DOCSLIB.ORG

PHILOSOPHY Then and Now

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PHILOSOPHY Then and Now PHILOSOPHY Then and Now A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Ideas That Have Shaped Our Thinking by Zaine Ridling, Ph.D. Access Foundation 2001 Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought © Copyright 2001, Zaine Ridling All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the author. ii Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................iii Introduction ........................................................................................................ vi PART I: HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY ....................................... 2 The Writing of the History of Philosophy ................................................... 3 Ways of Ordering the History ............................................................... 3 Factors in Writing the History of Philosophy ....................................... 5 Shifts in the Focus and Concern of Philosophy .................................... 7 Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy ........................................................ 9 The Pre-Socratic Philosophers................................................................ 9 Cosmology and the Metaphysic of Matter ......................................... 9 Monistic Cosmologies ...................................................................... 9 Pluralistic Cosmologies ................................................................. 14 Epistemology of Appearance ............................................................... 16 Metaphysic of Number ........................................................................ 17 Anthropology and Relativism .............................................................. 19 The Seminal Thinkers of Greek Philosophy ............................................. 21 Socrates ................................................................................................. 21 Plato ...................................................................................................... 23 Life .................................................................................................... 24 Philosophy ......................................................................................... 25 Aristotle ................................................................................................ 28 Philosophy ......................................................................................... 28 Disciples and Commentators ............................................................ 32 Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy ............................................................ 32 Stoics .................................................................................................... 33 Epicureans ............................................................................................ 35 Sceptics ................................................................................................. 36 Neo-Pythagoreans and Neoplatonists .................................................. 37 iii Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought Medieval Philosophy .................................................................................. 39 Early Medieval Philosophy .................................................................. 40 Augustine ........................................................................................... 41 Boethius ............................................................................................. 42 Greek Fathers of the Church and Erigena ........................................ 43 Anselm ............................................................................................... 44 Bernard of Clairvaux and Abelard .................................................... 45 Transition to Scholasticism ........................................................................ 47 Arabic Thought .................................................................................... 48 Jewish Thought .................................................................................... 49 The Age of the Schoolmen ......................................................................... 50 Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon .................................................. 50 William of Auvergne ............................................................................ 51 Bonaventure .......................................................................................... 52 Albertus Magnus .................................................................................. 53 Thomas Aquinas ................................................................................... 54 Averroists ............................................................................................. 56 Philosophy in the Late Middle Ages .......................................................... 57 Duns Scotus .......................................................................................... 58 William of Ockham .............................................................................. 59 Meister Eckhart .................................................................................... 60 Nicholas of Cusa .................................................................................. 61 Modern Philosophy .................................................................................... 62 The Renaissance and Early Modern Period ........................................ 62 Dominant Strands of Renaissance Philosophy .................................... 64 Political Theory ................................................................................. 65 Humanism ......................................................................................... 67 Philosophy of Nature ........................................................................ 70 Rise of Empiricism and Rationalism ................................................... 74 The Empiricism of Francis Bacon .................................................... 74 The Materialism of Thomas Hobbes ................................................ 