The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information

Home , Colotes, Katastematic pleasure

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05391-5 — The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information

Index

Academic skeptics, 214, 219, 220–22, Antiochus of Ascalon, 219 225–28, 233 Antiphon, 28n action Antisthenes, 39, 41 eudaimonism and action guidance, 277–79 Apelles, Pyrrhonist parable of, 234–35, 236 and knowledge (Plotinus), 250–53 Apology (Plato), 12–13, 53, 84, 289–90 possibility of in skepticism (agency), aporia, 219, 234, 236 225–26, 235–36 appearances Stoic account of, 204–5 imaginative (phantasiai), 127, 130 and emotion, 209 perceptual (phainomena), 74, 225, 230–31 selection, 205–6 see also perception active principle (Stoic physics), 189, 201 appetites activity, in Aristotelian function argument, in Aristotle, 125, 127 107–8 in Plato, 74, 78, 82–83, 84, 320 Aenesidemus, 219, 222, 224, 230, 234 and physiology, 81–82 Aeschines, 40–41, 43 see also desire Against Colotes (Plutarch), 225–26 appropriation (oikeiôsis) Against the Ethicists (Sextus Empiricus), 222 Plotinus, 248–49 agency, in skepticism, 225–28, 230–31, 235–36 Stoics, 189–90 akratic actions, 72–73 apraxia charge, 225–26 see also unwilling actions Academic responses, 225–28 Alcibiades (Aeschines), 40–41, 87 Pyrrhonist responses, 230–31, 232–33 Alcibiades (Plato), 256 Aquinas, Thomas, 141, 270 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 192 Arcesilaus, 219, 220–21, 233 alienation, 354, 355 answer to apraxia charge, 225–27 anatomy, human see physiology Aristippus, 40, 350–51 Anaxagoras, 19, 20 Aristo, 185, 191 Anaximander, 22–23 Aristophanes anger, 82–83, 84, 207 as character in Symposium, 291–92 see also emotions Clouds, 20, 30, 38 animals Aristotle, 105–23 arguments from natural instincts, 166, biographical information, 31, 323–24 284, 332 on contemplative vs. political life, 322–24, capacity for happiness, 241 335–36 divided soul, 107–8, 127–28, 129, 130 and immortality, 324 immortal component, 325, 333 and moral activity, 326 goals of, 110, 113–14, 141n elitism see elitism: Aristotle natural virtue, 134 and “ethics” as ﬁeld, 35 reincarnation (Plato), 84–85 eudaimonism, 267, 268 sacriﬁce and consumption of, 24–25, 261n egoism objection, 274–75 Stoic account of, 189, 201–3 evidence for Pre-Socratic thought in, 11, 16 Annas, Julia, 156, 296, 296n on friendship (philia), 143–58 Anscombe, Elizabeth (G. E. M.), 1, 273 commonplace beliefs, 146–48, 150, Antigonus of Carystus, 229 156–57

381

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05391-5 — The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information

382 index

Aristotle (cont.) assimilation to god, 7 dissolution of, 154–55 attainable similarities, 320 genuine and apparent goods, 149, 153 contemplative vs. political life, 323–28, limits on, 157–58 329–31, 335–36 possibility of disinterested well- as goal of eros,90 wishing, 146–48, 149–53, 156 immortality, 331–34 self-extension interpretations, through contemplation, 324–26, 155–56, 157 331–32 survey of responses to self-interest moral goodness, 245, 320–21, 327–28, charge, 144–46 334–35 taxonomy, 143–44, 159n justice, 328–31, 335 unequal, 160n “political” and “higher” virtues, 245, of vicious agents, 153, 160n 246–47 virtue of friend as object of well- truth and falsehood, 321–22 wishing, 148–49 non-reciprocal likeness, 246 of virtuous agents, 146, 149–50, physical nature, 319–20, 321, 324, 326–27 153–54, 156–57 astronomy, study of, 324, 326 on gods and moral virtue, 328 Athens, 33 on happiness, 242 Aristotle in, 323 on the human good, 105–6, 120 Laws personified (Crito), 290–91 and fineness, 118–20 Socrates in, 44, 289 see also function argument: Aristotle attractive vs. imperative concepts, 271 impartiality, 294–96 autonomy (Plotinus), 253 knowledge, taxonomy of, 251 in later Platonist curriculum, 256 beauty (to kalon) on reproduction as immortality, 332 approach to the form, 291 on the soul, 124–26 as cause of goodness of life, 67 deliberative part, 132–35 and eros,87–89, 91–93 passionate part, 128–31 see also fineness, the fine rationality and immortality, 325–26 belief (or opinion) (doxa) rationality and virtue, 132, 134–35, conflicts of, 79–80 138–40 contrasted with knowledge, 187, 190–91 schemes of division, 124–25, 126–28 harmful, 167, 169–70 theoretical rational part, 135–37 target of Epicurean therapy, 169 as testimony for Socrates’ thought, 31, 32 skeptical rejection of, 226–27, 233–35 disregard of natural philosophy, 32–33 in Stoic psychology, 202, 203–4 methodology, 34, 42–43 and variable character traits, 213 skepticism, 40 Bene, L., 260n on virtue, 105, 109, 138 Betegh, G., 15 popular view, 344 biographies, as Platonist exemplars, 254–55, as selfhood or essence, 148–49 256–57 theoretical and practical wisdom, 252 breath (pneuma) (Stoics), 201–2 see also function argument: Aristotle Arius Didymus, 11 Callipho, 238n art (technê) see craft knowledge Carneades, 219, 221 Aspasia (Aeschines), 43 on the pithanon, 227–28 Aspasius, 129, 316n causes assent (sugkatathesis), 202–4 in Aristotle, 136–37, 138 and emotion, 208–9 in Stoic physics, 189 skeptical rejection of, 226 see also One (or Good), the see also impulse Cave allegory, 60, 299, 322, 331

