DOCSLIB.ORG

Border Performances Politics, Art and Tourism Where Norway Meets Russia —

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Border Performances Politics, Art and Tourism Where Norway Meets Russia — Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education Border Performances Politics, art and tourism where Norway meets Russia — Bjarge Schwenke Fors A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor – November 2018 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... vii Abstract ....................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Performance ................................................................................................................ 3 Border performances ................................................................................................... 5 The place ..................................................................................................................... 7 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................. 9 Notes on language ..................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Border Performances: A Theoretical Framework ............................... 11 The performative turn ............................................................................................... 11 What performances are ............................................................................................. 13 What performances do .............................................................................................. 18 Borders and borderlands ........................................................................................... 21 Border studies ............................................................................................................ 23 Borders as special places ........................................................................................... 24 Borders as performative spaces ................................................................................. 29 Approaches to border performances ......................................................................... 33 Political border performances ................................................................................... 37 Artistic border performances ..................................................................................... 39 Touristic border performances .................................................................................. 41 Intersecting fields ...................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3: The Border and the Borderland ............................................................ 46 The border ................................................................................................................. 46 The borderland .......................................................................................................... 49 From common land to iron curtain ............................................................................ 55 Border opening .......................................................................................................... 60 The border as bridge or barrier? ................................................................................ 64 Chapter 4: Fieldwork and Methods .......................................................................... 69 iii Entering the field ....................................................................................................... 69 The field .................................................................................................................... 71 Field research ............................................................................................................ 74 Looking at people ...................................................................................................... 76 Talking to people ....................................................................................................... 77 Being with people...................................................................................................... 79 Fieldwork at “home” ................................................................................................. 80 Researcher and informants ........................................................................................ 85 Challenges and concerns ........................................................................................... 87 Chapter 5: Political Performances ............................................................................ 91 The main actors ......................................................................................................... 92 The borderland as a political destination .................................................................. 95 Commemorations ...................................................................................................... 96 Border crossings ...................................................................................................... 101 The Barents Capital ................................................................................................. 104 Twin cities ............................................................................................................... 109 Material aesthetics ................................................................................................... 113 The Sri Chinmoy Peace Border plaque ................................................................... 114 The Thorvald Stoltenberg bust ................................................................................ 116 The Barents House .................................................................................................. 119 Performative materiality .......................................................................................... 122 Findings ................................................................................................................... 123 Chapter 6: Artistic Performances ........................................................................... 126 The Samovar Theatre and the Girls on the Bridge .................................................. 126 The Barents Spektakel ............................................................................................. 129 The Girls on the Bridge: Border-crossing exercises ............................................... 131 The Samovar Theatre: Border dramatics ................................................................ 139 The artistic staging of the border ............................................................................ 143 The artistic staging of the borderland...................................................................... 150 Artistic–political collaboration ................................................................................ 157 iv Kirkenes – Norway’s North Korea? ........................................................................ 160 Findings ................................................................................................................... 163 Chapter 7: Touristic Performances ......................................................................... 