Chemical Reactions and Quantities
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Chapter 10 – Chemical Reactions Notes
Chapter 8 – Chemical Reactions Notes Chemical Reactions: Chemical reactions are processes in which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different chemical compounds. How to tell if a chemical reaction has occurred (recap): Temperature changes that can’t be accounted for. o Exothermic reactions give off energy (as in fire). o Endothermic reactions absorb energy (as in a cold pack). Spontaneous color change. o This happens when things rust, when they rot, and when they burn. Appearance of a solid when two liquids are mixed. o This solid is called a precipitate. Formation of a gas / bubbling, as when vinegar and baking soda are mixed. Overall, the most important thing to remember is that a chemical reaction produces a whole new chemical compound. Just changing the way that something looks (breaking, melting, dissolving, etc) isn’t enough to qualify something as a chemical reaction! Balancing Equations Notes: Things to keep in mind when looking at the recipes for chemical reactions: 1) The stuff before the arrow is referred to as the “reactants” or “reagents”, and the stuff after the arrow is called the “products.” 2) The number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the arrow. Even though there may be different numbers of molecules, the number of atoms of each element needs to remain the same to obey the law of conservation of mass. 3) The numbers in front of the formulas tell you how many molecules or moles of each chemical are involved in the reaction. 4) Equations are nothing more than chemical recipes. -
Chemistry - B.S
Chemistry - B.S. College of (Biochemistry Option) Arts and Sciences The Department of Chemistry offers the Bachelor of Science degree for students who Graduation Composition and Communication Requirement intend to become professional chemists or do graduate work in chemistry or a closely (GCCR) related discipline. There are three options in the B.S. program: a traditional track WRD 310 Writing in the Natural Sciences ............................................................. 3 covering all the major areas of chemistry, an option that emphasizes biochemistry and an option in materials chemistry. The Biochemistry and Traditional Options are Graduation Composition and Communication certified by the American Chemical Society. A Bachelor of Arts degree program is Requirement hours (GCCR) .................................................................... 3 offered as well for students who want greater flexibility in the selection of courses to perhaps pursue more diverse degree options, including dual and double majors. For College Requirements all majors CHE 109 and CHE 110 have been defined as equivalent to CHE 105. The I. Foreign Language (placement exam recommended) ................................... 0-14 Department also offers the Master of Science and the Doctor of Philosophy degree. II. Disciplinary Requirements a. Natural Science (completed by Major Requirements) 128 hours b. Social Science ......................................................................................... 3 Any student earning a Bachelor of Science (BS) -
Chemical Matter: Elements and Their Classification Through the Periodic System - Renato Ugo
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY – Vol. I - Chemical Matter: Elements and Their Classification Through the Periodic System - Renato Ugo CHEMICAL MATTER: ELEMENTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION THROUGH THE PERIODIC SYSTEM Renato Ugo Università di Milano, Italy Keywords: chemical elements, electrochemical properties, electron affinities, electronegativity, electronic structure of atoms, ionization energies, metals, nonmetals, periodic table, size of atoms. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms 3. The Building Up of the Periodic Table 4. The Periodical Trends of Some Physical Properties 4.1. Ionization Energies 4.2. Size of Atoms 4.3. Electron Affinities 5. Some Periodical Trends of the Chemical Behavior 5.1. From Metals to Nonmetals 5.2. The Binding Energies 5.3. Electronegativity 5.4. The Electrochemical Properties of the Metallic Elements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The building up of the periodic table of the elements, based on the aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule is described and explained on the basis of a preliminary introduction to the electronic structure of atoms. The periodicUNESCO trends of ionization energies, si–zes ofEOLSS atoms, electron affinities, and of the electronegativity of the elements are discussed together with some periodical chemical properties, such as binding energies, electrochemical properties of metals, and the shift along the periodicSAMPLE table from metals to nonmetals. CHAPTERS 1. Introduction Chemistry is an experimental science that involves an enormous number of observations and requires the investigation of all the various aspects of the properties of matter. For such a reason, from the beginning of the development of chemistry as a science at the end of the eighteenth century it was essential to try to rationalize the complexity of the elements’ physical and chemical behavior, which at first sight were completely casual. -