index 383

character, 35 and human physiology, 81–82, 319–20 in Aristotle in Plato’s developing thought, 57 bad character of majority, 309 Cooper, John, 144 natural and habituated characteristics, cosmology 306–8, 310 Anaximander, 22–23 reformation, 308–9, 310 Empedocles, 24, 25 Epicurus on friendship and, 182n Plato, 292, 319 Stoics on, 211–14 in non-philosophers’ education, 302–3 character friendship see virtuous agent and Stoics, 201, 283, 285–86 philia cosmopolitanism character-virtue, 125, 128–29, 141n of Socrates, 289–90 children of Stoics, 189–90 instincts of, 166, 189–90, 206–7 courage see also parenthood and the fine, 116–17, 119, 121 The Choice of Heracles (Prodicus), 37 as knowledge (Stoics), 190 Chrysippus, 183, 201 knowledge involved in, 54, 83 on agency, 203, 205 “art of measurement”, 54, 55 on courage, 190 “natural” vs. strict, 134 on emotion, 209 and non-philosophers, 58 on happiness, 194 relation to other virtues, 69 on moral responsibility for “sickness”, 214 as sub-field of wisdom (Zeno), 191 rationalism, 214 cradle argument, 166 on virtue, 198n craft knowledge (expertise) (technê), 40, 53, 54, Cicero 74–75 on Carneades, 221, 238n analogy to virtue, 43, 54–55 cradle argument for Epicurean creativity, eros and, 91, 92 hedonism, 166 Crisp, R., 123n on equality of error (Stoics), 347, 348 criterion on friendship (Epicurean), 180, 293 of action (skeptical) Lucullus as skeptical diaphônia, 221 appearances, 230–31 on over-rationality (Stoics), 214 the persuasive, 227–28 on partiality and impartiality the reasonable, 226–27 Epicureanism, 293 of value (Epicurean), 166, 172 Stoics, 281–82, 284 Crito (Plato), 290–91 on persuasive impressions (Stoics), 227 Cynics, 350–51 on political life, 295 Cyrenaics, 265, 268, 280n Cleanthes, 183, 191, 201, 283 vs. Cynics, 350–51 Clouds (Aristophanes), 20, 30, 38 vs. Epicureans, 351–53 community on wealth, 344–45 common good in the Nicomachean Ethics, 294–95 daimones,33 in the Republic, 287–89 Empedocles’ demonic story, 24–25 and Epicurean virtue, 177, 178 eros as daimôn,93 and natural partiality (Stoics), 284 and eudaimonia, 37, 194 philia between citizens (Plato), 98–100 human intellect as daimôn, 325, 326 Socrates in Athens, 289–91 Socrates and the divine, 33–34, 37 conflicts of interest, 152–53 Damascius, 256, 257 see also self-sacrifice De Anima (Aristotle), 113–14, 126–27, 136, contemplation (theôria), 136, 138 325, 332 contemplative vs. political life, 322–24 De Finibus (On Ends) (Cicero) and godlikeness, 319, 320, 324–28 on Carneades, 221

384 index

De Finibus (On Ends) (Cicero) (cont.) eclecticism, 340 on Epicureanism, 166, 180, 293 education on Stoics, 214, 284, 348 of Aristotle’s practically wise (phronimoi), De Officiis (Cicero), 281–82 310–12, 313 De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 174 in the Laws,71n, 302–4 death, 57, 58–59 and philia within the community, 99 Epicureanism, 173–75, 181 and pederasty, 87 fear of, 170–71 in the Republic, 59, 61–62, 63, 85n justice rewarded (Plato), 328–29 and the spirited part of the soul, 83 see also immortality; reincarnation use of myths, 321 definition, 41–42 egoism, 271 deliberation, 130, 132–33, 304 and eros,95 and action, 134–35 as objection to eudaimonism, 273–77 goal-directed, 139 and philia,98 from impartial perspective, 290–91 and utilitarianism, 287 role of normative principles, 311–12 see also other-regarding concern as Stoic good, 193, 196 elenchus,41–42 see also practical wisdom elitism, 7, 298–99 Democritus, 21–22, 233, 265 Aristotle, 7, 304–15 dependency thesis, 154 attainability of ethical virtue, 306–10 desire attainability of practical wisdom, in Aristotelian psychology, 127–28 310–14 Epicurean categorization, 168–69 ethical vs. philosophical success, Plato on conflicts of, 78–79, 82–84 304–6, 314–15 in Plotinus, 248 possibility thesis, 306, 310 effect on the soul, 249–50 Plato, 7, 299–304, 314–15 in Stoic thought emotions emotional taxonomy, 208 as barrier to impartiality, 291–92 object of, 196 in co-operative view of morality, 272 see also appetites; love; passion and ethical virtue, 115, 119 dialectic, 47n imperviousness of Pyrrho to, 229 in Plato’s taxonomy of knowledge, as necessary attributes of mortal soul, 66, 252 80–81 Plotinus, 252 Stoic account, 207–11 skeptical argumentation, 220–22, 225 character proclivities, 213 Socratic thought and method, 34–35, see also anger; fear 41–43, 44–45 Empedocles, 23–25 Stoics, 197n ends see goal-directed action Diderot, Denis, 356n Enneads (Plotinus) Diogenes Laertius, 21, 181n, 283, 348 editorial arrangement, 255–56 discrimination, 132 I 2, on the virtuous soul, 254 dissolution of friendship, 145, 154–55, I3 180–81 on political and higher virtue, 247 distress, Stoic view, 208 on practical and theoretical Dorion, Louis-André, 31 wisdom, 252 double activity (Plotinus), 252 I 4, on happiness, 241–44 duty III 8, on knowledge and action, 251–52 in eudaimonism, 278–79 IV 4, on practical action, 248–49 in modern understanding of morality, VI 8, on priority of the good to material 272 needs, 259n as translation of to kathêkon, 205 VI 9, on philosophers as legislators, 255