75 Rationalism of Descartes .................................................................. 77 Rationalism of Spinoza and Leibniz ................................................. 81 Literary Forms and Sociological Conditions ....................................... 84 iv Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought The Enlightenment ..................................................................................... 86 Classical British Empiricism and Its Basic Tasks ............................... 87 Origin and Nature of Reason in Locke and Berkeley ...................... 88 Basic Science of Man in Hume ........................................................ 91 Nonepistemological Movements in the Enlightenment ...................... 92 Materialism and Scientific Discovery .............................................. 92 Social and Political Philosophy ........................................................ 93 Professionalization of Philosophy .................................................... 95 Critical Examination of Reason in Kant ............................................. 98 Literary Forms .................................................................................... 100 The 19th Century ...................................................................................... 101 German Idealism of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel ............................ 102 Positivism and Social Theory in Comte, Mill, and Marx ................. 106 Independent and Irrationalist Movements ......................................... 110 The 20th Century ...................................................................................... 113 Individual Philosophies of Bergson, Dewey, and Whitehead .......... 114 Marxist Thought ................................................................................. 116 Analytic Philosophy ........................................................................... 117 Logical Positivism ........................................................................... 117 Linguistic Analysis ......................................................................... 120 Continental Philosophy ...................................................................... 121 Phenomenology of Husserl and Others .......................................... 122 Existentialism of Jaspers and Sartre ............................................... 123 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 125 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 127 v Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought PART II: WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS .................................134 Introduction ...............................................................................................135 Ancient and Medieval Schools ................................................................136 Aristotelianism ...................................................................................136 The
Load more

  1141
Copy Link
Recommended publications
  • Dio Chrysostom's Charidemus and Aristotle's Eudemus
    Dio Chrysostom’s Charidemus and Aristotle’s Eudemus Katarzyna Jażdżewska IO CHRYSOSTOM’S DIALOGUE Charidemus exhibits a rich intertextual network, and recent scholarship has D explored Dio’s interaction with Plato’s Phaedo, with Hellenistic philosophy (particularly Stoicism and Cynicism), and with consolation, λόγος παραµυθητικός.1 In this note I would like to add to the literary background of the dialogue by arguing that, so far as extant evidence allows us to judge, Dio’s Charidemus seems to have been particularly closely associated with Aristotle’s lost dialogue Eudemus in respect to format, overall character, and themes covered. Aristotle’s Eudemus was a dialogue written to commemorate Eudemus of Cyprus, a deceased friend and a member of the Academy, who died in Syracuse around 354 B.C.E.2 Ps.- Plutarch’s Consolation to Apollonius 115B (= Arist. fr.44) informs us that Aristotle’s work was known under the title Eudemus, or On the soul. We do not know who the interlocutors were; Aristotle may have been one of the speakers.3 From Cicero’s De 1 For Plato see J. Moles, “The Dionian Charidemus,” 187–210, and M. Trapp, “Plato in Dio,” 213–239, in S. Swain (ed.), Dio Chrysostom. Politics, Letters, and Philosophy (Oxford 2000); K. Jażdżewska, “Dio Chrysostom’s Charidemos: A Study,” Eos 101 (2014) 67–81, at 69–76. For consolatory topoi, M. C. Giner Soria, “Acotaciones a un diálogo consolatorio,” Faventia 12–13 (1990) 293–305. For an overview of various influences on the Charidemus, M. Menchelli, Dione di Prusa. Caridemo (Or. XXX) (Naples 1999) 37–75.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epicurean School
    IX Hellenistic Philosophy: The Epicurean School 1. THE PHILOSOPHERS Were we not upset by the worries that celestial phenomena and death might matter to us, and also by failure to appreciate the limits of pains and desires, we would have no need for natural philosophy. There is no way to dispel the fear about matters of supreme importance for someone who does not know what the nature of the universe is, but retains some of the fears based on mythology. Hence without natural philosophy there is no way of securing the purity of our pleasures. Epicurus, Principal Doctrines 11–12. Empty are the words of that philosopher who offers therapy for no human suffering. For just as there is no use in medical expertise if it does not give therapy for bodily diseases, so too there is no use in philosophy if it does not expel the sufferings of the soul. Epicurus, as quoted in Porphyry, To Marcella 31.1 Epicurus (342/1–270 BCE), the founder of the Epicurean school, was born in Samos, of Athenian parents, seven years after the death of Plato.2 His father, Neocles, a school master, had settled there in 352 with two thousand other Athenian cleruchs, colonists retaining a diminished form of Athenian citizenship. Economic adversity probably made emigration attractive to Neocles, for in leaving Athens he gave up a number of rights, including his vote in the Assembly, and the colonists would not have been popular with the Samians. Moreover, his profession enjoyed little status, and a number of later authors referred to Epicurus contemptuously as the son of a school teacher.