Unit 1 – Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Introduction to the Atom
Unit 1 – Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Introduction to the atom Modern Atomic Theory All matter is composed of atoms Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions! Every atom has different properties from other atoms Ex: grinding down a gold ring Modern Atomic Theory Wait, it’s “only” a theory? Why are we learning it then? •A theory is a powerful term in science Theory -A set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon. Ex: Cell theory & Evolutionary theory We can now see atoms …sort of In 1981 a STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) was created. - We can see them and manipulate them. The Kanji characters for "atom." This image was formed by using the tiny tip of an STM to pick up individual atoms of iron and place them on a copper (111) surface. Nanotechnology is coming Atoms can be moved and molded to make various devices such as molecular motors Structure of the Atom Accessing Prior Knowledge 1. Based on your previous science classes, draw a generic atom and label where you’d find the nucleus, protons, neutrons, & electrons. 2. For a common beryllium atom, what is the: a) # protons? b) # neutrons? c) # electrons? Structure of an Atom Electrons (in electron cloud) 1/2000th the mass of P+ & N Nucleus (protons + neutrons) Particle Charge Mass Location Purpose # Electron -1 0 Electron Behavior of cloud element Proton +1 1 Nucleus Identity of element Neutron 0 1 Nucleus Stability of nucleus Charges in an Atom The atom is generally neutral because: # of negative electrons = # of positive protons The nucleus is positively charged because: Contains positive protons (and neutrons which don’t have a charge). -
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR the Biochemistry Major Is Offered Through the Department of Chemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR The Biochemistry major is offered through the Department of Chemistry. This sequence is recommended for students planning entry into graduate school in Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or related subjects. It is also strongly recommend for those desiring to pursue medical or dental school. NOTE: This course sequence may be modified to include a Senior Capstone Experience. FIRST YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits General Chemistry I for Majors (CHE111) 3 General Chemistry II for Majors (CHE112) 3 General Chemistry I Lab for Majors (CHE111L) 1 General Chemistry II Lab for Majors (CHE112L) 1 General Chemistry I Récitation (CHE111R) 0 General Chemistry II Récitation (CHE112R) 0 Precalculus (MAT116 or MAT120) 3-4 Calculus I (MAT231) 4 First Year Composition (ENG103) 4 Foreign Language (FL201) 4 African Diaspora/World I (ADW111) 4 African Diaspora/World II (ADW112) 4 First Year Experience (FYE 101-Chemistry) 1 First Year Experience (FYE 102-Chemistry) 1 First Year Seminar in Chemistry (CHE101) 0 Big Questions Colloquia (BQC) 1 TOTAL HOURS 16-17 TOTAL HOURS 18 SOPHOMORE YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits Organic Chemistry I for Majors (CHE231) 4 Organic Chemistry II for Majors (CHE232) 4 Organic Chemistry I Lab (CHE233L) 1 Organic Chemistry II Lab (CHE234L) 1 Organic Chemistry I Récitation (CHE233R) 0 Organic Chemistry II Récitation (CHE234R) 0 Biology of the Cell (BIO120) 4 Organismal Form and Function(BIO115) 4 Calculus II (MAT 232) 4 Physics I: Mechanics & Lab (PHY151) 4 Foreign Language (FL202) -
Common Ions and Their Charges
Common Ions and Their Charges A mastery of the common ions, their formulas and their charges, is essential to success in AP Chemistry. You are expected to know all of these ions on the first day of class, when I will give you a quiz on them. You will always be allowed a periodic table, which makes indentifying the ions on the left “automatic.” For tips on learning these ions, see the opposite side of this page. From the table: Ions to Memorize Cations Name Cations Name H+ Hydrogen Ag+ Silver Li+ Lithium Zn2+ Zinc + 2+ Na Sodium Hg2 Mercury(I) + + K Potassium NH4 Ammonium Rb+ Rubidium Cs+ Cesium Be2+ Beryllium Anions Name 2+ - Mg Magnesium NO2 Nitrite 2+ - Ca Calcium NO3 Nitrate 2+ 2- Ba Barium SO3 Sulfite 2+ 2- Sr Strontium SO4 Sulfate 3+ - Al Aluminum HSO4 Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) OH- Hydroxide Anions Name CN- Cyanide - 3- H Hydride PO4 Phosphate - 2- F Fluoride HPO4 Hydrogen phosphate - - Cl Chloride