index 385

epagôgê (induction), 42–43 Socrates as originator, 11, 12–13, 19–20 Epictetus, Handbook, 256 as Stoic virtue, 189–90 Epicureanism, 165–81, 292 êthos,35 vs. Cyrenaic hedonism, 351–53 see also character death, 173–75, 181 Euclides, on human excellence, 39 desires, 168–69 eudaimonia see happiness friendship, 178–81, 292, 293 eudaimonism, 6, 37, 265–68 as Horace’s fundamental position, 353 “action guidance” objection, 277–79 natural science, 173, 293 as consensus viewpoint, 269 pain, 168, 175–76 egoism objection, 273–77 partiality, 293–94 Stoic impartiality, 286–87 pleasure, 165–66, 172–73, 174–75 Epicurean, 166, 171, 172–73 as freedom from pain and distress, modern viewpoints, 273, 275–77, 279–80 167–68, 171–73, 177 “morality” contrasted with, 270, 273, 278 reasoning about, 165, 166–67 in post-classical thought, 270–71 as therapy, 169–71 Socrates, 37–38 virtue, 176–78, 179, 268, 292 Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle) justice and utility, 347–48, 349 on deliberation, 133–34 Epicurus, 165, 274 on the divided soul, 140n death of, 175–76 on friendship, 147–48, 152, 156, on Democritus, 22 158n, 159n see also Epicureanism Euripides, 20 epistemology Eustratius of Nicaea, 316n Plato, 303–4 Euthydemus (Plato), 55–56 skepticism, 220, 223 Euthyphro (Plato), 337n Stoics, 215–16n excellence (aretê) see virtue see also knowledge; perception excess, emotional, 209 Epistles (Horace), 339 experience, 312–13 on Cynicism vs. Cyrenaic hedonism, 350 on ethics in Homer, 345 fallacies, Stoic interest in, 188, 195 on his Epicureanism, 357n see also error on his non-alignment, 340 fear on the pursuit of wealth, 343, 344 of death, 174 on spontaneity vs.reflection, 352 Epicurean therapy, 169–70 epochê (”suspension of judgment”) of pain, 175–76 in Academic skepticism, 220, 221, 233 of punishment, 177 possibility of rational agency, 225–28 Stoic psychology of, 208, 209 in Pyrrhonism, 222–23, 224–25, 231 feeling (pathos), as Epicurean criterion, 166, tranquility arising from, 233–35 172, 175 eros see love fineness, the fine (to kalon),88 error in Aristotle Aristotelian natural virtue prone to, 307–8 beneficial consequences, 121 Stoics definitional problems, 121–22 emotional response, 208, 210 and pleasure, 119–20 equality of moral errors, 347–49 and virtuous activity, 116–21, 315 fallacies and false beliefs, 188, 195, 207 Latin renderings, 357n ethical virtue see character-virtue; virtuous in the Philebus (Plato), 303 activity see also beauty; good, the ethics, as concept and discipline, 2 Forms, Platonic, 57, 60–61, 62, 300 vs. morality, 270 absence from Theaetetus, 330 in Platonist curriculum, 255–56 beauty and eros,93

386 index

Forms, Platonic (cont.) good person (Plotinian ideal), 243–44, 247, and the godlike, 327 248–49 non-philosophers and, 301–2, 304 Porphyry on Plotinus as, 254–55 friendship (philia),5 Good, the (Plotinus) see One (or Good), the in Aristotle see Aristotle: on friendship good, the (to agathon) common views of, 146–48 Academic skeptics, 233 Epicureanism, 178–81, 293 Aristotle partiality rejected in Crito, 291 apparent vs. genuine, 149, 153, 154, 157 philosophical alienation, 354, 355 and ethical virtue, 114 Plato, 86, 95–100 goodness and fineness, 121–22 Stoics, 211 goodness of vs. goodness for, 109–11, function argument, 106, 200 118–20 Aristotle, 105–6, 124, 140n highest human good, 105, 120, 138 arguments for existence of human see also function argument function, 111–15 natural goods, 113 excellence in activity vs. goodness for Plato (Philebus), 67, 303 agent, 109–11 Plotinus, 249 understanding of “activity” in, 107–8 Socrates’ interest in, 35–36 understanding of “function” in, Stoic goodness vs. value, 186–87, 192–94, 108–9, 111 205–7 understanding of “reason” in, 107, 131 and emotional response, 208, 209 see also beauty; fineness, the fine Galen, 356n goodness of gods see assimilation to god: moral generosity, 116, 117 goodness Gnostics, 251 goods, external, 35, 55–56, 343–45 goal-directed action, 110, 118, 139, 266–67 Cynic vs. Cyrenaic attitude, 350–51 and deliberation, 132, 133–35 dependency thesis, 56, 154 gods and Epicurean happiness, 167, 169 Aristotle’s unmoved mover, 294 Stoic “preferred indifferents”, 186–87, in Empedocles, 24, 25 193–94, 205–7 Epicureanism, 173, 293 goodwill (eunoia), 143, 145 fear of, 170 Gorgias (historical), 75, 76 Plato Gorgias (Plato), 15, 28n,74–75, 76, 256 and embodiment of human soul, 80–82 habituation, 307–8, 310 and justice in the afterlife, 84 happiness (eudaimonia),3–4, 192, 244, 268–69 souls of the gods (Phaedrus),80 in Aristotle, 105, 138, 195 Plotinus attainability, 305–6, 311 happiness and the god-like life, 242 and contemplation, 323 Pyrrhonism and practical wisdom, 310–11 moral standards, 222 and virtue, 124 Socrates, 289, 290 in Epicureanism, 168, 172–73 Stoics, 283–84, 286 modern thinking about, 275–77 as cosmic “active principle”, 189, 201 as optimizing notion, 298 and eudaimonia, 194 in Plato Xenophanes’ anti-anthropomorphism, as aim of eros,90 17–18 attainability, 299–300 see also assimilation to god and contemplation, 57, 327–28 god’s-eye perspective see impartiality etymology, 326 Golden Verses, in Platonist curriculum, 256 and external goods, 55–56 Good, Form of the, 62, 300 of non-philosophers, 58–59

