Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05391-5 — The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information Index Academic skeptics, 214, 219, 220–22, Antiochus of Ascalon, 219 225–28, 233 Antiphon, 28n action Antisthenes, 39, 41 eudaimonism and action guidance, 277–79 Apelles, Pyrrhonist parable of, 234–35, 236 and knowledge (Plotinus), 250–53 Apology (Plato), 12–13, 53, 84, 289–90 possibility of in skepticism (agency), aporia, 219, 234, 236 225–26, 235–36 appearances Stoic account of, 204–5 imaginative (phantasiai), 127, 130 and emotion, 209 perceptual (phainomena), 74, 225, 230–31 selection, 205–6 see also perception active principle (Stoic physics), 189, 201 appetites activity, in Aristotelian function argument, in Aristotle, 125, 127 107–8 in Plato, 74, 78, 82–83, 84, 320 Aenesidemus, 219, 222, 224, 230, 234 and physiology, 81–82 Aeschines, 40–41, 43 see also desire Against Colotes (Plutarch), 225–26 appropriation (oikeiôsis) Against the Ethicists (Sextus Empiricus), 222 Plotinus, 248–49 agency, in skepticism, 225–28, 230–31, 235–36 Stoics, 189–90 akratic actions, 72–73 apraxia charge, 225–26 see also unwilling actions Academic responses, 225–28 Alcibiades (Aeschines), 40–41, 87 Pyrrhonist responses, 230–31, 232–33 Alcibiades (Plato), 256 Aquinas, Thomas, 141, 270 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 192 Arcesilaus, 219, 220–21, 233 alienation, 354, 355 answer to apraxia charge, 225–27 anatomy, human see physiology Aristippus, 40, 350–51 Anaxagoras, 19, 20 Aristo, 185, 191 Anaximander, 22–23 Aristophanes anger, 82–83, 84, 207 as character in Symposium, 291–92 see also emotions Clouds, 20, 30, 38 animals Aristotle, 105–23 arguments from natural instincts, 166, biographical information, 31, 323–24 284, 332 on contemplative vs. political life, 322–24, capacity for happiness, 241 335–36 divided soul, 107–8, 127–28, 129, 130 and immortality, 324 immortal component, 325, 333 and moral activity, 326 goals of, 110, 113–14, 141n elitism see elitism: Aristotle natural virtue, 134 and “ethics” as field, 35 reincarnation (Plato), 84–85 eudaimonism, 267, 268 sacrifice and consumption of, 24–25, 261n egoism objection, 274–75 Stoic account of, 189, 201–3 evidence for Pre-Socratic thought in, 11, 16 Annas, Julia, 156, 296, 296n on friendship (philia), 143–58 Anscombe, Elizabeth (G. E. M.), 1, 273 commonplace beliefs, 146–48, 150, Antigonus of Carystus, 229 156–57 381 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05391-5 — The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information 382 index Aristotle (cont.) assimilation to god, 7 dissolution of, 154–55 attainable similarities, 320 genuine and apparent goods, 149, 153 contemplative vs. political life, 323–28, limits on, 157–58 329–31, 335–36 possibility of disinterested well- as goal of eros,90 wishing, 146–48, 149–53, 156 immortality, 331–34 self-extension interpretations, through contemplation, 324–26, 155–56, 157 331–32 survey of responses to self-interest moral goodness, 245, 320–21, 327–28, charge, 144–46 334–35 taxonomy, 143–44, 159n justice, 328–31, 335 unequal, 160n “political” and “higher” virtues, 245, of vicious agents, 153, 160n 246–47 virtue of friend as object of well- truth and falsehood, 321–22 wishing, 148–49 non-reciprocal likeness, 246 of virtuous agents, 146, 149–50, physical nature, 319–20, 321, 324, 326–27 153–54, 156–57 astronomy, study of, 324, 326 on gods and moral virtue, 328 Athens, 33 on happiness, 242 Aristotle in, 323 on the human good, 105–6, 120 Laws personified (Crito), 290–91 and fineness, 118–20 Socrates in, 44, 289 see also function argument: Aristotle attractive vs. imperative concepts, 271 impartiality, 294–96 autonomy (Plotinus), 253 knowledge, taxonomy of, 251 in later Platonist curriculum, 256 beauty (to kalon) on reproduction as immortality, 332 approach to the form, 291 on the soul, 124–26 as cause of goodness of life, 67 deliberative part, 132–35 and eros,87–89, 91–93 passionate part, 128–31 see also fineness, the fine rationality and immortality, 325–26 belief (or opinion) (doxa) rationality and virtue, 132, 134–35, conflicts of, 79–80 138–40 contrasted with knowledge, 187, 190–91 schemes of division, 124–25, 126–28 harmful, 167, 169–70 theoretical rational part, 135–37 target of Epicurean therapy, 169 as testimony for Socrates’ thought, 31, 32 skeptical rejection of, 226–27, 233–35 disregard of natural philosophy, 32–33 in Stoic psychology, 202, 203–4 methodology, 34, 42–43 and variable character traits, 213 skepticism, 40 Bene, L., 260n on virtue, 105, 109, 138 Betegh, G., 15 popular view, 344 biographies, as Platonist exemplars, 254–55, as selfhood or essence, 148–49 256–57 theoretical and practical wisdom, 