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Studiaislailiika INDONESIAN JOURNAL for ISLAMIC STUDIES Volume 2, Number 2, 1995

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Studiaislailiika INDONESIAN JOURNAL for ISLAMIC STUDIES Volume 2, Number 2, 1995 STUDIAISLAilIIKA INDONESIAN JOURNAL FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES Volume 2, Number 2, 1995 HnoHnArvriscHonns I N THE Mnmv-l t tooNESlAN DtRsponn: A Preliminary Study of Sayyid'UthmAn AzyumardiAzra , THE MUTIRIvIUIROIYAH DA'WAH AND ALLOCATIVE POulCS IN THE NEW OROTN M. Din Syamsuddin Qun'Aru lrurrnpRrrRTtoNs oF FIAMZAH FRrusunt (cA.1600) Rt'to HRturR (1 908-1 982): A Comparison j KarelSteenbrink I ISLAM AND THE STNTE IN INDONESIA: Munawir Sjadzali and the Development of a New Theological Underpinning of Political lslam Bahtiar Effendy tssN 0215-0492 STIIIIA I$TAilIII(A lndonesian Journal for lslamic Studies Volume 2. Number 2, 1995 EDIToruat BoARD, Harun Nasution Mastubu M. Qurakb Sbibab A" AzizDablan M. SatrinEffendi Nabilab Lubis M.YunanYusuf Komaruddin Hi.dayat M. Din Syatnsuddin Muslim Nasution Wabib Mu'tbi Eotton n CHItr, Azyumardi Azra EDIT0RS, Saiful Muzani Hendro Prasetyo Joban H. Meuleman Nural Faji BadriYatim AsstsrANTS To lHE EDrroR, Arif Subban Mucblis Ainunafik ENGUSH LANGUAGE ADvIsoR Juditb M. Dmt ARABTC IANGUAGE ADvrsoR M. Fuad Facbraddin Covsn DEstcNrn, S. Prinfu STUDIA ISIAMIKA (SSN 02lt-0492) is a journal published quarterlyby the lrctitut Agama Islam Negen (IAIN, The State Instirute for Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayarullah, Jakarta, (STT DEPPEN No. 12915K/DITJEN/PPG/STV1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to communicate original researches and cuffent issues on the subiect. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All artides published do not necessarily represent the views of the iournal, or other insdtutions to which it is affiliated. They ue solely the views of the authors. M. Din Syamsuddin The Muhammadiyah Da'wah and Allocative Politics in the New Order Indonesia Abstralsi: Islam Indonesia dibadaphan pada kenyaaan tmtang huatnya serna.ngat pribumi (indigenous) di halangan umat Islam smdiri' yang tidah mmgbmdaki "klam politik". Mereka ini dominan dipenas politik nasional. Maka kemudian Islarn tidak banyak dibadirkan di arma politik praktis untuh rnerebut kehu.asAAn, melainkan dalam da'utab, ydng secara subsansial juga mmgandungmuaan politik: amar ma'ruf nahy munkar. Perubahan dari klam politih he da'uah ini rnerupakan hasil intro' spehsi budaya, yd.ng merupakan akibat dari hubungan ti'dak seirnbang antara Islam dan nega.ra: klam berada pada posisi inferior sedanghan negara berada pada posisi superior. Posisi Islam ini dengan smdirinya membatasi keleluasaan gerak ahtir:itasnyd untuh tampil secara terbuha. Sementara itu, superioritas negara sedikit banyak juga mendorong Islam untuk rnmampilkan diri melalui cAra-cara yang lebih balus dan hati' hati. Ketimpangan ini kemudian melabirkan satu bmtuh