index 387

of Phaedo’s philosophers, 60–61 Epicureans, 292–94 physics of, 324, 327–28 Plato, 287–92 and pleasure, 64, 65, 67–68 Stoics, 283–87 political perspective, 59, 60 imperatives, moral, 271 of Republic’s Philosopher-Rulers, see also rules, moral 60–61 impressions (Stoic psychology), 202–3 of Republic’s Producers, 61 false, 203 and virtue, 55, 57, 58–59 persuasive, 227–28 and wisdom, 56, 57, 65 impulse (hormê), 204 in Plotinus, 241–44 in skeptical apraxia defense, 226 in Pyrrhonism, 233 induction (epagôgê),42–43 Socrates and, 37, 41 Intellect (Plotinus), 246–47, 252 Stoic views, 183, 187, 192–95 intellect, intellectual understanding (nous) Hatzimichali, M., 356n in Aristotelian psychology, 135–37 Hearth (Hestia),15–16 difﬁculty of achieving, 305 Hecaton, 281–82 and happiness, 242, 324 hedonism, 165 as proper target of well-wishing, 149 see also Cyrenaics; Epicureanism intellectual virtue, 252–53, 304–5, 334 Hesiod, 17–18, 27n,37–38 interentailment of virtues, 184, 212, 305 Hierocles, 258 and moral development, 212 Hippias Minor (Plato), 54 invariability condition, 224, 225 Hippias of Elis, 28n Inwood, Brad, 215n Homer, 11, 12, 17–18, 345–46 Irwin, Terence, 94, 158n, 161n Horace challenge to conventional attitudes, 343, judgment (Stoics) see assent 344–45 judgment, suspension of see epochê degree of engagement with ethical justice (dikê; dikaiosunê) philosophy, 339, 341, 345 Epicurean view, 176–78, 347–48 hedonism, 350–53 utility approved by Horace, 349 maxims, 342, 343, 344 equality of moral errors (Stoics), 347, 348–49 non-aligned position, 339–41, 345–46, and the godlike (Plato), 328–32 352–56 just lives as happy lives (Plato), 64, 65, 69 Stoic vs. Epicurean justice, 346–50 personiﬁed in Parmenides’ ontology, 16–17 human function see function argument project of the Republic,59 human nature, 284 relation to other virtues in Aristotelian function argument, 112–14 Laws,69 civic vs. intellectual life, 323–24 Stoic accounts, 190, 191 and morality, 272 Republic and Phaedo accounts and Plato’s metaphysics, 300–1 contrasted, 64 in Plotinus, 242, 248–49 of Republic’s Producers, 61 in Stoic account of emotion, 210 and theory of the mean, 118 Hume, David, 272 valued in itself, 121 Hymn to Zeus (Cleanthes), 283 willing and unwilling action, 76–77

Iamblichus, 256–57 Kahn, Charles, 12 immortality, 84–85 kalon see beauty; ﬁneness, the ﬁne and assimilation to god, 331–34 Kantianism, 270–71, 272, 298, 338–39 and the contemplative life, 324–26 katastematic pleasure, 172–73, 174, 244 reproduction as, 332–34 kinetic pleasure, 172–73, 174 impartiality, 6–7, 271–72, 281–83 knowledge Aristotle, 143, 294–96 and action, 73, 250–53

