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Thesis Submitted THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL NEEDS AND PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A Study of Extension Programmes in a Botswana Village being a Thesis submitted for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the University of Hull by Ku-omotso Sejamore Ntsatsi, Dip. Rural Dev., Dip. Soc. Policy & Admin., M.A., January 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures iv Acknowledgements v Map of Botswana viii PART ONE: RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC NEEDS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Subject of the Thesis 1 1.2 Rationale 1 1. 3 Methodology 5 1.4 The Structure of the Thesis 11 Footnotes and references 13 CHAPTER TWO: DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 14 2.1 Alternative Strategies of Development 14 2.2 The Evolution of Rural Development and the Basic Needs Strategy 18 Footnotes and references 29 CHAPTER THREE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES 32 3.1 Rural Development: Concepts and Dimensions 32 3.2 Definitions and Strategies 37 3.3 Factors that Inhibit Progress and Participation in the Rural Areas 46 3.3.1 International Policies and Trade Laws 48 3.3.2 Government Policies 51 3.3.3 Lack of Social Security Base 59 3.3.4 The Interrelatedness and Reinforcing Nature of Rural Problems 63 3.4 Factors of Production 67 3.5 Employment Opportunities 78 Footnotes and references 86 CHAPTER FOUR: RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA 91 4.1 Introduction to Botswana 91 4.1.1 Climatic Conditions 93 4.1.2 The Economy 95 4.2 History 96 4.3 The Socio-economic Profile 99 4.4 Botswana at Independence 104 4.5 Extension Work in Botswana 107 4.5.1 Brief Historical Review 107 4.5.2 Training, Organization and Management of Extension Work in Botswana 113 - i - 4.5.3 Co-ordination 115 4.6 Institutional Developments 118 4.7 Research in Rural Development and Adult Education 132 4.7.1 Research Studies undertaken in Rural Development and Adult Education 134 Footnotes and references 143 CHAPTER FIVE) THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY 148 Map of Kgatleng 148 5.1 Introduction 148 5.1.1 Kgatleng 148 5.2 The Socio-economic Profile of the Village 153 5.2.1 Situation and Population Growth 153 5.2.2 Income Description 158 5.2.3 Occupation 159 5.3 Village Organization 164 5.3.1 Leadership 164 5.3.2 Village Committees 165 5.3.3 Tribal Office and the Kgotla 166 5.4 Infrastructural Provision and Services 168 5.4.1 Education 168 5.4.2 Health 169 5.4.3 Consumer Shops and Amenities 170 5.4.4 Other Services 171 5.5 Extension Staff 172 5.6 Other Committees 178 5.6.1 Burial Societies 178 5.6.2 Village Extension Team 179 5.6.3 Thrift and Loan Society 179 5.6.4 Lentswe La Oodi Co-op Bank 179 5.6.5 Football Clubs 180 5.6.6 Crime Prevention Committee 180 Footnotes and references 182 CHAPTER SIX: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 183 6.1 Framework and Hypothesis 183 6.2 Choice of Methods 193 6.2.1 Qualitative Research: What it is and why it was used 194 6.2.2 Qualitative Research Techniques 198 6.3 The Conduct of the Study 205 6.3.1 Preparatory Stage 305 6.3.2 Phase I - Gaining Access 208 6.3.3 Pre-testing 211 6.3.4 Sampling Procedure 213 6.3.5 Selecting the Respondents 214 6.3.6 The Investigation and Recording of Interviews 216 6.3.7 Recording the Interview 219 Footnotes and references 223 - ii - CHAPTER SEVEN : FIELD REPORT 227 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Presentation of Data through Case Histories and Interviews 230 CHAPTER EIGHT.c ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 322 8.1 Introduction 322 8.2 Participation According to Programme 323 8.2.1 Community Dev~lopment 323 8.2.2 DNFE Programmes 332 8.2.3 Agriculture 335 8.2.4 The Co-operatives 338 8.2.5 The Factory 340 8.2.6 The Knitting Project 343 8.2.7 Health 345 8.3 Key Issues Related to Participation in the Village 349 8.3.1 The Gender Issue 349 8.3.2 Migration 350 8.3.3 The Consultation.Machinery 352 8.3.4 Programme Planning and Management 355 Footnotes and references 359 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 362 9.1 Conclusions 362 9.2 Implications 368 Glossary 373 Appendix 376 Bibliography 387 - iii - LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 4.7 The Training Programme and the Ministries Responsible 114 Map of Kgatleng District 148 Figure 6.1 Needs and Orientations: A Framework 184 Figure 6.2 The Context of the Interview 217 Table 7.1 The Respondents' Background Figure 8.1 Factors Influencing Programme Formation 323 - iv - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people and organizations have directly and indirectly contributed to this study. First, I am very grateful to my employers, the University of Botswana and the Director of the Institute of Adult Education, Mr. Youngman, who released me from my duties during the period of the research. To colleagues at the Institute of Adult Education and