    [Show full text]
  • Readings in Late Antiquity
    READINGS IN LATE ANTIQUITY “This is a wonderful anthology. Clear, accessible, and vividly engaging, it presents the panoply of Late Antique life from east to west, from city to village, from the powerful to the humble, from transcendent hopes to ordinary burdens – a world to explore, relish, and ponder.” Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Brown University “Unusually comprehensive and enterprising in its selections, this sourcebook will give an entire new generation a choice and a challenge.” Peter Brown, Princeton University Late Antiquity (c. 250–650) witnessed the transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern worlds. Christianity displaced polytheism over a wide area, offering new definitions of identity and community. The Roman Empire collapsed in western Europe to be replaced by new Germanic kingdoms. In the East, Byzantium emerged, while the Persian Empire reached its apogee and collapsed. Arab armies carrying the banner of Islam reshaped the political map and brought the Late Antique era to a close. This sourcebook illustrates the dramatic political, social and religious trans- formations of Late Antiquity through the words of the men and women who experi- enced them. Drawing from Greek, Latin, Syriac, Hebrew, Coptic, Persian, Arabic, and Armenian sources, the carefully chosen passages illuminate the lives of emperors, abbesses, aristocrats, slaves, children, barbarian chieftains, and saints. The Roman Empire is kept at the centre of the discussion, with chapters devoted to its government, cities, army, law, medicine, domestic life, philosophy, and its Jewish population. Further chapters deal with the peoples who surrounded the Roman state: Persians, Huns, northern barbarians, and the followers of Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Date of the Trial of Anaxagoras
    The Classical Quarterly http://journals.cambridge.org/CAQ Additional services for The Classical Quarterly: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here On the Date of the Trial of Anaxagoras A. E. Taylor The Classical Quarterly / Volume 11 / Issue 02 / April 1917, pp 81 - 87 DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800013094, Published online: 11 February 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009838800013094 How to cite this article: A. E. Taylor (1917). On the Date of the Trial of Anaxagoras. The Classical Quarterly, 11, pp 81-87 doi:10.1017/S0009838800013094 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAQ, IP address: 128.122.253.212 on 28 Apr 2015 ON THE DATE OF THE TRIAL OF ANAXAGORAS. IT is a point of some interest to the historian of the social and intellectual development of Athens to determine, if possible, the exact dates between which the philosopher Anaxagoras made that city his home. As everyone knows, the tradition of the third and later centuries was not uniform. The dates from which the Alexandrian chronologists had to arrive at their results may be conveniently summed up under three headings, (a) date of Anaxagoras' arrival at Athens, (6) date of his prosecution and escape to Lampsacus, (c) length of his residence at Athens, (a) The received account (Diogenes Laertius ii. 7),1 was that Anaxagoras was twenty years old at the date of the invasion of Xerxes and lived to be seventy-two. This was apparently why Apollodorus (ib.) placed his birth in Olympiad 70 and his death in Ol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protrepticus of Clement of Alexandria: a Commentary
    Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui THE PROTREPTICUS OF CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA: A COMMENTARY to; ga;r yeu'do" ouj yilh'/ th'/ paraqevsei tajlhqou'" diaskedavnnutai, th'/ de; crhvsei th'" ajlhqeiva" ejkbiazovmenon fugadeuvetai. La falsedad no se dispersa por la simple comparación con la verdad, sino que la práctica de la verdad la fuerza a huir. Protréptico 8.77.3 PREFACIO Una tesis doctoral debe tratar de contribuir al avance del conocimiento humano en su disciplina, y la pretensión de que este comentario al Protréptico tenga la máxima utilidad posible me obliga a escribirla en inglés porque es la única lengua que hoy casi todos los interesados pueden leer. Pero no deja de ser extraño que en la casa de Nebrija se deje de lado la lengua castellana. La deuda que contraigo ahora con el español sólo se paliará si en el futuro puedo, en compensación, “dar a los hombres de mi lengua obras en que mejor puedan emplear su ocio”. Empiezo ahora a saldarla, empleándola para estos agradecimientos, breves en extensión pero no en sinceridad. Mi gratitud va, en primer lugar, al Cardenal Don Gil Álvarez de Albornoz, fundador del Real Colegio de España, a cuya generosidad y previsión debo dos años provechosos y felices en Bolonia. Al Rector, José Guillermo García-Valdecasas, que administra la herencia de Albornoz con ejemplar dedicación, eficacia y amor a la casa. A todas las personas que trabajan en el Colegio y hacen que cumpla con creces los objetivos para los que se fundó. Y a mis compañeros bolonios durante estos dos años. Ha sido un honor muy grato disfrutar con todos ellos de la herencia albornociana.