388 index

knowledge (cont.) MacIntyre, Alisdair, 273 disavowal of, 219, 220 Mansfeld, J., 23 see also epochê Marinus, Life of Proclus, 257 epistêmê (scientific understanding), 137, mathematics, 66 197n in education, 59, 302–3, 304 of facts vs. of rules, 261n and godlike mental movement, 324 and fineness, 122 maxims, 341–43 pure and mixed, 66–67 Democritean, 21 technê (expertise, craft knowledge), 40, 53, Pythagorean precepts, 16 54, 74–75 McCaskey, John, 43 value of, 303 mean, theory of the, 115, 117–18, 119, 311 and virtue, 3, 300, 301 measure, in the soul (Plotinus), 246 as virtue, 185, 186, 187–88 measurement, art/expertise of, 54, 55, 74 see also practical wisdom; wisdom Memorabilia (Xenophon), 12–13, 36, 39 Kraut, Richard, 156, 157, 160n metaphysics Aristotle, 112–14, 294 Laches (Plato), 53–54, 55 in Platonism, 255, 257–58 law (nomos), 12, 77 Plotinus, 250, 251, 252 ancestral laws as influence on Pyrrhonist, Metaphysics (Aristotle), 110, 114, 136 232–33 The Methods of Ethics (Sidgwick), 287 as constraint on natural desires, 76 Metrodorus of Stratonicea, 238n educational “preludes” (Plato), 302 mind (hêgemonikon) (Stoics), 201–4, 214 Epicurean justice criterion, 176 moral development, 207 justice in the courts, 329, 330 of the sage, 194 personified Laws of Athens (Crito), 290–91 misfortune Laws (Plato), 68–69, 76–77, 99–100, as cause of wrongdoing, 76 292, 302–3 and happiness, 64–65, 69, 243, 244 in later Platonist curriculum, 256 see also goods, external Letter to Menoeceus (Epicurus), 165, 167, 168 moderation (sôphrosunê) see temperance Life of Isidore (Damascius), 257 “Modern Moral Philosophy” (Anscombe), Life of Plotinus (Porphyry), 254–55 1, 273 Life of Proclus (Marinus), 257 money, 269, 343–45 likeness, non-reciprocal, 246 see also goods, external likeness to god see assimilation to god moral development, 277 logic, as Stoic virtue, 188, 190 demanded by virtue, 279 logos, 140n habituation, 307–8, 310 see also reason Stoic account, 196, 206–7, 211, 214 longevity, not sought by Epicureans, 168, 174 problematic implication of Unity of love (eros),5 Virtue, 212 Aristotle, 158n and vacillation between schools, 340–41 creative vs. reproductive goal, 334 moral responsibility and Olympian gods in the Phaedrus, 335 for character (Aristotle), 309 Stoics, 211 and Stoic psychology, 203, 212, 213–14 see also Plato: on love morality, 269–70 Love and Discord (Empedocles), 24 modern traditions in moral thinking, 270–73 Lucretius, 174 elitism in, 298–99 Lucullus (Cicero), 221, 227, 238n impartiality in, 282 luxury see also impartiality; other-regarding Cynic vs. Cyrenaic approach, 350–51 concern Epicureanism, 169, 171 motivations, 63, 138–39 Lysis (Plato), 86, 87, 96 eudaimonia as motivating factor, 275

index 389

of non-philosophers, 61, 63, 309 attainability of good life see elitism for Stoic action, 184, 195–96 Auxiliaries and Producers (Republic), 60, see also impulse 61–62, 63 see also goal-directed action and counterfeit virtue (Phaedo),58–59, musical education 62, 63 Laws, 302 in Stoicism, 206, 212–13 Republic, 62, 63, 316n emotions of, 208–9 non-rational motivations, 72, 249, 253 natural philosophy (physics), 2 see also akratic actions; unwilling actions Epicurean, 173 nosêma (”sickness”), 213, 214 reproduction as immortality, 332–33, 334 nous see intellect, intellectual understanding Socrates’ disregard of, 32–33 of Stoics, 189, 190, 201–2 oikeiôsis (appropriation) see also cosmology; Pre-Socratic thought: Plotinus, 248–49 physics-ethics relationship Stoics, 189–90 “natural” virtue, 134, 138–39, 306–8 On Abstinence (Porphyry), 261n nature see human nature; natural philosophy On Duties (De Officiis) (Cicero), 281–82 Nehamas, Alexander, 144–45, 148, 151 On Ends (Cicero) see De Finibus Neo-Platonism see Platonists, of Late On Happiness (or Life of Proclus) Antiquity; Plotinus (Marinus), 257 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle) On Nature (Epicurus), 22 absence of Pre-Socratic theories, 11 On the Emotions (Chrysippus), 209 on the common good, 294–95 On the Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 33 compatibility with self-love, 295 On the Soul (Aristotle) see De Anima on contemplative vs. political life, 323 One (or Good), the and immortality, 324 in Plotinus, 242, 250, 255, 260n eudaimonism, 105–6 subsequent Platonist development, 257 attainability of happiness, 306 opinion (doxa) see belief see also function argument opposites, principle of, 78 on friendship, 143–44, 146–47, 148–49 other-regarding concern, 267–68, 271–72 self-sacrificing, 151–52 Plato, 96, 97–98, 100 on goodwill (eunoia), 145 Plotinus, 247–50, 254–55 in later Platonist curriculum, 256 Porphyry, 261n on practical wisdom (phronêsis),141n, 304–5 Stoics, 189–90, 211 educative role of NE, 310–11, 313 selectivity, 285, 286 on the soul, 124–26 see also friendship (philia) nutritive part, 126 Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus Empiricus), perceptive/passionate part, 127–28 222–23, 224 rational parts, 126–27 on virtue pain corruption and character reform, 308–9 avoidance of ethical virtue, 306–7 Epicurean hedonism, 166, 167–68, fineness and ethically virtuous action, 171–73 115–20, 121–22 leading to apparent virtuous action, 58 gods and moral virtue, 328 Pyrrhonism, 232 “handicap” with regards to, 316n incurred through philia (Aristotle), 152 and the human good, 115 of licentious life (Laws),69 “natural” virtue, 134 and necessary desires (Epicureanism), 168 nihilism, moral, 218, 223–24, 235, 236 therapeutic teaching on non-philosophers Epicurean, 175–76 Aristotelian decent agent, 156 Pyrrhonists, 235