165 The touristification of the border ............................................................................ 166 One-sided border tourism ........................................................................................ 173 The touristic staging of the border .......................................................................... 175 The touristic staging of the borderland ................................................................... 183 Findings ................................................................................................................... 191 Chapter 8: Reflections and Conclusions ................................................................. 193 Performances and fields .......................................................................................... 193 The border as a theatre of opportunity .................................................................... 197 The border invested with meaning .......................................................................... 199 The borderland invested with meaning ................................................................... 201 New Vasiuki ............................................................................................................ 203 The pitfalls of theming ............................................................................................ 206 The future ................................................................................................................ 210 References .................................................................................................................. 214 v List of Tables Table 1. Countries and languages in performances of the Samovar Theatre. ............ 141 List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the Norwegian-Russian borderland. .................................................. ix Figure 2. The art installation Borderlines in the main street of Kirkenes....................... 3 Figure 3. The Norwegian-Russian border seen from Skafferhullet, Elvenes, Norway. 48 Figure 4. The municipal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on the Aircraft Accident at Bodø Airport on 4 December 2003 Involving Dornier Do 228-202 Ln-Hta, Operated by Kato Airline As
    SL Report 2007/23 REPORT ON THE AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT AT BODØ AIRPORT ON 4 DECEMBER 2003 INVOLVING DORNIER DO 228-202 LN-HTA, OPERATED BY KATO AIRLINE AS This report has been translated into English and published by the AIBN to facilitate access by international readers. As accurate as the translation might be, the original Norwegian text takes precedence as the report of reference. June 2007 Accident Investigation Board Norway P.O. Box 213 N-2001 Lillestrøm Norway Phone:+ 47 63 89 63 00 Fax:+ 47 63 89 63 01 http://www.aibn.no E-mail: [email protected] The Accident Investigation Board has compiled this report for the sole purpose of improving flight safety. The object of any investigation is to identify faults or discrepancies which may endanger flight safety, whether or not these are causal factors in the accident, and to make safety recommendations. It is not the Board’s task to apportion blame or liability. Use of this report for any other purpose than for flight safety should be avoided. Accident Investigation Board Norway Page 2 INDEX NOTIFICATION .................................................................................................................................3 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................3 1. FACTUAL INFORMATION..............................................................................................4 1.1 History of the flight..............................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6: Trademark
    Trademark 6 Trademark 5 The Trade-Mark Cases ............... 5 A Subject Maer ........................ 6 1 Use as a Mark ...................... 6 Lanham Act § 45 (“trademark”) ......... 6 In re Schmidt .................... 6 Drug Stamps Problem .............. 9 2 Distinctiveness ..................... 9 a Words and Phrases ................ 9 Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc. .. 9 Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc. ..... 15 TMEP § 1202 .................... 16 Elliot v. Google Inc. ................. 16 TMEP § 1209.03 .................. 23 b Designs ....................... 24 Star Industries, Inc. v. Bacardi & Co. Ltd. ..... 24 Melting Bad Problem ............... 26 B Ownership .......................... 27 1 Priority at Common Law . 27 Galt House Inc. v. Home Supply Company .... 27 United Drug Co. v. Theodore Rectanus Co. .... 29 Planetary Motion, Inc. v. Techsplosion, Inc. .... 32 Dudley v. HealthSource Chiropractic, Inc. ..... 34 Bilgewater Bill’s Problem ............. 36 2 Federal Registration . 36 a Registration .................... 36 Lanham Act §§ 1(a), 7 ............... 36 Burger King of Florida, Inc. v. Hoots ....... 37 Bilgewater Bill’s Problem, Redux ........ 38 b Intent-to-Use Applications . 38 Lanham Act § 1(b) ................. 38 Kelly Services, Inc. v. Creative Harbor, LLC [I] .. 39 Kelly Services, Inc. v. Creative Harbor, LLC [II] . 43 Bilgewater Bill’s Problem, Re-Redux ...... 44 3 Collaborations ..................... 44 Boogie Kings v. Guillory .............. 44 TRADEMARK 2 New Jersey Truth in Music Act
    [Show full text]
  • The Right of Persons Employed in Polish Public Services to Association in Trade Unions
    Studia z Zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej Studies on Labour Law and Social Policy 2020, 27, nr 1: 23–27 doi:10.4467/25444654SPP.20.003.11719 www.ejournals.eu/sppips Krzysztof Baran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5165-8265 Jagiellonian University THE RIGHT OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN POLISH PUBLIC SERVICES TO ASSOCIATION IN TRADE UNIONS Abstract The article aims at presenting the reconsidered model of association of public servants under the Polish legal system. In the past, there was a statutory imposed limiting monism in the trade union movement of military services officers. Since 2019 trade union pluralism has been introduced for the Police, Border Guard, and Prison Service officers, which is analyzed in the paper. Another issue discussed in this article is the right of association of persons employed in civil public administration. Słowa kluczowe: związek zawodowy, służby mundurowe, straż graniczna, policja, służba więzienna Keywords: trade union, public services, Border Guard, Police, Prison Service ASJC: 3308, JEL: K31 On 19 July 2019, the Parliament of the Republic of Poland adopted the Act extending the right of officers of the Police, Border Guard and Prison Services to form and join trade unions (Dz.U. 2019, item 1608). The newly adopted regulation is an inspiration to recon- sider the model of association of public servants under the Polish legal system. The term “public servants” or “those employed in public services” refers not only to those employed in widely understood public administration, but also those serving in military services. The starting point for further discussion will be the statement that persons who are employed in Polish public service structures perform work under various legal regimes, starting from labour law, through civil law to administrative law.