    [Show full text]
  • PHIL 66 Sec 01 & 02, Leddy, Tomfall 2018
    San José State University Humanities and Arts/Philosophy Phil. 66, Introduction to Aesthetics, Sections 1 and 2, Fall 2018 Course and Contact Information Instructor: Prof. Tom Leddy Faculty Office Building 206. (The Faculty Office Building is a two-story Office Location: building between the Spartan Complex and Dwight Bental Hall. English is on the first floor. Philosophy is on the second floor.) 408 924-4528. I may be reached here during my office hours. If I am not Telephone: there, please leave a message on voice-mail and I will call back. [email protected] [preferred method of communication] Feel free to Email: ask questions. Office Hours: MW 12:00-1:15, M 3:00-4:00, W 5:00-5:45 and by appointment. Section 1 MoWe 10:30AM - 11:45AM DMH 208 Class Days/Time: Section 2 MoWe 1:30PM-2:45PM DMH 208 Sec. 1 DMH 208 Classroom: Sec. 2 DMH 208 Prerequisites: None GE/SJSU Studies Category: Area C1 Arts Faculty Web Page and MYSJSU Messaging Course materials such as syllabus, handouts, notes, and assignment instructions can be found on Canvas. Also you should regularly check your email for messages “From the Desk of Professor Leddy.” Course Description Catalog Description: Issues such as the nature of beauty and ugliness, definition of art, creativity, and interpretation and evaluation of art. Philosophical discussion of works of art and our responses to them. Expanded Description: Aesthetics explores such issues as: What is beauty? What is ugliness? Is there such a thing as good taste? Can we prove that one work of art is better than another?
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48147-2 — Scale, Space and Canon in Ancient Literary Culture Reviel Netz Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48147-2 — Scale, Space and Canon in Ancient Literary Culture Reviel Netz Index More Information Index Aaker, Jennifer, 110, 111 competition, 173 Abdera, 242, 310, 314, 315, 317 longevity, 179 Abel, N. H., 185 Oresteia, 197, 200, 201 Academos, 189, 323, 324, 325, 337 papyri, 15 Academy, 322, 325, 326, 329, 337, 343, 385, 391, Persians, 183 399, 404, 427, 434, 448, 476, 477–8, 512 portraits, 64 Achilles Tatius, 53, 116, 137, 551 Ptolemaic era, 39 papyri, 16, 23 Aeschylus (astronomer), 249 Acta Alexandrinorum, 87, 604 Aesop, 52, 68, 100, 116, 165 adespota, 55, 79, 81–5, 86, 88, 91, 99, 125, 192, 194, in education, 42 196, 206, 411, 413, 542, 574 papyri, 16, 23 Adkin, Neil, 782 Aethiopia, 354 Adrastus, 483 Aetia, 277 Adrastus (mathematician), 249 Africa, 266 Adrianople, 798 Agatharchides, 471 Aedesius (martyr), 734, 736 Agathocles (historian), 243 Aegae, 479, 520 Agathocles (peripatetic), 483 Aegean, 338–43 Agathon, 280 Aegina, 265 Agias (historian), 373 Aelianus (Platonist), 484 agrimensores, 675 Aelius Aristides, 133, 657, 709 Ai Khanoum, 411 papyri, 16 Akhmatova, Anna, 186 Aelius Herodian (grammarian), 713 Albertus Magnus, 407 Aelius Promotus, 583 Albinus, 484 Aenesidemus, 478–9, 519, 520 Alcaeus, 49, 59, 61–2, 70, 116, 150, 162, 214, 246, Aeolia, 479 see also Aeolian Aeolian, 246 papyri, 15, 23 Aeschines, 39, 59, 60, 64, 93, 94, 123, 161, 166, 174, portraits, 65, 67 184, 211, 213, 216, 230, 232, 331 Alcidamas, 549 commentaries, 75 papyri, 16 Ctesiphon, 21 Alcinous, 484 False Legation, 22 Alcmaeon, 310
    [Show full text]
  • Marie-Luise Lakmann, Platonici Minores: 1