390 index

parenthood, 91, 92 and the soul and partiality, 284 Plato, 81, 319–20 in Republic’s ideal city, 288 Stoics, 202 Parfit, D., 296n Plato Parmenides, 16–17 on assimilation to god, 244–45 partiality, Epicurean, 292–94 immortality, 324–25, 332–34 Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 33 moral virtue, 320–21, 328–31, 334–35 passions, 127, 129 rationality, 324–25, 326–28 see also appetites; desire; emotions; spirit truth and deceit, 321–22 pederasty, 87–88, 89 core texts for later Platonists, 256 perception dialectic, 47n, 66, 252 in Aristotle elitism, 7, 299–304, 314–15 insufficient for virtuous action, 130–31 on friendship (philia), 86, 95–100 perception of value, 132–33, 146, on immortality, 84–85, 324–25, 332–34 149, 157 impartiality, 287–92 psychology of desire, 127–28 on intellectual vs. political life, 322, 323, and reason, 107–8, 129–30, 132–34, 335–36 136–37 on love (eros),5,86–95 in Plato aim of, 90–91, 95–96 as attribute of embodied soul, “ascent of love”,92–93 80–81, 320 and beauty/fineness (to kalon),87–89, errors of, 79–80 91–93 pleasures of, 66 mode of activity, 91–92, 94–95 visual beauty and eros, 88, 93 pederasty, 87–88, 89 and skeptical agency, 226 prominence in philosophy of the see also appearances; impressions human good, 86 persuasion, sophistic, 74–75 in tyrants and philosophers (Republic), persuasive, the (pithanon), 227–28 93–95 Phaedo (Plato) and physics-ethics link, 19–20 in later Platonism, 256 portrayal of Socrates, 12–13, 30, 40 virtue and happiness, 57–59, 60–61, 62, on Pre-Socratic doctrine, 15 63, 64 on psychology and the soul, 72–85 of non-philosophers, 299, 301 early (Socratic) dialogues, 73–75 Phaedo, Zopyrus,39 immortality, 84–85 Phaedrus (Plato), 80, 83–84, 87–88, 96–98, mainstream account, 72–73 101n, 335 “psuchê” as “soul”,39–40 phantasia (imagination, appearance), 127, 130 tripartite soul, 77–84, 324–25 Philebus (Plato), 65–68, 303 unwilling action, 75–77 philia see friendship on virtue and happiness, 53–69, 101n, Philo of Larissa, 219, 238n 324–25, 326 Philodemus, 170 early (Socratic) dialogues, 53–56, 185 Philolaus, 15–16, 19 late dialogues, 65–69 Philosopher-Rulers (Republic), 59, 60–61, 63, 288 Phaedo,57–59, 60–61, 62, 63, 64, 245 and eros,93–95 Republic,59–65, 200, 245 and truth, 322 wisdom and technê in, 40 philosophy, as discipline, 36 Xenophanes’ influence, 18 differentiation of fields, 12–13, 18 Platonists erotic character, 88–89, 93 Aristotle as, 325–26 phronêsis see practical wisdom of Late Antiquity (”Neo-Platonists”), 6, physiology 240, 255–58, 258n and function argument, 110, 111–12 see also Plotinus

index 391

Platonopolis, scheme for, 255 Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 16, 137 pleasure practical life in Aristotle Plotinus, 248–49 as apparent good, 149 subsequent Platonists, 257–58 and ﬁneness, 116, 119–20, 121–22 practical wisdom (phronêsis), 118, 122, 132, friendship for the sake of, 143–44, 304–5, 310–14 146, 154 explanation role in virtuous action, 141n misdirection and moral corruption, Plotinus on, 252, 253 308, 310 see also deliberation in Epicureanism, 166, 167–68, 171–73 practice, ethical ideas in, 7–8, 338–39 as counterbalance to pain, 175–76 alienation problem, 354 cradle argument, 166 contradiction of social norms, 343–45 and death, 174–75 Cyrenaic hedonism vs. Cynic austerity, and friendship, 178–81 350–51 in Plato maxims, 341–43 and the good, 67, 72 non-committal approaches, 342 and Phaedo’s non-philosophers, 58 eclecticism, 340 pure and mixed, 65–67 vacillation, 340–41, 345–46 relation to happiness, 64 short-term vs. whole-life thinking, 351–53 and virtue, 65, 68, 69 Stoicism vs. Epicureanism, 346–50, in Plotinus, 244 355–56 skeptical tranquility as, 238n value of questions vs. answers, 341 in Socrates’ eudaimonism, 41 “Pre-Platonic ethics” (Kahn), 12 Plotinus, 241 Pre-Socratic thought, 1–2, 11–26 in eudaimonist tradition, 241–42, 265 existence of ethical dimension, 11–13, 26 on happiness, 241–44 physics-ethics relationship, 13–14 on knowledge and action, 250–53 correspondence theories, 2, 13–18, 19 legislating, 255 separation theories, 2, 14, 18–22 legacy, 257 tension theories, 2, 14, 22–25 other-regarding concern, 247–50, 254–55 “skeptical” attitudes, 218 Porphyry’s portrayal of, 254–55 see also Democritus; Hesiod; Homer; on virtue and the divine, 244–47 Xenophanes on the virtuous soul, 254 Principal Doctrines (Epicurus), 181n Plutarch, 197n, 225–26 principles, in practical deliberation, 311–12 political life Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 43 in Classical Athens, 33 Pro Murena (Cicero), 347 vs. intellectual life, 323–24, 335–36 Proclus, 256, 258, 260n Stoic outlook useful for, 342, 349–50 Marinus’ biography of, 257 political science, 310–11, 313–14 Prodicus, The Choice of Heracles,37 and Platonic philia,98–100 proportion Socrates and, 13, 33, 36 in Democritus, 28n Politics (Aristotle) in Plato, 67, 303 education of citizens, 313 Protagoras, 19 “passionate” part of soul, 125 Protagoras (Plato), 54, 55, 72, 73–74, 185 on perception, 133 proverbs see maxims on virtue providence (Plotinus), 250 capacity for, 306, 316, 316n prudential thinking, 276–77 common perception, 344 psuchê see Aristotle: on the soul; mind; Plato: natural and habituated, 317n on psychology and the soul; soul Porphyry, 254–56, 261n punishment, fear of, 177 Life of Plotinus, 254–55 Puriﬁcations (Empedocles), 25, 29n