H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate Br- Bromide NCS- Thiocyanate - 2- I Iodide CO3 Carbonate 2- - O Oxide HCO3 Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) S2- Sulfide ClO- Hypochlorite 2- - Se Selenide ClO2 Chlorite 3- - N Nitride ClO3 Chlorate 3- - P Phosphide ClO4 Perchlorate As3- Arsenide BrO- Hypobromite - Type II Cations Name BrO2 Bromite 3+ - Fe Iron(III) BrO3 Bromate 2+ - Fe Iron(II) BrO4 Perbromate Cu2+ Copper(II) IO- Hypoiodite + - Cu Copper(I) IO2 iodite 3+ - Co Cobalt(III) IO3 iodate 2+ - Co Cobalt(II) IO4 Periodate 4+ - Sn Tin(IV) C2H3O2 Acetate 2+ - Sn Tin(II) MnO4 Permanganate 4+ 2- Pb Lead(IV) Cr2O7 Dichromate 2+ 2- Pb Lead(II) CrO4 Chromate 2+ 2- Hg Mercury(II) O2 Peroxide 2- C2O4 Oxalate - NH2 Amide 3- BO3 Borate 2- S2O3 Thiosulfate Tips for Learning the Ions “From the Table” These are ions can be organized into two groups. -
The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: Old and New Developments
^o-f^oiî-irt, Lycen 87*i^ bept. lyfl; THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: OLD AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS fl. KIBl.EH Institut de Physique Nucléaire (et IN2P3)» Université Lyon-1. 43. Bd du 11 Novembre 1918. 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex (France) (Invited conference to the: "XVII CONGRESO DE BUI Ml COS TEORICOS DE EXPRES I ON LATIN A". Pemscola. Spain. September 20-25. 1987. ) Article accepted for publication in J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM). THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: OLD AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS M. K1BLER Institut de Physique Nucléaire (et IN2P3). Université Lyon-1. 43. Bd du 11 Novembre 1918. 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex (France) SUMMARY Some historical facts about the construction of a periodic system of chemical elements are reviewed. The Madelung rule is used to generate an unusual format for the periodic table. Following the uork of Byakov< Kulakov. Rumer and Fet. such a format is further refined on the basis of a chain of groups starting with SU(2)xS0(4.2). HISTORICAL FACETS The list of chemical elements has not stopped to grow during the last two centuries. In a schematic way. ue have the following guiding-marks (where [xxx. xxx. xxx ] stands for [year. number of elements. representative person(a) ]): (1789. 23. Lavoisier!. C1815. 30. FroutJ. C1818. 40. Berzeliusl. C1828. 49, Berzeliusl. C1849, 61. Gmelin]. I 1865. 63. Meyer and Mendeleev]. C1940. 86. - 3, C1973. 105. - ] and C1987. 109. - 3. Among the first attempts to classify chemical elements. we may mention the Doebereiner triads, the Pettenkofer groupings. the Chancourtois spiral. the Newlands octaves and the tableB by Olding and Lothar Meyer (cf. -
Big Idea (Age 11-14) CCR: Chemical Reactions
TEACHER NOTES Chemistry Big idea (age 11-14) CCR: Chemical reactions What’s the big idea? A big idea in chemistry is that during a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged resulting in the formation of a new substance or substances. Topics The big idea is developed through a series of key concepts at age 11-14, which have been organised into teaching topics as follows: Topic CCR1 Topic CCR2 Topic CCR3 Chemical change Understanding chemical Energy and reactions Key concepts: reactions Key concepts: 1.1 Formation of new Key concepts: 3.1 Exothermic and substance 2.1 Reactions in solution endothermic reactions 2.2 Combustion Topic CCR4 Topic CCR5 Acids and alkalis Periodic table Key concepts: Key concepts: 4.1 Neutralisation 5.1 Periodic patterns The numbering gives some guidance about teaching order based on research into effective sequencing of key concepts. However, the teaching order can be tailored for different classes as appropriate. Guidance notes As a subject, chemistry often requires an understanding of both macroscopic observations and a sub-microscopic (particulate) model that explains what is being observed. On other occasions an understanding of the substances involved and the reactions taking place is required. For this reason, several chemistry topics consist of key concepts from more than one big idea. The ‘Understanding chemical reactions’ topic also includes key concepts from the ‘Particles and structure’ big idea (topic CPS3) and the ‘Acids and alkalis’ topic contains key concepts from the ‘Substances and properties’ big idea (topic CSU3). The ‘Periodic Table’ topic spans three big ideas and includes key concepts from topics CSU4 and CPS5. -
Chemical Engineering Vocabulary
