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222 1 Remembering the Famine NOTES 1 Remembering the Famine 1. Speech by the Minister of State, Avril Doyle TD, Famine Commemoration Programme, 27 June 1995. 2. The text of a message from the British Prime Minister, Mr Tony Blair, delivered by Britain’s Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland, Veronica Sutherland, on Saturday 31 May 1997 at the Great Irish Famine Event, in Cork (British Information Services, 212). 3. Irish News, 4 February 1997. 4. The designation of the event is contested; some nationalists find the use of the word ‘famine’ offensive and inappropriate given the large amounts of food exported from Ireland. For more on the debate, see Kinealy, A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland (Pluto Press, 1997), Chapter 1. 5. The Irish Times, 3 June 1995. 6. The most influential work which laid the ground for much subsequent revisionist writing was R. D. Crotty, Irish Agricultural Production (Cork University Press, 1996). 7. The most polished and widely read exposition of the revisionist interpretation was provided in Roy Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London, 1988). 8. Roy Foster, ‘We are all Revisionists Now’, in Irish Review (Cork, 1986), pp. 1–6. 9. Professor Seamus Metress, The Irish People, 10 January 1996. Similar arguments have also been expressed by Professor Brendan Bradshaw of Cambridge Univer- sity, a consistent – but isolated – opponent of revisionist interpretation. See, for example, Irish Historical Studies, xxvi: 104 (November 1989), pp. 329–51. 10. Christine Kinealy, ‘Beyond Revisionism’, in History Ireland: Reassessing the Irish Famine (Winter 1995). 11. For more on this episode, see Cormac Ó Gráda, ‘Making History in Ireland in the 1940s and 1950s: The Saga of the Great Famine’, in The Irish Review (1992), pp. 87–107. 12. Edwards and Williams, The Great Famine (Dublin, 1956), p. xi. 13. For example, F. S. L. Lyons in Irish Historical Studies (1964–5), pp. 76–9. 14. Cited in Cormac Ó Gráda, The Irish Famine (Dublin, 1989), p. 11. 15. Foster, We are all Revisionists, pp. 3–5. 16. Mary Daly, The Great Famine in Ireland (Dundalk, 1986). 17. Lecture by Mary Daly in Linen Hall Library, October 1995, quoted in Gerard Mac Atasney, This Dreadful Visitation: The Famine in Lurgan and Portadown (Belfast, 1997), p. xv. 222 Notes 223 18. Speech by Doyle. 19. John Waters in the Irish Times, 22 August 1995; for an example of the kind of hysterical attack mentioned, an edition of the Davis Show, broadcast by RTE in February 1995, including in the invited audience, Eoghan Harris, a renowned spin doctor and media guru. He alleged that Famine commemorations were a ploy by the IRA to humiliate the British government. 20. Fintan O’Toole in ‘Unsuitable from a Distance: The Politics of Riverdance’, in The Ex-Isle of Erin: Images of a Global Ireland (Dublin, 1997), argues that Riverdance provides an authentic reworking of Irish dancing before it fell a victim of a conser- vative church and other influences. In the same year as Riverdance, Ireland’s early successes in the World Cup, taking place in the United States, also won praise for both the footballers and their fans. 21. Lance Pettitt, Screening Ireland: Film and Television Representation (Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 177. 22. Deborah Peck, Silent Hunger. The Psychological Impact of the Great Irish Hunger, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, Uni- versity of Massachusetts, 2000. She makes the point that psychological trauma is transgenerational and that recovery can only take place when people feel ‘safe’ and accepted. In the United States, Irish-Americans of the John F. Kennedy gen- eration were the first to feel secure and so confront some of the more unpleasant aspects of their history. In the Republic of Ireland, it followed economic success and cultural recognition in the 1990s. 23. Jim Jackson, ‘The Making of a Best Sellar’ [sic], in Irish Review (Winter, 1991/2). 24. Tom Hayden (ed.), Irish Hunger: Personal Reflections on the Legacy of the Famine (Roberts Rinehart, Colorado, 1997). 25. Speech by Doyle. 26. Irish Times, 3 March 1995. The four historians were Cormac Ó Gráda and Mary Daly (both at University College, Dublin), David Fitzpatrick and David Dickson (both at Trinity College, Dublin). 27. The publication was Cormac Ó Gráda, Famine 150 (Dublin, 1997), with the exception of chapters by Andrés Eiríksson and Joseph Lee it contained few original chapters. The research financed by the committee has still not been published. 28. Speech by Doyle. 29. Ibid. 30. Mary Robinson, A Voice for Somalia (Dublin, 1994), pp. 11–12. 31. Church of Ireland Gazette, 13 January 1995; Irish Times, 3 March 1995. 32. Speech by Doyle. 33. Irish Independent, 7 March 1995. 34. Irish Times, 30 December 1995. 35. Christine Kinealy and Trevor Parkhill (eds), The Famine in Ulster (Belfast, 1997). 