392 index

Pyrrho of Elis, 219, 224, 228–30, 233–34 moral godlikeness, 335 see also Pyrrhonism non-philosophers and the kalon, Pyrrhonism, 219, 222–25 62, 301 therapeutic aim, 233–37 truth and the godlike, 321–22 Pythagorean Life (Iamblichus), 256–57 Xenophanes’ influence, 18 Pythagoreans, 15–16, 17, 29n Rhetoric (Aristotle), 119, 127, 147, 268 Rossetti, Livio, 36 reason and rationality, 4 rules, moral, 272, 277, 278–79, 285, 286 in Aristotle imperative concepts, 271 Explanation view, 133–34, 135, 137 learning vs. understanding, 170–71 and fineness, 120–21 place of principles in deliberation, 311–12 as human function, 106–8 Pythagorean precepts, 16 Information view, 132, 134–35 see also maxims reason in the divided soul, 85n, 124–26, 128–30, 304 sage, Stoic, 184, 194, 204 well habituated vs. truly rational life, character habitudes, 213 130–31 and moral rules, 297n in Epicureanism, 165, 166–67 “proper feelings” (eupatheiai), 210–11 in modern morality, 272 ridiculed by Horace, 348 in Plato, 301 “Sages”, Pre-Socratic, 11 and human physiology (Timaeus), “the wise” (Gorgias),15 81–82 Satires (Horace), 339, 347–48, 354 relationship to spirited part, 82–84 scale of virtues (Platonists), 256–57 rational eudaimonism, 4, 5, 160n Schneewind, Jerome, 298–99 in Stoic thought, 214 science as cosmic “active principle”, 189 Platonist hierarchy of, 255–56 function argument, 200, 203–4 Stoic virtues as, 190 reason and emotion, 209–10 see also dialectic; mathematics; natural see also deliberation; practical wisdom philosophy (physics); political reasonable, the (eulogon), 226–27 science reasonable, the (skeptic criterion), 226–27 scientific understanding (epistêmê), 137 Reciprocity of the Virtues, 301, 305, 307 Stoicism, 197n see also Unity of Virtue self-interest see egoism; impartiality; other- recollection, in Plato’s epistemology, 303 regarding concern Reeve, C. D. C., 313–14 self-love, 152–53, 156, 157, 295 reincarnation, 58, 84–85, 328, 337n self-sacrifice relativism, 218, 223, 224, 225, 236 Epicureanism, 179 Theaetetus critique, 329–30 limits of, 153, 155 religion, 15, 16, 17–18, 99, 257–58, 335 mother giving up child, 151–52 Republic (Plato) and Socratic impartiality, 290 on astronomy, 326 sympathetic pain, 152 on contemplative vs. political life, 299, as test of other-regarding philia, 322, 323, 331 144–45, 152 on the divided soul, 77–80, 82–83 self-sufficiency, 171, 244–60, 323, 342 on education, 59, 61–62, 85n,88 selfhood about the gods, 321 Aristotle, 148–49, 159n function argument, 200 Plotinus, 243 impartiality, 287–89 Sentences (Porphyry), 256 in later Platonist curriculum, 256 Sextus Empiricus, 219, 222–25, 238–39n on virtue and happiness, 59–65, on Anaxagoras, 19 287–88, 299 on Arcesilaus, 226, 233

index 393

on Carneades, 227 psuchê,38 on phainomena, 230–33 status of literary evidence, 30–32 on Stoic rationality, 203 wisdom, 39, 40–41 on tranquility, 234–35 Socrates (Plato’s depiction) apparent incompatibility with aporia and development of skepticism, 219 inquiry, 236 and eros, 89, 95–96 sexual desire, 89, 91 on the gods, 321 shame, 127, 130, 271 and deceit, 321–22 Sidgwick, Henry, 271, 282, 287, 295 on happiness, 55–56, 57 Simplicius, 22–23, 256, 258 impartiality, 287–88, 289–91 skepticism, 5–6, 218–37 intellectualist psychology, 72, 73–75 attributed to Socrates, 40–41 as politician, 13 dialectical practice, 220–22 on virtue, 53–55 goal of sophists, 28n,54 Academic skeptics, 233 Gorgias, 74, 75 Pyrrhonism, 233–36 Protagoras, 19 historical development, 219 unwilling action, 76 objections to, 225, 231, 232–33, 235–36 soul (psuchê), 12, 38, 72 Academic responses, 225–28 and body Pyrrhonist responses, 228–33 Plato, 80–82, 319–20 Pyrrhonists on suspension of judgment, Platonists, 243–44, 249–50, 222–25 257–58 and the Stoics, 183–84 immortality and afterlife, 57, 84–85, 333 uses of the term, 218 reincarnation, 58, 84–85, 328, 337n see also Sextus Empiricus monistic (Stoics), 184, 202, 204 society emotional response, 207, 208–9 eudaimonism as environment- and Plotinus’ cosmology, 242, 250 dependent, 277 psychology and the human good, 124 morality as product of, 272 Socrates’ view, 35, 38, 39–40 social isolation and sophistic persuasion, 74 of godlike philosopher, 331 see also Aristotle: on the soul; mind; Plato: of philosophical adherents, 338, 348 on psychology and the soul social life in Republic’s ideal city, 288–89 spirit (in tripartite soul), 81, 82–84, 324–25 sociocultural beliefs, 167, 269 Stern-Gillet, S., 260n see also community Stoics, 183–99 Socrates (historical), 2, 30–45 on character, 211–14 centrality of ethics to, 32–33 moral development, 196, 206–7, 211 conception of his own philosophy, 35–36 criticism of skeptics, 225–27 and eros,87 development of Stoic thought, 183–84, eudaimonism, 37–38, 41 200–1, 211 goodness of gods, 320 on goodness vs. value, 186–87, 192–94, and Horace’s philosophical attitude, 341 195–96, 205–6, 208 inﬂuence of divinity, 33–34, 37, 41, on happiness, 183, 187, 192–94 289, 290 as the end, 195–96 inﬂuence on Stoics, 200 impartiality, 281–82, 283–87 as introducer of ethical inquiry, 11, 12–13 on the soul ethics-physics differentiation, 19–20 and action, 204–6, 209, 210, 227 method (dialectic), 34–35, 41–43, 44–45 and emotional response, 207–11 vs. writing, 44–45 physics of, 201–2 political philosophy, 33, 36 rational mind, 202–4, 214 practical excellences (aretai),38–39 source texts, 201

