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Études Irlandaises, 41-2 Études irlandaises 41-2 | 2016 L’Irlande et sa république passée, présente et à venir Ireland’s Republic: Past, Present and Future Karin Fischer et Clíona ní Ríordáin (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesirlandaises/4948 DOI : 10.4000/etudesirlandaises.4948 ISSN : 2259-8863 Éditeur Presses universitaires de Caen Édition imprimée Date de publication : 30 novembre 2016 ISBN : 978-2-7535-5358-3 ISSN : 0183-973X Référence électronique Karin Fischer et Clíona ní Ríordáin (dir.), Études irlandaises, 41-2 | 2016, « L’Irlande et sa république passée, présente et à venir » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 30 novembre 2018, consulté le 23 septembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesirlandaises/4948 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ etudesirlandaises.4948 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 23 septembre 2020. Études irlandaises est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International. 1 SOMMAIRE Avant-propos Introduction : « L’Irlande et sa république passée, présente et à venir » Karin Fischer et Clíona Ní Ríordáin « La République au collège », Paris, 29 octobre 1792 : catholicisme, radicalisme et républicanisme entre France et Irlande pendant la Révolution française (1792-1795) Mathieu Ferradou Republican themes in the Irish constitutional tradition Eoin Daly La souveraineté irlandaise à l’épreuve de l’intégration monétaire européenne Christophe Gillissen What do we need for a Second Republic? High Energy Democracy and a Triple Movement Mary P. Murphy Ireland and its vulnerable “others”: the reception of asylum seekers in Ireland Bairbre Ní Chiosáin Irish Bastards: Celia de Fréine and Merriman’s The Midnight Court/Cúirt an Mheán Oíche Briain Ó Conchubhair Who fears to speak of the Republic? Robert Ballagh “The right of the people of Ireland to the […] unfettered control of Irish destinies”: Edna O'Brien, Willful Subjects, and Counter-narratives of the Republic Fiona McCann History’s Prison: Escaping the Temporality of the State-Still-To-Come Daniel Jewesbury To Rise Again, Revising The Republic Theo Dorgan Céad Bliain Anonn Aifric Mac Aodha Comptes rendus de lecture John McGahern and the Imagination of Tradition de Stanley Van Der Ziel Bertrand Cardin Colum McCann Intertextes et interactions de Bertrand Cardin Cécile Maudet The Shaping of Modern Ireland – A Centenary Assessment d’ Eugenio Biagini Karin Fischer Journal d’automne de Louis MacNeice Elizabeth Pearce Études irlandaises, 41-2 | 2016 2 Transforming post-Catholic Ireland – Religious Practice in Late Modernity de Gladys Ganiel Catherine Maignant La Musique irlandaise d’Étienne Bours Erick Falc’her Poyroux Études irlandaises, 41-2 | 2016 3 Avant-propos 1 Pour ce numéro d'Etudes Irlandaises nous avons fait appel à des auteurs universitaires d'Irlande, de France et des États-Unis, mais aussi à deux grandes figures de la scène artistique irlandaise, Robert Ballagh et Theo Dorgan, qui ont bien voulu apporter chacun leur regard personnel sur la république irlandaise et ses commémorations, et sur les rapports entre son passé, son présent et son avenir. Aifric Mac Aodha, autre poète irlandaise, nous a également fait l'honneur d'écrire un poème en gaélique spécialement pour ce numéro. Robert Ballagh 2 Robert Ballagh (né en 1943) est l’un des artistes contemporains les plus renommés d’Irlande. Ses œuvres sont aujourd’hui exposées à la National Gallery of Ireland, au musée d’Ulster, à la Hugh Lane Gallery et au Musée d’art contemporain irlandais (IMMA). Épousant l’idée d’un art populaire, il a toujours été soucieux de faire en sorte que ses productions artistiques soient accessibles au plus grand nombre, au-delà du cercle restreint des amateurs de galeries d’art. Il est également connu pour ses décors de théâtre et de scène, pour des pièces de Samuel Beckett ou d’Oscar Wilde comme pour les spectacles de Riverdance. Artiste engagé, il a souvent surpris, parfois choqué, par ses œuvres sortant des sentiers battus, et liant souvent directement expression artistique et préoccupations politiques et sociales. Theo Dorgan 3 Né en 1953 dans une famille ouvrière de Cork, Theo Dorgan est l’aîné de 15 enfants. Diplômé de University College Cork (UCC) en 1974, il y fait des études de philosophie et de littérature, et recueille le soutien de ses professeurs, les poètes Seán Lucy et John Montague. À ses débuts, Theo Dorgan exerce les fonctions d’administrateur au centre culturel Triskel Arts Centre et ensuite à Poetry Ireland/Éigse Éireann. Élu membre de Aosdána en 1999, il se consacre aujourd’hui entièrement à l’écriture. Auteur de cinq recueils de poèmes et de deux romans, librettiste et polémiste, traducteur accompli, son recueil le plus