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116773 Thesis.Pdf UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Non-lethality in reality: a defence technology assessment of its political and military potential Orbons, J.B.J. Publication date 2013 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Orbons, J. B. J. (2013). Non-lethality in reality: a defence technology assessment of its political and military potential. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:24 Sep 2021 Sjef Orbons Sjef Non-Lethality in Reality A Defence Technology Assessment of its Political and Military Potential Non-Lethality Reality in Sjef Orbons 9789088920530 December 2012 Non-Lethality in Reality A Defence Technology Assessment of its Political and Military Potential Sjef Orbons December 2012 NON-LETHALITY IN REALITY A Defence Technology Assessment of its Political and Military Potential J.B.J. Orbons Vormgeving Merel de Hart, Bureau Multimedia NLDA Druk Bureau Repro, FBD Breda © 2012 text J.B.J. Orbons All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or stored in an automated retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the holder of the copyright. ISBN: 978-90-8892-0530 NON-LETHALITY IN REALITY A Defence Technology Assessment of its Political and Military Potential ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op woensdag 30 januari 2013, te 14.00 uur door Jozef Bernardus Johannes Orbons geboren te Heerlen Promotor: Prof. dr. J. Grin Overige leden: Prof. dr. M.E. Glasius Prof. dr. W. Klinkert Prof. dr. M.R. Rutgers Prof. dr. D.E.M. Verweij Dr. J. Altmann Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen ii Contents Acknowledgements vii Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 3 Developments leading to the increasing emphasis on non-lethal weapons 4 Trends and developments before 1990 4 The 1990s: pragmatic examples and continuing debate 7 NLWs between doctrinal inclusion and critical debate 10 Technological optimism 10 Careful supporters 12 Sceptics 13 Deriving the research questions from the NLW debate 15 Claims related to Non-Lethal Weapons & Technology 16 Claims related to NLW target groups 16 Claims related to military users of NLWs 16 Claims related to the strategic effect of NLW application 16 The research approach 17 Sources and data collection 19 References 20 Chapter 2 Do Non-Lethal Weapons License to ‘Silence’? 25 Introduction 27 The Military Rationale of Non-Lethality 29 Between Expectation, Intent (‘The Ideal’) and Operational Reality (‘Friction’) 31 Realities on the Ground: Assessing NLWs 32 Three NLW Devices 34 The Weapon & Technology Complex 36 The User Complex 38 The Target Complex 41 Assessment Synthesis 42 NLW and Just War Tradition 44 Conclusions 45 Acknowledgements 46 Notes 46 References 47 iii Chapter 3 Non-Lethal Weapons: Peace Enablers or Troublesome Force? Assessing the Role of CS and Baton Rounds in the Northern Ireland Conflict 49 Introduction 51 A DTA approach to NLWs 53 CS 55 CS weapon/technology 55 CS user 56 CS targets 57 CS use-in-operational-context 57 The aftermath of CS deployment 61 Baton Rounds (BRs) 62 BR weapon/technology 62 BR user 62 BR targets 64 BR use-in-operational-context 65 Conclusions 69 CS 69 BRs 70 Synopsis and outlook for NLW assessment 71 Acknowledgements 72 Notes 72 Bibliography 75 Chapter 4 Assessing Non-Lethal Weapons Use in Detainee Operations in Iraq: Benign Force or Necessary Evil? 79 Introduction 81 Rationale and expectations of NLW deployment in support of detainee operations 82 Analytical approach for NLW assessment in Iraq detainee operations 83 Kinetic NLW characteristics 87 Kinetic NLW user force 88 Kinetic NLW target population 89 Kinetic NLW use-in-operational-context 91 Deploying the Active Denial System 98 Assessment synthesis and conclusion 100 Acknowledgements 103 Notes 103 iv Chapter 5 Are Non-Lethal Weapons a Viable Military Option to Strengthen the Hearts and Minds Approach in Afghanistan? 