394 index

Stoics (cont.) moral, 218 utility of teachings, 346–50, 355–56 see also Forms, Platonic; knowledge on virtue (knowledge), 183, 186–87, 192–94 tyranny, 64, 94 generic virtues, 187–92 Unity of Virtue, 184–86, 211–12 Unity of Virtue, 55, 57, 184–86, 211–12 and vice, 194–95, 212 subfields, 191–92 suicide and self-harm, 109–10, 249, 254–55 see also Reciprocity of the Virtues suspension of judgment see epochê unwilling actions, 75–77 Symmetry Argument, 174 see also akratic actions; non-rational sympathy, 152, 288 motivations Symposium (Plato), 87, 88–89, 90–93, utilitarianism, 270–72, 338–39 94, 95 rule utilitarians, 285–86 Diotima’s account of eros, 332–34 see also Sidgwick, Henry vs. Aristophanes’, 291–92 utility Socrates as erotic object, 89 in Epicurean justice, 347–48, 349–50 friendship for the sake of, 143–44, 146, 154 teachability of virtue, 54, 73–74, 312 technê (craft) analogy, 43, 54–55 value temperance (or moderation) (sôphrosunê) of different forms of knowledge (Plato), 303 and the fine (Aristotle), 116, 119 Forms as source of (Plato), 92 of non-philosophers (Plato), 61 and reasoning part of the soul (Plato), 301–2 and philosophical eros (Plato), 94 in Stoic psychology, 186–87, 192–94, psychological illustration of 195–96, 205–6, 208 (Aristotle), 130 see also fineness, the fine relation to other virtues Vatican Sayings (Epicurus), 167, 179 Plato, 69 vice Stoics, 190, 191 in Aristotle, 153, 160n, 308–10 Theaetetus (Plato), 244–45, 292, 329–31 Stoic views, 192, 195, 210–11 theology, 321 nosêma (”sickness”), 213, 214 see also gods virtue (or excellence) (aretê),2–3, 35 therapy, philosophy as, 267 character-virtue, 125, 128–29, 141n Epicureanism, 169–71 see also virtuous activity Pyrrhonism, 228, 233–35 demands of, 278–79 claims challenged, 235–37 and godlikeness, 245–47, 323, 334–35 Thrasymachus (Republic character), 268 and happiness, 3–4, 244, 268–69, 274–75 Timaeus (Plato) higher (purificatory), 57, 245, 246–47, cosmology, 292 256, 257 and human physiology, 319–20 inspecificity of as guide to action, 278 justice and immortality, 328–29 intellectual, 252–53, 304–5, 334 rationality and the godlike, 319–20, natural, 134, 138–39 324–25, 326–28, 333 Platonist scale of, 256–57 tripartite soul, 80–82, 84, 324–25 political, 58, 245, 246, 247, 253 unwilling action, 76 Socratic ideas, 38–39, 55–56 Timon (pupil of Pyrrho), 230, 233–34 see also Aristotle: on virtue; elitism; tranquility, mental (ataraxia), 228, 229, Epicureanism: virtue; function 233–34, 292 argument; moral development; problems in account of, 235, 236 Plato: on virtue and happiness; and suspension of judgment (epochê), 228 Stoics: on virtue truth virtuous activity, 112–14 and godlikeness, 321–22 and fineness (to kalon), 116–22, 315 and goodness, 67, 303 and the human function, 112–15

index 395

and pleasure, 119–20 Philebus, 65, 67 and rationality, 132, 134–35, 138–40 Socratic dialogues, 56 theory of the mean, 115, 117–18, 119, 311 Symposium,88–89 virtuous agent and philia in Plotinus, 246 in Aristotle, 146, 148–49, 150, 153–54 Socrates’ conception, 39, 40–41 dissolution of friendship, 145 Stoics, 190, 191, 204, 206, 211–12 in Nehamas’s reading, 144–45 see also deliberation; intellect, towards herself, 148, 157 intellectual understanding; in Plato, 97–98 practical wisdom Vlastos, Gregory, 31, 95 women Vogt, Katja, 297n capacity for virtue, 306, 316, 316n mother love as philia, 147, 151–52 wealth, 269, 343–45 Works and Days (Hesiod), 27n,37–38 see also goods, external wrongdoing, 75–77, 176–78 Whiting, Jennifer, 145–46, 155, 161n see also vice whole-life thinking, 166–67, 276–77, 340–41, 351–53 Xenocrates, 13 living as activity (function argument), Xenophanes, 17–18, 19, 25, 337n 107–8 Xenophon Wilberding, J., 260n on Socrates, 12–13, 34, 36, 40, 41 Williams, Bernard, 280n, 282, 339 literary characterization, 30 wisdom on virtue, 39 in Aristotle, 305 theoretical and practical, 252–53 Zeno (Stoic), 183, 191, 194–95, 201, 209 Epicureanism, 176 Zeus in Plato, 301 as character paradigm (Plato), 335 Laws, 68, 69 Stoic conception, 283–84 Phaedo, 57, 64 Zopyrus (Phaedo), 39