to my referen~e group, Dr. Ulla Kann, Mr. Frank Youngman and Mrs. Nomtuse Mbere, I am deeply indebted for comments, professional guidance and insights in the initial stages of the research. My sincere thanks go to Kefilwe Senne, Irene Baebela and Jwalang Wamasole who typed the first draft chapters and other preparatory papers for field work and to Mrs. Keabona Sebonego who tirelessly sent me materials from Botswana to augment the literature reviews. It would have been impossible to complete this study without the support and the co-operation of the Oodi residents. My special thanks go to all those who by way of answering interviews, giving information on different programmes, and general comments, participated in the research exercise. I am greatly indebted to my key informants and host families of the Mesweles, Moumakwas and the Setswammungs who throughout the research supported me morally and with information. Mrs. Meswele and her family did everything they could to make my stay in their home very comfortable. Some people were either in Mochudi or Gaborone and were still able to fit me into their tight schedules. These include M. P., Mr. Meswele, Mr. Maakwe - the DC, Mr. Mabua and some members of the District Extension Team. The direction and layout of content, organization and detail is - v - the result of the meticulous work of my supervisor Dr. Geoffrey Squires. His professional prowess provided skilful probing and yet constructive criticisms to the debate in the study, which made my write-up a joyful learning experience. I am profoundly gra teful to him. My sincere thanks also go to my sponsors, the British Council, for their financial and moral support throughout the entire study period. Professor Pons' assistance at the research seminars helped greatly during those stages of groping when one's mind was not quite focused. Dr. Paul Armstrong provided guidance in the research methods at a very early stage when he took over from Professor Jennings. I also thank other members of staff at the School of Adult and Continuing Education who were always available for help. I am deeply indebted to all these people. Nonetheless, I remain responsible for the issues raised, and any errors of fact or judgement are entirely mine. Among the Institutions that. have assisted I would like to mention the University of Reading, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Centre. The Botswana Archives, the University of Botswana, the National Institute for Research (NIR), the Women's Development Unit of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Applied Research Unit of the Ministry of Local Government and Lands and the Statistics Department at the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. There are also many people outside the academic realm whose profound assistance and support kept me going throughout the entire period. It is difficult to mention them all by name here. I thank them all and I ask them all to accept my thanks offered generally. Having said that, my greatest debt goes to Mrs. May Snowden, whose - vi - sUpportive motherly care has remained steadfast throughout; Mss. Peggy Beale, Irene Derving, Mr. and Mrs. Havard, Mrs. Florence Aka~ue, Mrs. Sue Wiley, Mrs. Kathleen Bunn and Mrs. Kathleen Maw who provided me with enormous support in many different ways. There has been continued support from my family. My husband has given me relentless Support and encouragement. so did my mother. My eight year old son, Emmanuel. has been marvellous. Last but not least. my gratitude goes to Mrs. Stella Rhind who typed this work. Her cheerfulness and co-operation made the compilation of this study a lot easier. - vii - REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA ZAMBIA , ...;,. • _. " J •."O , CAPRIVI STRI1!..-·-- '.~. ., r-·--" "\v /rI CHOSE \.., i I I " \ i .. _---,----=-.: , ZIMBABWE NGAMllAND ".. , .,. AMIBIA , '. _ ... ) C. TUTUME" '.'. , , .... .;..~... , I f'-·, I "', I • --I --.--------\, "c. BOTEn "' .... --,, 'N~EASTI. " ,.0._ L ,- .., l~ttio"I ..... -, r... \ '. •I '" / ... , '\..J I ,/ '.., - ...... .; " ,/ ~c. BOBONONG"-· J ... \. , r --·_· , "' .1'''' PIAL. ;..... I GHANZJ ,,<,," C. SEROWE ... _"'\ " ....".& i ,,-~ ~,~.~ ," ,, ... --.,.. ----- - _/".;"I ~ ·! " , C. MAHALAPYE..,.~ t----------------.... -----..." , ·I ....~ ,~,...... I I• I KWENENG" •I "'.... _.J 'KGAru~ ·! Ir............ .... __ 'J ! KGAlAGADI II NGWAKETSE .....- .... _ .~ .Iwa"eng "'--'~. I'. L. ___ """" (; went! '. '. ....._!.~. EAST \ ..... , I - • ,. '. \ ,1 I , "\......" .~l BAROLONG \ ,1 .-.\...,.,-'- ; ri ~ , \ ..i V~_r REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA PART ONE RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC NEEDS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Subject of the Thesis The object of this study is to examine the pattern and level of people's participation in extension programmes offered at village level in a developing country - Botswana.
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