praktek politih lain: politik alohatif. Di sini aktifitas politik muncul sebagai upqa mernasukkan nilai-nilai klam ke dalarn proses pembanganan politik yang didasarkan pada ideologi hasil konsensus nasional: Pancasila. Dmgan demikian, politik alohatif bisa berarti rEolitisasi klam dalam leerangka Pancasila, Kecenderungan politik umat Islarn seperti hu terlibat pada Muham- madiyab, organisasi Islam terbesar di daerah perkotaan Indonesia. Mubarnmadiyab telah mmunjukkan presasinya dalam politik alokatif ini. Ia telah berusaha mmdorong terutujudnya implemmtasi nilai-nilai Islam ke dalam uilayab politik Indonesia. Ini dapat dilibat dari peran ahtif Muhammadiyah dalam meanarnai sejumlah kebijahan yang diputushan pernerintah dan DPR, seperti Rencana Undang'undang Perkaainan EU U P), Rmcana Pmdid'ihan Nasional EUUPN), Rencdnd [Jndang-undang Keormasan (RUUK) dan Rencana Undang'undang Peradilan A gama EU U PA). 35 Studiz khmiha, VoL 2, No. 2, 195 36 M. Din Syamuddin Meskipun demihian, Mubammadiah masih dihadapkan pada sebualt dilema: posisinya rnasib tetap inferior di hadapan negara. Repolitisasi klam yang ditempuh melalui model politik alohatif masih berada pada posisi pinggiran dari arena pengambilan heputusan. Ia belum nialnpu mmunjuhhan diri sebagai agm pentingyangTnerniliki daya taa)aryd.ng msnmtukan. Posisi negara masib saja dominan; dan dapat dihatahan balruta lembaga ini teup mmjadihekuaanyangbelum tertandingi dalam setiap proses pengambilan keputusan. Ahibatnya Mubammadiyah terperangkap dalam situasi yang sulit dihindari: barus rnenyerab pada hEentingan negara hetimbang rnenjadikan dirinya sebagai faktor independen dalarn proses pmgambilan heputusan. Mubammadiyab sendiri tampak tidak honsisten dalam melihat hubungan anara Islam dan politik dalam meresponi proses pernbangunan politih. Inhonsistmsi ini terleuh pada sihap Muhamrnadiab yang mmdu- dukhan diri di antara puritanisme dan modemisme. Ini menimbulkan ambhtalensi yang dapat mengarab pada satu ektrim dalam spektrum tersebut. Solusi yang ditawarkan selama ini cenderung mernberi tekanan pada purifihasi dari pada modernisasi Islam. Keinginan untuk mmgbadirkan Islam secdrd murni ini dapat rnmyeret Muhamrnadiab he dalam prinsip-prinsip Islam yang honseraatif, terrnasuk dalam pemikiran politik. Maka dalam bal ini Muhamrnadtyab dapat dikelompo- han pada paradigma yang rnentandang ltubungan antara agama dan politik sebagai hubungan simbiotih. Pada saa.t ?olitih dipandang sebagai alat da uab hlam, maka simbiosa tercebut dapat dibandingkan dmgan pernikiran po litik pra-modern yang mmsubordinasikan p o litik ke dalam dgdrna. Namun demihian, dalam prahteh, artikulasi politih Mubam- mad.iah nampakpragmatis, dan simbiosa itu lebih merupakan semangat dari modemisrne Islam. Disinilah Muharnrnadiah rnmampakkan sihap tidak konsistsnnya secara lebih transparan. Ketidakrnarnpuan Mubammadiyah membangun bentuh-bentuk artikulasi politik yang lebib canggib dalam honteks dinamika politik Ind.ona ia mmunj ukkan ketid.akefektifanny a