    [Show full text]
  • For Peace and Democracy
    (Periodicals postage paid in Seattle, WA) TIME-DATED MATERIAL — DO NOT DELAY Travel Roots & Connections Norsk Høstfest: Old-fashioned A slice of Humor er en alvorlig sak. fun with Det er vårt eneste vern mot Nordic America fortvilelse og depresjon. potatoes Read more on page 9 – Tor Åge Bringsværd Read more on page 10 Norwegian American Weekly Vol. 122 No. 37 October 14, 2011 Established May 17, 1889 • Formerly Western Viking and Nordisk Tidende $1.50 per copy Norway.com News Find more at www.norway.com For peace and democracy News Police in Trondheim are investi- Three women gating two cases of kidnapping linked to car sales involving chosen for 2011 Norwegian men in Lithuania. Nobel Peace Prize The victims were being held hostage for ransom. (blog.norway.com/category/ STAFF COMPILATION news) Norwegian American Weekly Culture Promotional material for a new American film based on last On Oct. 6, the Norwegian summer’s massacre on the Nor- Nobel Committee announced the wegian island of Utøya has up- laureates for the 2011 Nobel Peace set survivors and their families Prize. The prize is divided equally so badly that they’ve called on between Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the Norwegian police for help Leymah Gbowee and Tawak- in getting the promotion halted. kul Karman for their non-violent (blog.norway.com/category/ struggle for the safety of women culture) and for women’s rights to full par- ticipation in peace-building work. Norway in the U.S. “We cannot achieve democ- Norway pride is bursting ahead racy and lasting peace in the world of an extended U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • INGENIØRFORLAGET 10 ÅR Åmv
    wn-iup '^n A/O7&00O.2?1 INGENIØRFORLAGET 10 ÅR åmv rrr-=s»-T— UDDEHOLM LAND et ressursenes rike. Uddeholms Aktiebolag har langsomt for - a utvikle nye ruslfne stalkvaliteter Skriv eller ring til oss og be om og organisk vokst frem av del varm- som anvendes ved tremstilhng av brosjyren ••Uddeholm om Uddeholnv landske folket og tiihorende landområde kunstgjodsel Konsernet sysselsetter ca 12 000 Med egne gruver, skoger og kratt personer og disponerer over ca 4 5 mill stasjoner star vi sp'vsagt sterkere enn ÜODEHOLftti dekar jord og skog saml moderne mange andre i produksjonen av produksjonsenheter Tilsammen spesialstål, kj f?m i ka li er eller krnttpapir UDDEHOLM STAL A/S forvalter vi en mangehundreang arv - badp i dag og i fremtiden Stalfiæra 1, Postboks 85 Kaldbakken konsernet ble grunnlagi i 5668 Oslo 9 Vi seiger mer verktoystal til industrien Var innsats hat virket som en Telefon (02) 256510 - Telex 18473 enn noen andre, og lager blader lor stimulans i ulvikhngen av nye kriteriet vevstoler tre ganger lynnere enn for kvalitet - som bfant annef tnneltærer *Vaei>ng5kon!or Stavange' Be-yetanasgt 38 menneskehår nyp prosesser i stålproduksjon for a J0O0 Stavange' Teie'on <045, 25 075 Teii^Tiiqe Vi gjor vari 1il a minske verdens bevare energi og ressurser og nye matvareproblemer ved at vi har lost en sikringstiltak mot forurensing av de vanskeligsle oppgåver stal- Vi er stolte av vare bedrifter og pradusentene noen gang har statt over­ liker a forteile om dem Innhold Ingeniørforlaget Side Ved en milepæl. Per Bjørnstad 5 Vår oppgave. Bjarne Lien 6 Industriministeren hilser 7 Eierne hilser 8 Slik ble forlaget til 11 10 år i vekst 13 Samarbeid over landegrensene 16 Hva er Fagpressen? 23 Miljøene vi virker i 26 Tidsskriftene våre 29 Teknisk Ukeblad, Elektro, Kjemi, Maskin, Norsk Oljerevy, Plan og Bygg, Våre Veger Petrokjemi, oljeteknologl og plast Basisindustri tilpasset norske forhold.