Chemical Engineering Vocabulary Maximilian Lackner Download free books at MAXIMILIAN LACKNER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOCABULARY Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 2 Chemical Engineering Vocabulary 1st edition © 2016 Maximilian Lackner & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-1427-4 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 3 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOCABULARY a.u. (sci.) Acronym/Abbreviation referral: see arbitrary units A/P (econ.) Acronym/Abbreviation referral: see accounts payable A/R (econ.) Acronym/Abbreviation referral: see accounts receivable abrasive (eng.) Calcium carbonate can be used as abrasive, for example as “polishing agent” in toothpaste. absorbance (chem.) In contrast to absorption, the absorbance A is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species. A is calculated as ln (l0/l) with l0 being the initial and l the transmitted light intensity, respectively. absorption (chem.) The absorption of light is often called attenuation and must not be mixed up with adsorption, an effect at the surface of a solid or liquid. Absorption of liquids and gases means that they diffuse into a liquid or solid. abstract (sci.) An abstract is a summary of a scientific piece of work. AC (eng.) Acronym/Abbreviation referral: see alternating current academic (sci.) The Royal Society, which was founded in 1660, was the first academic society. acceleration (eng.) In SI units, acceleration is measured in meters/second Download free eBooks at bookboon.com 4 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOCABULARY accompanying element (chem.) After precipitation, the thallium had to be separated from the accompanying elements. TI (atomic number 81) is highly toxic and can be found in rat poisons and insecticides. accounting (econ.) Working in accounting requires paying attention to details. -
The Study of Matter, Its Composition and Properties, and the Changes It Undergoes
1-1 SECTION 1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND VOCABULARY ON STRUCTURE OF MATTER This section introduces terms and definitions which make up the vocabulary of the language of chemistry. Starting with atoms it progresses to elements, molecules and compounds. It shows how a substance can be simply represented by a chemical formula made up of both letters and numbers. Many of the terms may be familiar to the layperson, but not necessarily their precise definitions in the context of chemistry. Chemistry: The study of matter, its composition and properties, and the changes it undergoes. Matter: Anything that has rest mass. To develop this topic we need to define the atom, the basic unit of common matter. Atom: A neutral particle consisting of a nucleus containing most of its mass, and electrons occupying most of its volume. Electron: A subatomic particle with a charge of -1. Nucleus: Consists of two types of subatomic particles; protons, each with an electric charge of +1, and neutrons which have no charge. Atomic number: Symbol Z, the number of protons in the atom. Mass number: Symbol A, the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atom. (Nucleon is a term for either a proton or neutron. Thus A is the number of nucleons in an atom and the number of neutrons is A-Z.) Element: A substance composed of atoms all of which have the same atomic number, i.e. the same number of protons in the nucleus, and thus the same number of electrons. The atomic number defines the element. Each element has a name (of varying historic origin) and a shorthand symbol. -
Electrochemistry a Chem1 Supplement Text Stephen K
Electrochemistry a Chem1 Supplement Text Stephen K. Lower Simon Fraser University Contents 1 Chemistry and electricity 2 Electroneutrality .............................. 3 Potential dierences at interfaces ..................... 4 2 Electrochemical cells 5 Transport of charge within the cell .................... 7 Cell description conventions ........................ 8 Electrodes and electrode reactions .................... 8 3 Standard half-cell potentials 10 Reference electrodes ............................ 12 Prediction of cell potentials ........................ 13 Cell potentials and the electromotive series ............... 14 Cell potentials and free energy ...................... 15 The fall of the electron ........................... 17 Latimer diagrams .............................. 20 4 The Nernst equation 21 Concentration cells ............................. 23 Analytical applications of the Nernst equation .............. 23 Determination of solubility products ................ 23 Potentiometric titrations ....................... 24 Measurement of pH .......................... 24 Membrane potentials ............................ 26 5 Batteries and fuel cells 29 The fuel cell ................................. 29 1 CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY 2 6 Electrochemical Corrosion 31 Control of corrosion ............................ 34 7 Electrolytic cells 34 Electrolysis involving water ........................ 35 Faraday’s laws of electrolysis ....................... 36 Industrial electrolytic processes ...................... 37 The chloralkali -
The Elements.Pdf
A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.