s ebagai agm reformas i s os ial. Artihalasipolitik Muhamrnrndiab nampah bekerja secara defmsif, dan hanya berusaha untuk rnelindungi kqakinan Islam tanpa berusaha melancarkan reformasi bagi terbmtuknya maryarakat Indonesia mod- ern. Sampai saat ini Muhammadiyah belum memberikan rumusan kerangha politik ya.ng secara sistematik n'tarnpu. rnmghubunghan cita- cita idealnya dmgan sihap nyata yang ditampilkan. Pada gilirannya situasi ini mernbuat politik Muhammadiyah cenderung bersifat honsentatif, Sndiz khmihz, VoL 2, No. 2, 199) Ttn Muhammadiyab Dafuab and Allacathte Politirs in the Nm Order Ind'oncsia gr-:rll Jr</n \rr-r r.ilo jrrr (Allocative Politics) iill iil;gllq iigl.=ll ;og:o Lul4,q;,\ =r-:-!l plliiJl |*k ir-otol1 |rJ &GtJ avltyabl i4.J.It P tt L*iJ"c Ltl1 L-jlula 6X-)! a*!y- )\.j,r- nt .t r'vr)l LqJl Cru ,J r!J^ to .Or*tt fy-)l )'+'t"-JAl (aLl-Jt Jl Jy"rlrt",-iu:iJ JtJl ,r-qJl C/t .,l fy-)t -r!-!l ,J o-lj-tr ;t,l i ..r.rJl n-at L-.e-f ,[^_.l;,r:tf 1+)t*)11 ;-;r.rJl a- o3--2,-a:'. -*n, ."r(.Jl ,r ,rdls i-lrJ! ,,!1 Jl iq.r" ,?) !i ,+*tJt .rtrt+!t-2 44>) ol-l irF# jL-all L--ll ,,|x- ;yr.rJt r-1.l Jl ,r-Ul ly-)l ,J,o!t a-i)lJl L-P: Jl drf ,:.LJ;-, .iJJJlJ l)-)l ;a-1 sP Jrqdt flr*jlJ 'rjlfl lr.c '*:) j ut<, .,}l J*t ilJJl L+ ,q."l*Jl ;t=Lt g1s; #-l ,! fy-)l .J[-t jl ljr :;a-2 4r-t Jl eU.L:Jt ,:* u, LJ Jld,)t 6 o;l ;.r-e 'a*r.rJl aL.-r!r **\.;Jur lL;- .-,*",F1 s\ w^lt n-qJq -tr V 3.-l *--i" i-.$t a.-;Jl i:-'ll drLJ-r,5r q,y-)! -Jt Ju-rl J-1L-e a.-tr",-t1 yr."t*iti e; .6*!r isrqll) es *jt f.ill CilJ-4]b o*-)J"nl b;Lo! "L,-J-AI" eK r d./ c,)-)l i.!t c;.rJ .r-Ul ol+!t eUr g"a;! lj.-r, a,-J-Al c;,il .r-ii .t --+:J! ;-.rJl .r!i ,jtt-{l ,st 6j*V ^4>\-t'a.}., a-jtll Ll,rJl LILTTJ l.gjttui i5j a!^:ll A:e-a*!l i'-q.-Jl l4sl)" j ota)l r.ai .a-fJt eus ;.-J"; Ctb .-l: .fU! CrJl .,l o'.)-)! C\ ,i# ol" .;lll o,r{lt L+iil '4-e a-ti-" j;rUl La.,_1.: ;".r^}l .J '&: LWt Stadiz hhmika VoL 2, No. 2, 199) 38 M Din Syamsuddin (Ar,y-l A_yll pl)i:Jl .rr:U LJ-4J,6Krlt o;U (s-P k+ .r, ar.4r e,--:Jt .*,-"rJl ol,'^;t1 pt!, tt;U (S-eS (i:rt-bjl .:.,L,tll JIS LS-,S r&-)t .I.JJJI CLJ;.;.rF.!t .:Jr.rJt ; eJ,? ,t)U C Jti ! r,-"rJt ti ,; :l-Jl ut 6iAl ,t' ;+ cJt;t- 4:4)-)l a-t Jl irl--c) il_;.rJl Q,!yt*-t LA'S dli-^:!l uo J:t-.s:,-"r-At ,f'"' git t.rl: .il).tla-t*) e-#l y,Lr t(".F."i .i..t.-Jl .r!J-Jt € u ,tls it31 (-5i J* I aJJJI aj)Ul t4lt :,-#l ,tf a:!i r.lUr ;a1 ,,le .,{l k .:,1*J I -14,. ,P *Vls ta-^>t t:l J-Ui k<i te,)AS..f!Jl lt ,-.,ltJ l;.:hi L-r: -llJ lX-)l .r-:Jl 4*!_9:;Yl JIJ-Ui 6;:j-1 .'a,-x-.t*4t"2 1+te.,,!t) e,.Elb;Jl.lr C; ./t*Jl 4-"+ att*It Jl c.U eyi Jl .j-,r.l yJ :4-|ll sr l-: e i-bJt Jl J=t J=h: u.1-;,)l Jb.r)-)l ,rr *_"r*:Jl ,y 6r4tUi ,P x!:Jt ;;7t a-:"rJt t+t- e.,),\-)l &r4l -,,S1 Jl 6rJ; Jl +- "-i.-!t 4tp. dLlll .a-t *Jl a-jy, [{fi k. r:c-"Gll i:;L..ll 4r,)L)l .tL ,..pt-;tt 6j.At Ci..*:Jl ,y. e-.e s/ 4+"i*At Jt-rjF. r-;L:r!l ljal ai. a--"rJl a-t.-Jl J! dJJi .ir,,,- a-i)t-c atyJl " -9 .b e ..+ -t*Jl:;,.rJl ,1{ t=Jt d . 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