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ARCH 242: BUILDING HISTORY II Renaissance & Baroque: Rise & Evolution of the Architect 01 AGENDA FOR TODAY . FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI - The Artisan Architect - Linear Perspective - Church Components - Santa Maria del Fiore - Architectural Problems - San Lorenzo - Santo Spirito - Pazzi Chapel in Santa Croce - Discuss 02 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 - Born in Florence, Italy 03 FLORENCE, ITALY Florence Modern map of Italy Map of Tuscany by Ignazio Danti 1580-1581 04 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 - Born in Florence, Italy - Engineer, Goldsmith, Clockworker, Etc. 05 GUILDS OF FLORENCE - Guilds were secular, regimented organizations formed to preserve the rights of their members. - Basically, two types of guilds: 1- Merchant Guilds 2- Craft Guilds - In Florence, levels of Guilds existed as a result of chronology. 1- Greater Guilds (1190s): Judges, Lawyers, Notaries, Bankers, Silk Weavers & Merchants, Merchants, Finishers, Dyers, Wool, Manufacturers & Merchants, Physicians & Pharmacists, Furriers, and Skinners 2- Intermediate Guilds (early 1200’s): Butchers, Grazers, , Master Stonemasons, Tailors Wood-carvers, Linen Manufacturers, Cloth retailers, Blacksmiths, Shoemakers 3- Lesser Guilds (late 1200’s): Vintners, Innkeepers, Curriers, Tanners, Bakers, & Millers, Olive Oil Merchants, Saddlers, Harness-Makers, Locksmiths, Toolmakers, Armourers, Swordsmiths, Carpenters 06 ARTE DELLA LANA Wool Guild of Florence - In 1239 Umiliati monks arrived in Florence and started Florence’s wool industry. - During the Renaissance, much of Florence’s wealth came from the wool industry. - In the 1330’s Florence’s Wool Guild takes over responsibility for building and funding Florence’s Cathedral. 07 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 - Born in Florence, Italy - Engineer, Goldsmith, Clockworker, Etc. - First Architect to be named 08 FROM GOLDSMITH TO ARCHITECT Competition for the Bronze Doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni - In 1401, the Guild of Cloth sponsors the competition. - Each candidate was given 4 sheets of Bronze & asked to execute a scene with the subject of Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac described in Genesis 22:12-13. 09 RIVALRY Filippo Brunelleschi -vs- Lorenzo Ghiberti - The competition is narrowed down from 7 to 2. - Ghiberti apprenticed under Bartoluccio. - Brunelleschi & Ghiberti work in two very different approaches. 10 LORENZO GHIBERTI WINS Ghiberti, 1401, Abraham’s Sacrifice of Isaac Brunelleschi, 1401, The Sacrifice of Isaac 11 BRUNELLESCHI IN ROME Engraving by Aegidius Sadeler II, Palatine Hill in Rome, 1606 12 BRUNELLESCHI IN ROME Pantheon, erected in 1st Century AD, Rome 13 LINEAR PERSPECTIVE A mathematical system in which the illusion of space is created on a two-dimensional surface. - Horizon line: runs across the canvas at eye level. It is where sky meets ground. - Vanishing Point: located near the center of the horizon line. All orthogonal lines merge to the vanishing point. Filippo Brunelleschi’s Perspective Technique from a Lost Painting of the Battistero di San Giovanni 14 BRUNELLESCHI’S EXPERIMENT See “Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi’s Experiment” 15 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 - Born in Florence, Italy - Engineer, Goldsmith, Clockworker, Etc. - First Architect to be named - The Artisan Architect 16 FLORENCE, ITALY 01 Santa Maria del Fiore 02 San Lorenzo 02 03 Santo Spirito 01 04 Pazzi Chapel 04 03 17 TERMINOLOGY Components of a church, using Chartres Cathedral as an example. 18 FACADE A single exterior side of a building. In most cases, it is the “front” of the building. 19 NARTHEX The entrance or lobby area. 20 NAVE The primary approach to the apse or altar. 21 SIDE AISLES Lateral aisles other than the nave. 22 TRANSEPT Separates the nave from the choir and apse. 23 CROSSING The junction of the nave, choir, and transept. 24 CHOIR The space near the altar which is allotted for clergy or singers. 25 APSE A semi-circular or polygonal termination to the choir or aisles of the church. 26 ALTAR The “holiest” place in a Christian church. 27 AMBULATORY A place of procession around the altar. 28 APSIDAL CHAPEL An “extra” sanctuary in which other altars may be placed. 29 SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436 - In 1296, the original cathedral was begun by Arnolfo Cambio. - In 1357, Francesco Talenti enlarges and modifies the plan. - Talenti’s plan calls for an eight-sided conical dome, without buttressing. - On August 19, 1418, the Wool Guild opens a public competition for vaulting for the new dome. 30 SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436 - In 1420, a technical solution for vaulting that was proposed by Brunelleschi was approved. - A double-shelled structure. - Vertical stone ribs reinforce the structure. -Horizontal reinforcement consists of stone & iron tension chains (one of wood) that are partially visible. - Brunelleschi provides for future maintenance. 31 SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436 - Dome was built without centering. - Dome was built in a psuedo-circular plan, similar to the Pantheon. - Brunelleschi invents new machines and technologies to achieve construction. 32 SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436 - Brunelleschi remained on site during construction. - New structural and engineering technologies would go on to be used in other domes, such as Saint Peter’s in Rome. - In 1436, it was the highest and widest vault ever to be raised. 33 ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS Lunette with Piazza del Duomo by the Italian School 34 ARCHITECTURAL QUESTIONS - How does one deal with a section? - How does one layout a plan? - How does one turn a corner? - How does one create an opening? - How does the roof meet the sky? - How does the foundation meet the ground? - How does one deal with the component to the whole? i.e. How does the house relate to the street? How does the street relate to the neighborhood? How does the neighborhood related to the city? 35 ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE How does one implement linear perspective architecturally? How does one see? San Lorenzo, 1421-1428 Santo Spirito , 1428-1482 36 SIMILAR STRUCTURES Both are Gothic structures, but space and structure are perceived differently. San Lorenzo, 1421-1428 Santo Spirito , 1428-1482 37 SAN LORENZO, 1421-1428 38 SAN LORENZO, 1421-1428 39 SAN LORENZO, 1421-1428 40 SANTO SPIRITO, 1428-1482 41 SANTO SPIRITO, 1428-1482 42 WALL TREATMENT San Lorenzo, 1421-1428 Santo Spirito , 1428-1482 43 ELONGATED - VS- SHORTENED PERSPECTIVE San Lorenzo, 1421-1428 Santo Spirito , 1428-1482 44 PAZZI CHAPEL, BUILT AFTER 1442 45 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 Florence, Italy Questions? 46.
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