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What Hinders and What Facilitates Good Living in the Oil Shale Mining Region?

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What Hinders and What Facilitates Good Living in the Oil Shale Mining Region? Oil Shale, 2015, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 373–392 ISSN 0208-189X doi: 10.3176/oil.2015.4.06 © 2015 Estonian Academy Publishers WHAT HINDERS AND WHAT FACILITATES GOOD LIVING IN THE OIL SHALE MINING REGION? KAIE METSAOTS(a), ANU PRINTSMANN(b), TANEL KAART(c), KALEV SEPP(a) ⃰ (a) Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (b) Centre for Landscape and Culture, Estonian Institute of Humanities, Tallinn University, Uus-Sadama 5, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia (c) Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Abstract. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of the public perception of oil shale mining and industrial heritage in regional revival. Oil shale mining and chemical operations have left an imprint on both the people and the landscape of Ida-Viru County, NE Estonia. Along with increasing or decreasing production volumes of oil shale mining, heritage has been over- looked, left to naturally deteriorate or to be destroyed or recultivated. Heritage-awareness revival projects for similar natural resource post- industrial situations have proved to be successful in culture, sports and recreational tourism. The current view on oil shale mining heritage is investigated through focus group interviews and a questionnaire. Unemploy- ment, language barriers and social problems are considered to be the most important issues, and the responsibility for solving these problems is primarily deemed to be the role of the national government. At the same time, in general, people are willing to participate in processes and regard coordinated planning as crucial to holistic development. Post-industrial areas should be utilized to support the development. Keywords: oil shale, mining heritage, industrial landscape, participatory planning, regional development. 1. Introduction The industrial mining of oil shale in NE Estonia has occurred for almost one hundred years. This has had an impact on the environment, landscape, society, economy and culture. Due to the sale of oil shale electricity to the other republics of the Soviet Union, the mining volume at the beginning of ⃰ Corresponding author: e-mail [email protected] 374 Kaie Metsaots et al. the 1980s was greater than 30 million tonnes per year, the highest volume ever. The production started to decrease after a new reactor was launched at Leningrad nuclear power plant in the town of Sosnovy Bor in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, in 1982, and export to the other Soviet republics also dwindled, for political reasons [1, 2]. Nevertheless, before the opening of the electricity market on January 1, 2013, over 90% of Estonia’s electricity was produced from oil shale, making Estonia a rather unique country in the world. On a global scale, the nearly 450 km2 of landscape adversely affected by mining is not worth mentioning, but of Estonia’s territory it forms 1% [2, 3]. Ida-Viru County in NE Estonia has been described as a region of contrasts. The county is most known for its industrial waste hills, but is also famous for the Baltic Klint with its many waterfalls, and the Gulf of Finland with its sandy beach at Narva-Jõesuu. Other industrial features (mines, quarries, chemical industrial complexes, industrial buildings, settlements and architecture) also play a significant role in landscape perception, as do natural features, such as forests, lakes and swamps, and culturally historical places, as well as the characteristics of the multinational and -cultural population [4]. The oil shale mining heritage has been ignored and left to naturally deteriorate or to be destroyed for new technological innovations or recultivated, mostly disregarding its heritage value. Recultivation is primarily understood as the grading and afforestation of quarries, which began in the 1960s and was considered to be a very progressive approach at that time [5, 6]. Several studies have been conducted on the ecological and environ- mental aspects of mining and the chemical industry [7, 8] and the afforestation and natural vegetation of mined areas [9]. Some studies [10–12] have shown that from a biodiversity perspective it is best when areas are left for nature to take over. The potential usage of underground mined areas in Estonian oil shale deposits has also been investigated [13, 14]. The question today is how to proceed when there is a need to foster regional development and afforestation is far from proper managing. The development of large industrial districts requires public-opinion polls to be conducted concerning the local identity and the valuation of heritage and the surrounding environment, both among local inhabitants and people from outside the region. Participatory or collaborative planning is not a new approach at the global scale [15–18], but in Estonia there are certain hangovers from the Soviet period when the opinion of the people was usually not asked (top-down planning policy instead of bottom-up action [19]). Now public opinion has occasionally been asked, but only to a limited extent, whereas considering today’s democratic practices, the people should be involved in consultations and discussions about large-scale landscape changes. There has been a lot of debate over how to mine and, more recently, also over how to reclaim the exhausted lands. However, until now these issues have almost exclusively been the area of experts. What Hinders and What Facilitates Good Living in the Oil Shale Mining Region? 375 In 2011 and 2012, the Estonian University of Life Sciences conducted an in-depth study “Possibilities for the Valuation and Exploitation of Mining Heritage”, with the aim to determine how to value, preserve and more multi- purposefully use the oil shale mining heritage, how to enhance the understanding of possibilities of landscape values and tourism opportunities of Ida-Viru County as a whole, how to increase civil activity and improve cooperation between different parties in such a way as to promote the development of the county and to identify development possibilities. The idea behind the study was to give a second life to landscapes altered by mining and chemical operations, and with the remaining infrastructure, to generate income in the areas of culture, sports and recreational tourism in the declining economic situation of Ida-Viru County in NE Estonia. 2. Methodology and materials Focus group interviews were conducted for two reasons: first, to determine the opinions of certain stakeholders, and second, to prepare a questionnaire for both the non-residents and the residents of Ida-Viru County. Different viewpoints emerged between individual focus groups, as well as between the focus groups and questionnaire respondents. The interviews included six groups: 1) representatives of a mining enterprise (Eesti Energia Kaevandused AS, the biggest oil shale mining and industrial company in Estonia), 2) leaders of local governments, 3) repre- sentatives of the sports sphere, 4) representatives of the cultural sphere, 5) elderly people, and 6) basic and secondary school students. There were 32 participants in total (ages ranged from 15 to 79), among them 12 women and 20 men, 28 Estonians and four of other ethnic groups. All of the participants were local and with sufficient Estonian language skills. The interviews were conducted at the head office of the mining enterprise, the local government office, the sports union office, Kohtla-Järve Museum of Oil Shale, a day- care centre for the elderly, and a schoolhouse. The groups were created randomly, with participants invited by contact persons, except for the repre- sentatives of local governments, who received their personal invitations by e-mail. Interviews were recorded, and later transcribed and analysed for contents. The interviews were conducted on the basis of eight core questions, each subsequent question being related to the previous one. In the course of interviewing, there were asked leading and/or supplementary questions to direct answering or get more information. The interviews revealed differences in the degree of importance of mining landscapes and heritage among the groups – an issue that evoked a lively and long discussion in one group was only briefly addressed by another. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: 1) comprehension of mining heritage and tourism potential, 2) problems, and 3) possibilities for 376 Kaie Metsaots et al. the holistic development of the county. In this article, the last two sections are discussed. The sample was composed using the quota sampling method and the questioning was conducted using the random choice method via an online service provider over the Internet, by e-mail, by phone, and face-to- face. For the web-based approach, the selection included a diverse mix of people from all across Estonia, whereas e-mail and phone surveying methods were used for contacting local authorities as well as local sports, tourism, educational and cultural institutions and associations. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with local ordinary people. Respondents had the option to decline any questions. A total of 255 individuals were surveyed, however, with the omission of incomplete responses the sample was reduced to 247 respondents (Table). The survey’s 30 questions were mostly multiple-choice or open-ended questions, with the Likert scale [20] used for the question concerning the importance of development factors. Open-ended questions involving descriptive
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