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Stable Isotopic Insights Into the Subsistence Patterns of Prehistoric Dogs (Canis Familiaris) and Their Human Counterparts in Northeastern North America

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Stable Isotopic Insights Into the Subsistence Patterns of Prehistoric Dogs (Canis Familiaris) and Their Human Counterparts in Northeastern North America STABLE ISOTOPIC INSIGHTS INTO THE SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS OF PREHISTORIC DOGS (CANIS FAMILIARIS) AND THEIR HUMAN COUNTERPARTS IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Sharon Allitt May 2011 Examining Committee Members: R. Michael Stewart, Advisory Chair, Temple University Anthony Ranere, Temple University Charles Weitz, Temple University Mark Schurr, Notre Dame University M. Anne Katzenberg, External Member, University of Calgary © Copyright 2011 by Sharon Allitt All Rights Reserved ! ii ABSTRACT Title: STABLE ISOTOPIC INSIGHTS INTO THE SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS OF PREHISTORIC DOGS (CANIS FAMILIARIS) AND THEIR HUMAN COUNTERPARTS IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA Candidate's Name: Sharon Allitt Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2011 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: R. Michael Stewart, Phd There are four goals to this study. The first is to investigate the diet of prehistoric dogs (Canis familiaris) in the Northeast region of North America using stable isotope analysis. The second goal of this study is to generate independent data concerning the presence or absence of C4 resources, such as maize, in the diets of dogs. Third, this study investigates the use of dog bone as a proxy for human bone in studies assessing the presence of C4 resources at archaeological sites. The fourth goal of this study is to provide a check on existing interpretations of the material, macro- and micro- botanical records as it concerns the presence or absence of C4 resources at the sites involved in this study. Stable isotope analysis is a science that allows the measuring of the abundance ratio of two stable isotopes of a particular element. Stable isotope analysis can differentiate C4 and C3 plants, as well as terrestrial and marine resources in material such as bone where the chemistry of diet becomes recorded. Given the importance of C4 plants iii to many prehistoric populations, in the absence of direct evidence identifying their presence at archaeological sites, an alternate method for identification is needed. Maize played an important role in changing human behaviors during prehistory including: decisions to increase sedentism, abuse of power structures, and stratification of gender roles within human populations. Additionally, an overall decrease in health is seen in prehistoric populations who focused their subsistence practices on maize. Dogs were chosen as the focus of this study because related research suggests that their diet tends to mimic human diet. Prehistoric dogs were scavengers, but they were also intentionally fed companions. The suggestion that dog diet in some way mimics human diet means that stable isotope ratios from their bone will reflect the type of resources available for consumption by their human counterparts. As such, this investigation may also indirectly inform on the diets of the American Indian inhabitants of the settlements in which these dog remains originate. Thirty samples of dog bone, dating from the Early Ceramic Period, ca. 3000 B.P. to the Late Woodland and Early Historic Period, were obtained from museum and personal collections, and from ongoing archaeological excavations throughout the Northeast region of North America. Stable isotope analysis was conducted at Notre Dame’s Center for Environmental Science and Technology. The results of this analysis indicates that these prehistoric dogs consumed the types of resources represented in the archaeological record with one important exception: consumption of C4 resources, possibly maize, was occurring at several sites where no other evidence of C4 exploitation exists. Of the dogs sampled ten were from pre-agricultural sites in Maine and their stable isotope ratios indicated a diet of marine and terrestrial resources. Nineteen dogs were iv excavated from components dating to the Late Woodland or Historic Period. During the Late Woodland and Historic Period the C4 plant maize was exploited by many human groups in the study region. Interpretation based on stable isotopes from bone collagen indicates that six of these dogs had isotopic signatures within the range of significant C4 resource consumption. Stable isotope ratios from the remaining dogs indicate a smaller 13 contribution of C4 resources to diet. According to δ C ratios from carbonate three dogs, two from New Jersey (DB2, DB8) and one from Maryland (DB11), had a significant C4 plant component to their diet. The remaining Late Woodland and Historic period dogs most likely consumed minor amounts of C4 resources. In