    [Show full text]
  • Border Fence Presentation
    Secura Fence System by Alabama Metal Industries Corporation U.S. / Mexico Border San Diego, CA Sector Pacific Ocean to the Otey Mesa Crossing Retired General Michael Hayden recently addressed a meeting of the Metals Service Center Institute. General Hayden was appointed to the post of the Director of National Security Agency and served from 1999- 2005. From April 2005 to May 2006 General Hayden was the number one intelligence officer in the country and in this capacity he oversaw the entire intelligence community, including the CIA, NSA, the National Geospatial – Intelligence Agency and the National Reconnaissance Office. In 2006 General Hayden served as the Director of the CIA. General Hayden addressed the Institute on the four hot spots in the world that jeopardize the security of the United States. Number one on his list was Iran. Number two, and this came as a real surprise to the Institute was Mexico, followed by Al Qaeda, and then North Korea. Mexico being so close to the United States and so high on his list of hot spots should not be underestimated. In 1997 the San Diego Sector of the U.S. border with Mexico was the number one illegal crossing point on the entire US / Mexico border. Because of the illegal crossing activity this area was identified for the first installation of new security border fencing. The area designated actually extended 1/4-mile out in the Pacific Ocean and eastward 16 miles to the Otey Mesa Border Crossing. This new fence was designed and installed to replace the old fence made from World War II landing mats.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Supervisors- Attached Please Find Our Letter of Opposition to the SCA Ordinance for Sleepy Hollow As Drafted by Our Attorne
    From: Andrea Taber To: Rice, Katie; Kinsey, Steven; Adams, Susan; Arnold, Judy; Sears, Kathrin Cc: Dan Stein; Thorsen, Suzanne; Lai, Thomas Subject: Sleepy Hollow Homeowners Association Letter of Oppostion to the SCA Ordinance Date: Wednesday, May 22, 2013 8:12:53 PM Attachments: Document4.docx Dear Supervisors- Attached please find our letter of opposition to the SCA Ordinance for Sleepy Hollow as drafted by our attorney Neil Moran of Freitas McCarthy MacMahon & Keating, LLP. Sleepy Hollow Homeowners Association May 3, 2013 Board of Supervisors of Marin County 3501 Civil Center Drive San Rafael, CA 94903-4157 Re: Stream Conservation Area (SCA) Proposed Amendments to the Development Code Honorable Members of the Board of Supervisors: INTRODUCTION The Sleepy Hollow Homes Association (SHHA) objects to the proposed changes to Chapters 22.33 (Stream Protection) and 22.63 (Stream Conservation Area Permit) as they would apply to the residents of the unincorporated portion of San Anselmo known as Sleepy Hollow. We ask that the County exempt and/or delay implementation of any changes to Chapters 22.33 and 22.63 as to the city-centered corridor streams, including Sleepy Hollow. The SHHA supports implementation of the proposed amendments to the San Geronimo Valley, to protect wildlife habitat in streams where Coho Salmon currently exist. The SHHA supports regulations to ensure the health and survival of the species in these areas. The SHHA recognizes the urgency of this matter to the San Geronimo Valley, both for the survival of the endangered and declining Coho population and for the property rights of the affected residents who are currently subject to a building moratorium.
    [Show full text]
  • The American-Scandinavian Foundation
    THE AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN FOUNDATION BI-ANNUAL REPORT JULY 1, 2011 TO JUNE 30, 2013 The American-Scandinavian Foundation BI-ANNUAL REPORT July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2013 The American-Scandinavian Foundation (ASF) serves as a vital educational and cultural link between the United States and the five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. A publicly supported nonprofit organization, the Foundation fosters cultural understanding, provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, and sustains an extensive program of fellowships, grants, internships/training, publishing, and cultural events. Over 30,000 Scandinavians and Americans have participated in its exchange programs over the last century. In October 2000, the ASF inaugurated Scandinavia House: The Nordic Center in America, its headquarters, where it presents a broad range of public programs furthering its mission to reinforce the strong relationships between the United States and the Nordic nations, honoring their shared values and appreciating their differences. 58 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 • AMscan.ORG H.M. Queen Margrethe II H.E. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Patrons of Denmark President of Iceland 2011 – 2013 H.E. Tarja Halonen H.M. King Harald V President of Finland of Norway until February, 2012 H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf H.E Sauli Niinistö of Sweden President of Finland from March, 2012 H.R.H. Princess Benedikte H.H. Princess Märtha Louise Honorary of Denmark of Norway Trustees H.E. Martti Ahtisaari H.R.H. Crown Princess Victoria 2011 – 2013 President of Finland,1994-2000 of Sweden H.E. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir President of Iceland, 1980-1996 Officers 2011 – 2012 Richard E.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking in Human Beings