    MARIE-LUISE LAKMANN, Platonici minores: 1. Jh.v.Chr. - 2. Jh.n.Chr. Prosopographie. Fragmente und Testimonien mit deutscher Überset- zung. Philosophia antiqua, 145, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2017, xi+824 pp., $236.00, ISBN 978-90-04-31533-4. This is indeed a mighty work, an offshoot of a yet mightier one, the great project ‘Der Platonismus in der Antike’, initiated many years ago by Heinrich Dórrie, and continued, first by Matthias Baltes, and, most recently, by Christian Pietsch, who is currently bringing it at last to its conclusion with the eighth volume. What Professor Lakmann, who has been closely connected with this project, has set herself to do here is to make the fullest possible collection of minor figures involved in Platonist philosophizing over the period conventionally regarded as ‘Middle Platonic’, in order to give some attention to the persons behind the doctrines. To this end, she has assembled data on some 88 individuals, including four Anonymi, and some very obscure figures indeed. The work is divided into two main sections: ‘Prosopographie’, in which she sets out and discusses what is known about the lives and doctrines of the figures concerned, and ‘Texte und Ubersetzungen’, in which the relevant fragments and testimonia are presented and translated (the translations being undertaken by Erhard Pahnke and Henner Thoss). The only inadequacy I find with this arrangemnt is that there is no provision for discussing the contexts of the individual passages quoted, and the details of doctrine involved, as would sometimes be desirable – but one hesitates to suggest anything that would make a book of 835 pages even longer! She has, quite reasonably, chosen to exclude major figures, such as Antiochus of Ascalon, Eudorus, Plutarch, Atticus, Apuleius, Albinus, or Numenius, who either have major works surviving (as in the case of Plutarch, Apuleius or Albinus), or who have had their fragments adequately collected (though she does include here L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.5.T65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84801-5 - The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius Edited by Stuart Gillespie and Philip Hardie Index More information GENERAL INDEX Abad, Diego Jose,´ 4, 201 atoms Aemilius Macer, 96 combinations of, 48, 63, 90–1 Aeschylus, 67 Lucretian terms for, 22, 95–6 ‘aesthetics of the gap’, 176 Augustus, 151 Akenside, Mark, 267 Avancius, Hieronymus, 211 Alamanni, Luigi, 223–4 Aldus Manutius, 211 Bacon, Francis, 134–5, 148, 152, 153, 155–8, Alexander, William, 248 244, 251–2 Anaxagoras, 25, 27, 28, 90 eulogised by Cowley, 13, 252 ‘Anaxagorean’ mechanism (Robert Boyle), Baıf,¨ Jean-Antoine de, 229 140 Bailey, Cyril, 318 Anti-Jacobin, The, 290–1 Baker, Henry, 266 ‘anti-Lucretius’, 6, 7, 113, 189–90, Barozzi, Pietro, 210 196 Basso, Sebastian, 134 Antipater of Sidon, 68 Bayle, Pierre, 278 Antipater of Thessalonica, 71 Beattie, James, 259 apotheosis, 114–15 Beeckman, Isaac, 136 Ara Pacis, 125 Beer, Gillian, 5 Aratus, 95, 174 Behn, Aphra, 15 Aristotelianism, 131, 133, 134, 138, 251 Belleau, Remy, 229 Arnobius, 118 Benlowes, Edward, 248 Arnold, Matthew, 299–301 Berault,´ Nicolas, 228 ataraxia (freedom from disturbance), 21, 43, Bergerac, Cyrano de, 133, 238–9, 240 73, 74, 82, 239 Bergson, Henri, 184, 308–9, 320–1 Athens, 20, 38, 79, 83 Berkeley, George, 142 atomism, 3, 8–9, 22, 28, 131, 145–8 Berni, Francesco, 223–4 ancient vs. modern, 8 Bignone, E., 206 Bacon on, 134–5, 251–2 Bischoff, B., 206 Descartes on, 136 Blackmore, Sir Richard, 267–8 in Leibniz, 142 Blake, William, 295 in Newton, 141–2 Blumenberg, H., 282–3 and