addition to identifying C4 resources in the diet of dogs, the value of assessing isotope data from both collagen and carbonate is investigated. The sample size for this study was small in comparison to the size of the region assessed. Despite the small sample size, this analysis contributes to our knowledge of past dog and human subsistence patterns. Our understanding of the utility of stable isotope studies of human companion species has also expanded. In addition to investigating the presence of C4 resources in the diet of prehistoric dogs, this research provides an alternate line of inquiry to re-assess current interpretations, especially in areas where direct evidence of isotopically identifiable C4 plants, such as maize are currently lacking. The results of this study are applicable first and foremost to the consumption patterns of the individual animals sampled. However, that these dogs were consuming particular resources provides at least a clue of what was under consideration by their human counterparts. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A great number of individuals supported this research. I begin here by imparting sincere gratitude to my dissertation committee. Their guidance and support have been crucial, consistent and deeply appreciated. I am incredibly thankful to Dr. Michael Stewart, my graduate advisor. His contributions are countless. As my mentor and advisor he has always been energized and excited to talk about the content of this study and its contribution to our understanding of the past. He has provided continual guidance, knowledgeable commentary, and has been extremely patient and generous in sharing his wealth of knowledge. Dr. Anthony Ranere has supported this study from its earliest mentioning during Spring 2007 Grant Writing class. He has provided continual encouragement, guidance and support. Dr. Charles Weitz has made available his support in a number of ways including the provision of meaningful commentary and guidance during the development of this study. A great many thanks are extended to Dr. Mark Schurr of Notre Dame. Dr. Schurr not only provided access to the necessary equipment to conduct this analysis, but he also provided valuable guidance and encouragement as I navigated the complex science of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry. He consistently and thoughtfully mentored my laboratory research at Notre Dame’s Center for Environmental Science and Technology. vi His support, and willingness to share his knowledge and wealth of experience were and are sincerely appreciated. I am extremely grateful to Dr. M. Anne Katzenberg for providing external readership. Dr. Katzenberg’s work in skeletal biology and stable isotope science is distinguished and her contribution, providing insights into the content, quality and value of this research is deeply appreciated. Abundant gratitude is also sent to the following individuals, organizations and establishments who have contributed in diverse ways to this study. If I have mistakenly omitted any names from this list please know that I am grateful for all the assistance afforded me by the many people I interacted with during this process. Sincere thanks are expressed to Dennis Birdsell, Director of the Center for Environmental Science and Technology at Notre Dame University. Dennis was indispensable in his guidance concerning the operation of the necessary equipment as well as his assistance in decoding pages upon pages of analytical data. Thanks and appreciation are given to Dr. Tim Messner (independent researcher) for his editorial comments, enthusiasm and support. Sincere gratitude is also extended to Dr. Christy Rockwell and Muriel Kirkpatrick of Temple University Department of Anthropology, Greg Lattanzi and the New Jersey State Museum, Julia Clark and the Abbe Museum, Nicholas Bellantoni, State Archaeologist, University of Connecticut and the Connecticut Archaeology Center, John Wright and Lori Rohrer of the National Park Service, the National Park Service, Dr. Richard Dent of American University, Dr. Elizabeth Moore and the Virginia Museum of Natural History, Dr. Rebecca Morehouse and Sara Rivers Cofield of the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, Don vii Creveling and Michael Lucas of the Maryland-National Capital Park & Planning Commission, Dr. Lucianne Lavin and The Institute for American Indian Studies, Tonya Largy and the Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Jim Lee and Hunter Research, Dr. Michael Barber, Dr. Martin Gallivan and Josh Duncan of the College of William and Mary University. Special thanks go to Joan Brenner Coltrain of the University of Utah for her support and willingness to vet the assets of this study and provide her insights. Temple University’s generosity was pivotal in the completion of this dissertation. Having recognized the contribution this research would make to the field of Archaeology and Subsistence Studies, the Graduate School awarded
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