    TemaNord 2014:526 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Trafficking in Human Beings Report from a conference on Identification of victims and criminals Trafficking in Human Beings – why we do not notice them In the Nordic countries, most of the reported cases of trafficking in human beings today concern women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation, but experiences from Europe indicate that human trafficking has increased also in farming, household work, construction, and house building, as well as in begging, shoplifting and thefts. The conference Identification of victims and criminals – why we do not notice them on 30–31 May 2013 in Tallinn, Estonia formed the conclusion of a Nordic-Baltic-Northwest Russian cooperation project. Around 80 participants attended the two-day conference to discuss ways of identifying victims and criminals and to find answer to the question of why we do not notice victims or criminals, even though we now have available to us facts, figures, research and knowledge about human trafficking as a part of international organized crime. TemaNord 2014:526 ISBN 978-92-893-2767-1 ISBN 978-92-893-2768-8 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 conference proceeding TN2014526 omslag.indd 1 09-04-2014 07:18:39 Trafficking in Human Beings Report from a conference on Identification of victims and criminals – why we do not notice them TemaNord 2014:526 Trafficking in Human Beings Report from a conference on Identification of victims and criminals - why we do not notice them ISBN 978-92-893-2767-1 ISBN 978-92-893-2768-8 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-526 TemaNord 2014:526 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2014 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Beate Nøsterud Photo: Reelika Riimand Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: 516 Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • Walls and Fences: a Journey Through History and Economics
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. Working Paper Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330 Provided in Cooperation with: Global Labor Organization (GLO) Suggested Citation: Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2019) : Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics, GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193640 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics* Victoria Vernon State University of New York and GLO; [email protected] Klaus F. Zimmermann UNU-MERIT, CEPR and GLO; [email protected] March 2019 Abstract Throughout history, border walls and fences have been built for defense, to claim land, to signal power, and to control migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Unjárgga Gielda Nesseby Kommune Møteinnkalling
    Unjárgga gielda Møteinnkalling Nesseby kommune Utvalg: Ovdagoddi/Formannskapet Møtested: Kommunestyresalen, Nesseby rådhus Dato: 14.02.2019 Tid: 08:30 Forfall meldes snarest til sentralbordet på tlf. 40 44 05 00 eller e-post [email protected] . Varamenn møter kun ved spesiell innkalling. Innkalling er sendt til: Navn Funksjon Representerer Knut Store Leder A Oddvar Betten Nestleder SV Hanne Iversen Medlem A Marit Kjerstad Medlem H/TVP Bjarne Store-Jakobsen Medlem SÁB/SFP Jan Hansen Varamedlem A Ina Kristine Store Varamedlem A Inga Pettersen Lindi Varamedlem A Ole Petter Skoglund Varamedlem SV Kjell-Harald Erichsen Varamedlem H/TVP Iver Per Smuk Varamedlem H/TVP Anja Pedersen Noste Varamedlem SÁB/SFP Liv Solfrid Mathisen Varamedlem SÁB/SFP Varangerbotn, 7. februar 2019 Knut Store ordfører 1 2 Saksnr Innhold PS 1/19 Godkjenning av innkalling og saksliste PS 2/19 Referater RS 1/19 Tidspunkt for ikrafttredelse av ny kommunelov RS 2/19 Høring - Forskrift for motorferdsel i Nesseby kommune PS 3/19 Behandling av forslag til detaljregulering for Vesterelvnes avløpssone PS 4/19 Ny varmepumpe til Smihl bygget PS 5/19 Adkomstvei til avløpskummer Bjørneberget PS 6/19 B-sak - U.off. 3 PS 1/19 Godkjenning av innkalling og saksliste PS 2/19 Referater 4 KONTROLLUTVALGAN IS Sekretariat for kontrollutvalgene i Vardø, Vadsø, Lebesby, Gamvik, Berlevåg, Tana, Nesseby, Båtsfjord, Sør – Varanger og Finnmark fylkeskommune Sekretariatets eierkommuner Vadsø 05.02.2019 v/rådmannen TIDSPUNKT FOR IKRAFTTREDELSE AV NY KOMMUNELOV ER BESTEMT Ny kommunelov ble vedtatt av Stortinget 22. juni 2018. I statsråd 20. desember 2018 ble det bestemt at den nye kommuneloven i hovedsak skal tre i kraft fra to ulike tidspunkt.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Policy Report 2008
    Annual Policy Report 2008 produced by the European Migration Network March 2011 The purpose of EMN Annual Policy Reports is to provide an overview into the most significant political and legislative (including EU) developments, as well as public debates, in the area of asylum and migration, with the focus on third-country nationals rather than EU nationals. This EMN Synthesis Report summarises the main findings of National Reports produced by twenty-three of the EMN National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The EMN Synthesis Report, as well as the twenty-three National Reports upon which the synthesis is based, may be downloaded from http://emn.intrasoft- intl.com/Downloads/prepareShowFiles.do;?entryTitle=02. Annual Policy Report 2008 Several of the National Reports are also available in the Member States‟ national language, as well as in English. EMN Synthesis Report – Annual Policy Report 2008 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Methodology followed ........................................................................................ 7 2. POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 9 2.1 General political developments ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]