    [Show full text]
  • The Polemical Practice in Ancient Epicureanism* M
    UDK 101.1;141.5 Вестник СПбГУ. Философия и конфликтология. 2019. Т. 35. Вып. 3 The polemical practice in ancient Epicureanism* M. M. Shakhnovich St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation For citation: Shakhnovich M. M. The polemical practice in ancient Epicureanism. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 2019, vol. 35, issue 3, pp. 461–471. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2019.306 The article explores the presentation methods of a philosophical doctrine in Greek and Ro- man Epicureanism; it is shown that for the ancient, middle, and Roman Epicureans a con- troversy with representatives of other philosophical schools was a typical way of present- ing their own views. The polemical practice, in which the basic principles of Epicureanism were expounded through the criticism of other philosophical systems, first of all, Academics and Stoics, was considered not only as the preferred way of presenting the own doctrine, but also as the most convenient rhetorical device, which had, among other things, didac- tic significance. The founder of the school, Epicurus, often included in his texts the terms used in other philosophical schools, giving them a different, often opposite, content. While presenting his teaching in the treatise “On Nature” or in letters to his followers, Epicurus pushed off the opinions of Democritus, Plato, and the Stoics, but resorted mainly to implicit criticism of his opponents, often without naming them by name. His closest students and later followers — Metrodorus, Hermarchus, Colotes, Philodemus, Lucretius, Diogenes of Oenoanda — continuing the controversy with the Academics and the Stoics, more frank- ly expressed their indignation about the “falsely understood Epicureanism” or erroneous opinions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Modern System of the Arts: a Study in the History of Aesthetics
    The Modern System of the Arts: A Study in the History of Aesthetics Part I Author(s): Paul Oskar Kristeller Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1951), pp. 496-527 Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2707484 . Accessed: 08/10/2012 03:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of Pennsylvania Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the History of Ideas. http://www.jstor.org THE MODERN SYSTEM OF THE ARTS: A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF AESTHETICS * (I) BY PAUL OSKAR KRISTELLER Dedicated to Professor Hans Tietze on his 70th birthday I The fundamentalimportance of the eighteenth century in the his- tory of aesthetics and of art criticismis generally recognized. To be sure, there has been a great variety of theories and currents within the last two hundredyears that cannot be easily brought under one common denominator. Yet all the changes and controversiesof the more recent past presupposecertain fundamental notions which go back to that classicalcentury of modernaesthetics. It is known that the very term "Aesthetics " was coined at that time, and, at least in the opinion of some historians, the subject matter itself, the "phi- losophy of art," was invented in that comparativelyrecent period and can be applied to earlier phases of Western thought only with reser- vation.' It is also generallyagreed that such dominatingconcepts of *I am indebted for several suggestionsand referencesto ProfessorsJulius S.
    [Show full text]