252 breath (pneuma) (Stoics), 201–2 see also function argument: Aristotle Arius Didymus, 11 Callipho, 238n art (technê) see craft knowledge Carneades, 219, 221 Aspasia (Aeschines), 43 on the pithanon, 227–28 Aspasius, 129, 316n causes assent (sugkatathesis), 202–4 in Aristotle, 136–37, 138 and emotion, 208–9 in Stoic physics, 189 skeptical rejection of, 226 see also One (or Good), the see also impulse Cave allegory, 60, 299, 322, 331 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05391-5 — The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information index 383 character, 35 and human physiology, 81–82, 319–20 in Aristotle in Plato’s developing thought, 57 bad character of majority, 309 Cooper, John, 144 natural and habituated characteristics, cosmology 306–8, 310 Anaximander, 22–23 reformation, 308–9, 310 Empedocles, 24, 25 Epicurus on friendship and, 182n Plato, 292, 319 Stoics on, 211–14 in non-philosophers’ education, 302–3 character friendship see virtuous agent and Stoics, 201, 283, 285–86 philia cosmopolitanism character-virtue, 125, 128–29, 141n of Socrates, 289–90 children of Stoics, 189–90 instincts of, 166, 189–90, 206–7 courage see also parenthood and the fine, 116–17, 119, 121 The Choice of Heracles (Prodicus), 37 as knowledge (Stoics), 190 Chrysippus, 183, 201 knowledge involved in, 54, 83 on agency, 203, 205 “art of measurement”, 54, 55 on courage, 190 “natural” vs. strict, 134 on emotion, 209 and non-philosophers, 58 on happiness, 194 relation to other virtues, 69 on moral responsibility for “sickness”, 214 as sub-field of wisdom (Zeno), 191 rationalism, 214 cradle argument, 166 on virtue, 198n craft knowledge (expertise) (technê), 40, 53, 54, Cicero 74–75 on Carneades, 221, 238n analogy to virtue, 43, 54–55 cradle argument for Epicurean creativity, eros and, 91, 92 hedonism, 166 Crisp, R., 123n on equality of error (Stoics), 347, 348 criterion on friendship (Epicurean), 180, 293 of action (skeptical) Lucullus as skeptical diaphônia, 221 appearances, 230–31 on over-rationality (Stoics), 214 the persuasive, 227–28 on partiality and impartiality the reasonable, 226–27 Epicureanism, 293 of value (Epicurean), 166, 172 Stoics, 281–82, 284 Crito (Plato), 290–91 on persuasive impressions (Stoics), 227 Cynics, 350–51 on political life, 295 Cyrenaics, 265, 268, 280n Cleanthes, 183, 191, 201, 283 vs. Cynics, 350–51 Clouds (Aristophanes), 20, 30, 38 vs. Epicureans, 351–53 community on wealth, 344–45 common good in the Nicomachean Ethics, 294–95 daimones,33 in the Republic, 287–89 Empedocles’ demonic story, 24–25 and Epicurean virtue, 177, 178 eros as daimôn,93 and natural partiality (Stoics), 284 and eudaimonia, 37, 194 philia between citizens (Plato), 98–100 human intellect as daimôn, 325, 326 Socrates in Athens, 289–91 Socrates and the divine, 33–34, 37 conflicts of interest, 152–53 Damascius, 256, 257 see also self-sacrifice De Anima (Aristotle), 113–14, 126–27, 136, contemplation (theôria), 136, 138 325, 332 contemplative vs. political life, 322–24 De Finibus (On Ends) (Cicero) and godlikeness, 319, 320, 324–28 on Carneades, 221 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05391-5 — The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics Edited by Christopher Bobonich Index More Information 384 index De Finibus (On Ends) (Cicero) (cont.) eclecticism, 340 on Epicureanism, 166, 180, 293 education on Stoics, 214, 284, 348 of Aristotle’s practically wise (phronimoi), De Officiis (Cicero), 281–82 310–12, 313 De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 174 in the Laws,71n, 302–4 death, 57, 58–59 and philia within the community, 99 Epicureanism, 173–75, 181 and pederasty, 87 fear of, 170–71 in the Republic, 59, 61–62, 63, 85n justice rewarded (Plato), 328–29 and the spirited part of the soul, 83 see also immortality; reincarnation use of myths, 321 definition, 41–42 egoism, 271 deliberation, 130, 132–33, 304 and eros,95 and action, 134–35 as objection to eudaimonism, 273–77 goal-directed, 139 and philia,98 from impartial perspective, 290–91 and utilitarianism, 287 role of normative principles, 311–12 see also other-regarding concern as Stoic good, 193, 196 elenchus,41–42 see also practical wisdom elitism, 7, 298–99 Democritus, 21–22, 233, 265 Aristotle, 7, 304–15 dependency thesis, 154 attainability of ethical virtue, 306–10 desire attainability of practical wisdom, in Aristotelian psychology, 127–28 310–14 Epicurean categorization, 168–69 ethical vs. philosophical success, Plato on conflicts of, 78–79, 82–84 304–6, 314–15 in Plotinus, 248 possibility thesis, 306, 310 effect on the soul, 249–50 Plato, 7, 299–304, 314–15 in Stoic thought emotions emotional taxonomy, 208 as barrier to impartiality, 291–92 object