107 Introduction 109 Non-lethal weapons and the impact of tactical prudence 110 Analytical approach for NLW assessment in Afghanistan 111 Defining the Afghanistan research case 111 Laser Optical Warner technology and working principles 113 Laser Optical Warner use-in-operational-context at checkpoints 114 Laser Optical Warner use-in-operational-context by convoys 117 Assessment synthesis 120 Conclusions 121 Acknowledgements 122 Notes 122 Chapter 6 Conclusions 127 Introduction 129 Purposes, expectations and doctrinal underpinnings of NLW deployment 129 The Troubles in Northern Ireland 129 Detention facilities in Iraq 130 Checkpoints and convoys in Afghanistan 131 NLW military deployment: review of findings 132 The impact of environment and weather on NLW performance 132 Counteracting NLW physiological effects 134 User proficiency, performance and posture 138 Target group perception and attitude towards the user 140 Overall effects of NLW use 142 NLW performance is being degraded 143 NLWs perform counterproductive 144 NLW performance is intentionally degenerated 145 Conceiving an NLW counterfactual 145 The politico-strategic level 148 The political level / tactical level dialectic 149 Validating the claims in the NLW debate against the DTA results 151 Claims related to Non-Lethal Weapons & Technology 151 Claims related to NLW target groups 152 Claims related to military users of NLWs 153 Claims related to the strategic effect of NLW application 154 Revisiting expectations from an operational outcome perspective 155 Recommendations and outlook 156 Recommendations 156 Outlook 156 References 158 Appendix Interviews, conversations and correspondence with subject matter experts 160 v vi Acknowledgements This PhD project couldn’t have been completed successfully without the support and encou- ragment from: Prof John Grin, who has been an invaluable mentor in guiding me on an at times difficult journey towards completing this book. Thank you John for your patience, intellectual creati- vity and professionalism during the many sessions we sat together and for pulling me throu- gh the narrow passages I encountered during my research enterprise. Dr. Jürgen Altmann, who as a true subject matter expert provided me with thoughtful com- ments and suggestions and also made the effort to accurately review the articles that make up the core of the thesis. Prof. Joris Voorhoeve and Prof. Julian Lindley-French, who helped me in getting started and in finding the right approach during the early stages of the research project. Geert Verbong, who helped me to transform my policy adviser attitude into a research-orien- ted mindset. Jan van Angeren, who always stood ready as a sparring partner to challenge my work and thus inspired me to expand my view. Peter Jongejan and Erik de Waard, through their effort to review and edit substantial parts of the thesis. Alex Alta, who advised me on English language use throughout the project. The Netherlands Ministry of Defence and the Faculty of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy as the sponsors of my research project. The section Military Operational Art and Sciences of the Faculty, that served as the main ope- rating base for my project. I am particularly grateful to my colleagues for their openness and for sharing with me their military professionalism and their networks, which enabled me to better balance academic research with military knowledge. The numerous respondents from the Netherlands Armed Forces and from armed forces abroad, who were prepared to sit down for lengthy interview sessions. Their contributions were indispensable for my research work. Pascal Paulissen, who as a longstanding colleague scientist was always prepared to share with me his extensive knowledge of our common research area. My friends, as their warm attention throughout the years kept me going to fulfill my mission. My wife Margreet, who always kept her patience and filled the gaps that I left behind during the many hours of absence as partner and as father of our children Mischa, Kyra and Fenna. vii viii Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) Dit boek gaat over Niet-Letale (niet-dodelijke) Wapens (NLWs). Ze zijn bedoeld om het gebruik van geweld, vooral dodelijk geweld, tijdens gewapende conflicten te beperken. Er is een breed scala aan NLWs in gebruik en ontwikkeling. Hun fysieke effecten zijn uiteenlopend: kine- tisch, chemisch, elektromagnetisch en akoestisch. NLWs zijn ontworpen voor gebruik tegen personen of materiële doelen. Deze studie beperkt zich uitsluitend tot NLWs tegen personen. Een gangbare definitie luidt: Niet-Letale Wapens zijn wapens die uitdrukkelijk bedoeld en ontworpen zijn om personeel uit te schakelen of tegen te houden, waarbij de kans op dodelijk of ernstig letsel klein is, dan wel materieel uit te schakelen, met minimale onbedoelde schade of negatieve gevolgen voor de omgeving. Twee trends liggen ten grondslag aan het militaire gebruik van NLWs. De eerste was de groei- ende toepassing van NLWs door de politie sinds de jaren 60, waardoor NLW-technologie en praktische kennis en ervaring met de inzet van NLWs beschikbaar was.
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