36. For example, see Ó Gráda, Black ’47, which provides a rare examination of the role of merchants. 37. Liam Swords, In Their Own Words: The Famine in North Connaught, 1845–9 (Dublin, 1999). 38. This point has been made repeatedly by Dr Charles Orser, who has excavated a village in Gorttoose in County Roscommon which was occupied c.1790–1847 224 Notes and provides many insights into daily life before the Famine, see Charles Orser, ‘Why is there no Archaeology in Irish Studies?’, in Irish Studies Review (vol. 8, no. 2, August 2000), pp. 157–65. 39. Sunday Times, 10 September 1995. 40. Evening Press, 26 April 1997. 41. AfrI, Peacemaker (Dublin, 1988), pp. 5–8; Cormac Ó Gráda, however, has argued that the practice of finding links and similarities between Ireland’s Great Famine and modern famines is an invented tradition. 42. This point was made by Amartya Sen at the Ireland House Conference on Famine in New York in May 1995; Ó Gráda, Famine 150, pp. 132–3, has attempted to quantify mortality in the Third World in recent famines and confirms that more people died in Ireland in both absolute and relative terms, but in absolute num- bers, the number who died during Stalin’s Ukraine Famine in the 1930s and China’s Great Leap Forward Famine of 1859–62 was higher. No hard, reliable data exists for population loss during the Irish Famine, although it is generally accepted that excess mortality was over a million people. 43. Benjamin Disraeli in Hansard, xci, 29 March 1847, p. 574; William Smith O’Brien had also asked parliament for a register to be kept of famine deaths, but his request was turned down by the Prime Minister, Freeman’s Journal, 12 March 1847. 44. Irish Independent, 7 June 1997. 45. Sinéad O’Connor, ‘Famine’, on Universal Mother Album (1994). 46. Evening Press (Dublin), 26 September 1994. 47. Ibid. 48. Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famine: An Essay in Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford, 1981). His theory probably has greater application to short-term famines rather than one as protracted as the Great Hunger. 49. Evening Herald, 26 January 1995. 50. John Waters, Irish Times, 11 October 1994. 51. Liverpool Daily Post, 20 November 1997. 52. The lawyer was Professor Charles Rice of Notre Dame University, who was an eminent and well-respected academic. 53. New York Post, 11 December 1996. 54. James Mullin, President of the Irish Famine Curriculum Committee and Educa- tion Fund in New Jersey, produced a Famine Curriculum which included a section on whether the Irish Famine could be classed as ‘genocide’. 55. ABC World News Tonight, 16 March 1997. 56. Sunday Telegraph, 11 February 1996. 57. Sunday Times (Dublin), 16 October 1996. 58. Wall Street Journal, 10 November 1997. 59. New York State, 1 December 1996. 60. New York Daily News, 26 October 1996. 61. The Times, 13 October 1996. 62. Sunday Tribune (Ireland), 13 October 1996. 63. An Irish historian, Margaret MacCurtain, who had no particular expertise in the Famine, was chosen to head the review of the Famine committee. 64. For more on the New York Famine Curriculum Project, contact Maureen Murphy, www.geocities.com/hsse.geo or, [email protected]. Notes 225 65. This initiative was largely the work of John Lahey, President in Quinnipiac University and former Grand Marshall of the St Patrick’s Day Parade in 1997. It was financed by a generous donation from the Lender family. 66. Irish Times, 21 January 1998. 67. Speech by Doyle. 68. Irish Times, 27 May 1997; The Phoenix (Dublin), 23 May 1997 wrote a disparaging article criticizing the Irish government for allowing the Famine event to descend into shabby commercialism. 69. American Irish Newsletter (21, no. 8, 1996), pp. 1–4. 70. Message from Tony Blair. 71. Irish Times, 5 May 1997. 72. For example, the Famine Genocide Committee based in New York, continued to threaten to take a ‘class’ action against the British government charging it retro- spectively with genocide. 73. Kevin Whelan in the Irish Times, 21 January 1998. 74. Christine Kinealy, ‘The Great Irish Famine. A Dangerous Memory?’, in Arthur Gribben (ed.), The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America (University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), pp. 239–55. 75. Irish Times, 21 January 1998. 76. For example, on 3 December 1998 a dedication service took place in Derry, which involved local schoolchildren throwing flowers into the quayside to mark the death of emigrants 150 years earlier from suffocation when they were forced below deck during a violent storm. Such horrific incidences, although rare, con- tributed to the folk tradition of ‘coffin ships’. In August 2000, the same group who had organized the previous event opened a Great Hunger Education Centre in the City. 77. One of the murals is located on Crocus Avenue, near Springfield Road; see also Christine Kinealy and Gerard Mac Atasney, The Forgotten Famine: Hunger, Poverty and Sectarianism in Belfast (Pluto Press, 2000), Chapter 1.
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