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Banana Weevil Borer (Cosmopolites Sordidus): Plant Defense Responses

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Banana Weevil Borer (Cosmopolites Sordidus): Plant Defense Responses FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF CROP SCIENCE SECTION of CROP PHYSIOLOGY OF SPECIALTY CROPS (340F) UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. JENS NORBERT WÜNSCHE (RIP)/ PROF. DR. CHRISTIAN ZÖRB Banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus): Plant defense responses and Control options Dissertation Submitted in fulfillment of the regulation to acquire the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr.Sc.agr.in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Presented by Elyeza Bakaze Born in Luwero, Uganda -2021- i This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree ‘Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften’ by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at University of Hohenheim on 14h October 2020. Date of Oral examination: 15th March 2021 Examination Committee Supervisor and Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Jens Wünsche (RIP)/ Prof. Dr. Christian Zörb Co-Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Jens Poetsch Additional examiner: Prof. Dr. Claus P.W. Zebitz Dean and Head of the committee: Prof. Dr. Martin Hasselmann ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Jens Wünsche (RIP) for his relentless kindness and moral support, encouragement, and guidance that made this research possible. Also, I thank Prof. Dr. Christian Zörb, who accepted to take up the supervisory role of Prof. Dr. Jens Wünsche when his creator called him, thank you sir. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Dr. C.P.W Zebitz for being my second supervisor and his knowledge about entomopathogenic fungi that greatly complimented my work substantially. And Prof. Dr. Jens Poetsch thank you for reviewing this thesis. This research would not have been possible without the help of Beloved Dzomeku and his team at CSIR-Crops Research Institute Kumasi. He organized my stay in Ghana and provided his experimental field and assigned members of his team to help me set up the experiment. He introduced me to many different plantation owners around Kumasi and was there whenever I needed any sort of help, thank you sir. .I am also grateful to Alice Bukenya who carried and established the tissue culture plantlets at CSIR-Crops Research Institute Kumasi. I further appreciate Dr. Michael Hageman for his time to read through my thesis, Julian Kofler for his contribution to this thesis while doing his MSc, and Elke Lechner for assistance with phenolics and antioxidant sample extraction. I am so grateful to NARO-Uganda who granted me a study leave with full pay from 2014 till I completed, this enabled me and my family to live without lack. In a special way I thank my NARL- Director Prof. Dr. Wilberforce Tushemereirwe for moral and financial support when I felt like not taking this Ph.D., thank you sir. To my Banana program leader Dr. Jerome Kubiriba, it wouldn’t have been possible without your visionary words right from the inception of this Ph.D. Lastly to my lovely family; my wife Esther Nagadya and children, thank you very much for your unceasing prayers, inspirations, and sacrifices you made that enabled us to get this Ph.D. award. Your motivation, understanding, encouragement, and love, I cannot quantify. Funding: This research was carried out with the support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and Fiat Panis Foundation through the Food Security Centre of Hohenheim University. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1. ..............................................................................................................................1 1.0 General introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.1 Banana weevil ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Management of banana weevil ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Host resistance ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Activation of host resistance ......................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Host plant phenolics ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Lignin and suberin .......................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Botanical plant extract .......................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Neem............................................................................................................................ 10 1.4.2 Black pepper ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4.3 Clove Syzygium aromaticum ........................................................................................ 12 1.5 Biological control ................................................................................................................. 14 1.6 Objectives and hypotheses ................................................................................................. 16 1.6.1 The working hypotheses .............................................................................................. 16 1.7 Publication........................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2. ............................................................................................................................ 19 iv 2.0 Banana defense responses to Cosmopolites sordidus feeding and methyl jasmonate application........................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Plant material .............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.2 Treatments, experimental design, sampling ............................................................... 23 2.2.3 Rhizome damage ......................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Chlorophyll content ..................................................................................................... 24 2.2.5 Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity ........................................................ 24 2.2.6 Histochemical analysis ................................................................................................. 25 2.2.7 Statistical analyses ....................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 28 2.3.1 Rhizome damage ......................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Chlorophyll content ..................................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Total phenolic and antioxidant content ...................................................................... 29 2.3.4 Histochemical analysis ................................................................................................. 30 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 33 2.4.1 Rhizome damage ......................................................................................................... 33 2.4.2 Chlorophyll content ..................................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity ........................................................ 35 2.4.4 Histological analysis ..................................................................................................... 36 2.4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 37 2.5 References ........................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3. ............................................................................................................................ 43 v 3.0 Natural Compounds with Potential Insecticidal Properties against Banana Weevil Cosmopolites sordidus.........................................................................................................
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