récent est Nine Bright Shiners (Dedalus Press, 2014) qui a reçu l’Irish Études irlandaises, 41-2 | 2016 4 Times Poetry Now Award en 2015. Theo Dorgan incarne la figure de l’intellectuel engagé qui donne voix aux aspirations de la nation. Aifric Mac Aodha 4 Née à Dublin, Aifric Mac Aodha est une poète phare de la jeune génération de poètes irlandais. Son premier recueil Gabháil Syrinx (La Capture de Syrinx) est paru en 2010. Lexicographe de formation, elle dirige les pages gaélophones de The Stinging Fly. Études irlandaises, 41-2 | 2016 5 Introduction : « L’Irlande et sa république passée, présente et à venir » Karin Fischer et Clíona Ní Ríordáin 1 La commémoration des événements de 1916 en Irlande a toujours été un exercice périlleux, mais les vicissitudes de la vie politique et sociale irlandaise à l’aube du XXIe siècle lui confèrent aujourd’hui une toute autre dimension. À tel point que la pratique commémorative, souvent utilisée pour promouvoir une vision romancée du passé ou dans un souci de légitimation de l’État, s’en trouve potentiellement transcendée, la comparaison entre passé et présent poussant certains à une remise à plat et à une réflexion tournée vers l’avenir, entre bilan critique et laboratoire d’idées pour un renouvellement en profondeur. Au cœur de ces questionnements figure un retour sur la notion de république : nombre de celles et ceux qui considèrent aujourd’hui que l’État irlandais ne peut prétendre être une république au sens plein du terme et qui appellent à des changements radicaux en conséquence le font par référence à la promesse républicaine de 1916. Mais ils reviennent également sur des pans entiers de l’histoire irlandaise de 1798 à nos jours, en exhumant d’autres expressions ou prises de position républicaines quasi-oubliées telles que la Proclamation de 1867 ou le Programme démocratique de 19191. 2 Au cours des années 1990 et jusqu’au milieu des années 2000, certains auteurs en étaient venus au contraire à interroger la pertinence contemporaine de la notion de république, face à l’essor parallèle des entités politiques supranationales telles que l’Union Européenne et des forces économiques et financières globales2. Les unes comme les autres paraissaient en effet échapper au contrôle de gouvernements nationaux élus démocratiquement, jusqu’à remettre en question leurs fondements. La confiance dans la main invisible du marché ou dans l’avis supérieur ou expert de ces entités supranationales étant aujourd’hui ébranlée, les réactions semblent maintenant osciller entre une nouvelle montée de l’individualisme d’une part et un sentiment de résignation sociale d’autre part, en écho à l’impuissance politique perçue ou proclamée aux niveaux local, national, européen et international. Ces questions sont ici abordées Études irlandaises, 41-2 | 2016 6 sous des angles différents à la fois par Christophe Gillissen et Mary P. Murphy. Le premier explore la relation entre l’Etat irlandais et l’Union Européenne par le biais de la crise monétaire et de la perte de souveraineté irlandaise au tournant des années 2010. La seconde ancre ses réflexions dans l’actualité politique et sociale en proposant un tour d’horizon des positionnements contemporains des partis irlandais, des mouvements de transformation de la société et des institutions politiques. Murphy réclame avec d’autres une seconde république irlandaise3, dans un esprit de renouvellement de la notion de république qui s’inscrit d’emblée dans une conception internationale, voire altermondialiste. Ce faisant, elle interroge également les notions de démocratie plus ou moins faible ou forte, de démocratie représentative ou participative. 3 Le contrecoup politique, financier et socio-économique de la « crise » depuis 2008 a conduit à un travail d’introspection collective, menant notamment à ce retour sur la signification et les enjeux de la notion de république au sein de la société irlandaise. Tandis qu’en Irlande la conception traditionnelle dominante, idiosyncratique du terme et de ses dérivés tels que « républicanisme » était en fait nationaliste et identitaire au cours du XXe siècle, la plupart des auteurs ou commentateurs irlandais se sont très nettement éloignés de cette tendance ces dernières années, dans un mouvement de réappropriation de la notion dans son sens international plus large et dans la tradition du républicanisme civique européen et américain4. La conception traditionnelle irlandaise n’en est pas moins toujours présente. Les deux républicanismes se côtoient en effet aujourd’hui, comme on a pu le voir dans ce qui s’apparente à une double commémoration : d’une part un État irlandais qui, par le titre même de son programme officiel « Remember, Reflect, Reimagine5 », comme par la variété des projets financés, a cherché
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