siempre me brindaron su apoyo en silencio… Y por último sólo me queda dar GRACIAS A LA VIDA…….. iv Summary Insect pests are one of the most important biotic factors affecting the agriculture. They are responsible for the severe reduction in crop yields, besides the use of pesticides that affect beneficial insects such as bees and contaminate waterways and environment. Based on their feeding behavior, insect pests are classified into two types, specialized feeders and polyphagous insects. Insects need an adequate source of protein in order to grow and maintain themselves. In this scenario, proteases are very important enzymes in the alimentary system of insects, breaking peptide bonds in the proteinous insect foods to release the amino acids that are then absorbed by epithelial cells of the insect midgut. Proteolysis plays an important role in insect physiology and food digestion, facilitated by serine, cysteine, aspartic and metalloproteases. Protease inhibitors are proteins or small polypeptides that may interfere with food digestion in the insect gut. These inhibitors can bind with dominant digestive proteases of insects feeding on the host plants, impairing their digestion and retarding growth and development in some insect species. Aegorhinus superciliosus Guérin-Méneville, 1830 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) raspberry weevil is a native insect of the Southern Cone of America (Chile and Argentina), whose larvae have powerful jaws with which it cuts and grinds roots and rootlets of plants, finally piercing the taproot near the neck, where it builds a pupal chamber. This larval activity causes a detriment to the plant, eventually resulting in its death, whereby is considered a pest of economical importance in southern Chile and the most important pest of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum).
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